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Zhou Y, McNeil D, Haworth S, Dudding T, Chernus J, Liu C, Liu D, Wright C, Brumbaugh J, Randall C, Weyant R, Crout R, Foxman B, Reis S, Timpson N, Marazita M, Shaffer J. Genome-wide Scan of Dental Fear and Anxiety Nominates Novel Genes. J Dent Res 2022; 101:1526-1536. [PMID: 35771046 PMCID: PMC9608092 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221105226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental care-related fear and anxiety (DFA) is prevalent, affects oral health care utilization, and is related to poor oral health and decreased quality of life. In addition to learned and cultural factors, genetics is hypothesized to contribute to DFA. Therefore, we performed a genome-wide association study to identify genetic variants contributing to DFA. Adult and adolescent participants were from 4 cohorts (3 from the US-based Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia, n = 1,144, 1,164, and 535, and the UK-based Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children [ALSPAC], n = 2,078). Two self-report instruments were used to assess DFA: the Dental Fear Survey (US cohorts) and Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale (ALSPAC). Genome-wide scans were performed for the DFA total scores and subscale scores (avoidance, physiological arousal, fear of dental treatment-specific stimuli), adjusting for age, sex, educational attainment, recruitment site, and genetic ancestry. Results across cohorts were combined using meta-analysis. Heritability estimates for DFA total and subscale scores were similar across cohorts and ranged from 23% to 59%. The meta-analysis revealed 3 significant (P < 5E-8) associations between genetic loci and 2 DFA subscales: physiological arousal and avoidance. Nearby genes included NTSR1 (P = 3.05E-8), DMRTA1 (P = 4.40E-8), and FAM84A (P = 7.72E-9). Of these, NTSR1, which was associated with the avoidance subscale, mediates neurotensin function, and its deficiency may lead to altered fear memory in mice. Gene enrichment analyses indicated that loci associated with the DFA total score and physiological arousal subscale score were enriched for genes associated with severe and persistent mental health (e.g., schizophrenia) and neurocognitive (e.g., autism) disorders. Heritability analysis indicated that DFA is partly explained by genetic factors, and our association results suggested shared genetic underpinnings with other psychological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Zhou
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D.W. McNeil
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Dental Public Health and Professional Practice, School of Dentistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - S. Haworth
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - T. Dudding
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - J.M. Chernus
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - C. Liu
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D. Liu
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - C.D. Wright
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - J. Brumbaugh
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - C.L. Randall
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - R.J. Weyant
- Department of Dental Public Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R.J. Crout
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - B. Foxman
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S. Reis
- The Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - N.J. Timpson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M.L. Marazita
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- The Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J.R. Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Dominguez‐Lopez S, Sharma R, Beckstead MJ. Neurotensin receptor 1 deletion decreases methamphetamine self-administration and the associated reduction in dopamine cell firing. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12854. [PMID: 31742874 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that a non-selective pharmacological blockade of neurotensin receptors in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) decreases methamphetamine (METH) self-administration in mice. Here, we explored the consequences of genetic deletion of neurotensin receptor 1 (NtsR1) on METH self-administration and VTA dopamine neuron firing activity. We implanted mice with an indwelling jugular catheter and trained them to nose-poke for intravenous infusions of METH. Mice with NtsR1 deletion (KO) acquired self-administration similar to wildtype (WT) and heterozygous (HET) littermates. However, in NtsR1 KO and HET mice, METH intake and motivated METH seeking decreased when the response requirement was increased to a fixed ratio 3 and when mice were tested on a progressive ratio protocol. After completion of METH self-administration, single cell in vivo extracellular recordings of dopamine firing activity in the VTA were obtained in anesthetized mice. Non-bursting dopamine neurons from KO mice fired at slower rates than those from WT mice, supporting an excitatory role for NtsR1 on VTA dopamine neuronal activity. In WT mice, a history of METH self-administration decreased dopamine cell firing frequency compared with cells from drug-naïve controls. NtsR1 KO and HET mice did not exhibit this decline in dopamine cell firing activity after METH experience. We also observed an increase in population activity following METH self-administration that was strongest in the WT group. Our results suggest a role for NtsR1 in METH-seeking behavior and indicate that ablation of NtsR1 prevents the detrimental effects of prolonged METH self-administration on VTA dopamine cell firing frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Dominguez‐Lopez
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Oklahoma City OK USA
| | - Ramaswamy Sharma
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio San Antonio TX USA
| | - Michael J. Beckstead
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Oklahoma City OK USA
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Pomrenze MB, Giovanetti SM, Maiya R, Gordon AG, Kreeger LJ, Messing RO. Dissecting the Roles of GABA and Neuropeptides from Rat Central Amygdala CRF Neurons in Anxiety and Fear Learning. Cell Rep 2020; 29:13-21.e4. [PMID: 31577943 PMCID: PMC6879108 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Central amygdala (CeA) neurons that produce corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) regulate anxiety and fear learning. These CeACRF neurons release GABA and several neuropeptides predicted to play important yet opposing roles in these behaviors. We dissected the relative roles of GABA, CRF, dynorphin, and neurotensin in CeACRF neurons in anxiety and fear learning by disrupting their expression using RNAi in male rats. GABA, but not CRF, dynorphin, or neurotensin, regulates baseline anxiety-like behavior. In contrast, chemogenetic stimulation of CeACRF neurons evokes anxiety-like behavior dependent on CRF and dynorphin, but not neurotensin. Finally, knockdown of CRF and dynorphin impairs fear learning, whereas knockdown of neurotensin enhances it. Our results demonstrate distinct behavioral roles for GABA, CRF, dynorphin, and neurotensin in a subpopulation of CeA neurons. These results highlight the importance of considering the repertoire of signaling molecules released from a given neuronal population when studying the circuit basis of behavior. Pomrenze et al. demonstrate that CRF neurons of the central amygdala differentially regulate fear and anxiety through the release of GABA and different neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Pomrenze
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Simone M Giovanetti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Rajani Maiya
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Adam G Gordon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Lauren J Kreeger
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Robert O Messing
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Kasten CR, Carzoli KL, Sharfman NM, Henderson T, Holmgren EB, Lerner MR, Miller MC, Wills TA. Adolescent alcohol exposure produces sex differences in negative affect-like behavior and group I mGluR BNST plasticity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1306-1315. [PMID: 32268346 PMCID: PMC7297734 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0670-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent alcohol exposure increases the risk of developing alcohol use disorders (AUDs), yet the mechanisms responsible for this vulnerability remain largely unknown. One potential target for alcohol-induced changes is the circuitry that modulates negative affect and stress, two sexually dependent drivers of alcohol relapse. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a sexually dimorphic region that critically regulates negative affective- and stress-induced relapse. Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) are a target of interest due to their regulation of stress, anxiety behaviors, and BNST plasticity. The current studies investigate sex-dependent sensitivity to the effects of adolescent intermittent ethanol vapor exposure (AIE) on negative affect during acute and protracted alcohol withdrawal and following stress in adulthood. This work also assessed whether BNST group I mGluR-mediated long-term depression (LTD) was disrupted at these timepoints. During acute withdrawal, AIE altered LTD induced by the group I mGluR antagonist DHPG in females, but not males. During adulthood, stress unmasked persistent changes in DHPG-induced LTD and behavior that were not present under basal conditions. Females with an AIE history demonstrated enhanced negative affective-like behavior in the novelty-induced hypophagia test following restraint stress-a phenotype that could be blocked with systemic mGluR5 allosteric antagonism via MTEP. Conversely, males with an AIE history demonstrated elevated freezing in a contextual fear conditioning paradigm. These studies demonstrate long-lasting, sex-dependent phenotypes produced by AIE and suggest pharmaceutical interventions for alcohol use and comorbid disorders may be more effective if designed with sex differences in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. R. Kasten
- 0000 0000 8954 1233grid.279863.1Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - K. L. Carzoli
- 0000 0000 8954 1233grid.279863.1Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - N. M. Sharfman
- 0000 0000 8954 1233grid.279863.1Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - T. Henderson
- 0000 0000 8954 1233grid.279863.1Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - E. B. Holmgren
- 0000 0000 8954 1233grid.279863.1Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - M. R. Lerner
- 0000 0000 8954 1233grid.279863.1Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - M. C. Miller
- 0000 0000 8954 1233grid.279863.1Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - T. A. Wills
- 0000 0000 8954 1233grid.279863.1Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA USA ,0000 0000 8954 1233grid.279863.1Neuroscience Center of Excellence, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA USA
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Neurotensin in reward processes. Neuropharmacology 2020; 167:108005. [PMID: 32057800 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurotensin (NTS) is a neuropeptide neurotransmitter expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Many studies over the years have revealed a number of roles for this neuropeptide in body temperature regulation, feeding, analgesia, ethanol sensitivity, psychosis, substance use, and pain. This review provides a general survey of the role of neurotensin with a focus on modalities that we believe to be particularly relevant to the study of reward. We focus on NTS signaling in the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, lateral hypothalamus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and central amygdala. Studies on the role of NTS outside of the ventral tegmental area are still in their relative infancy, yet they reveal a complex role for neurotensinergic signaling in reward-related behaviors that merits further study. This article is part of the special issue on 'Neuropeptides'.
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Saiyasit N, Sripetchwandee J, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Potential roles of neurotensin on cognition in conditions of obese-insulin resistance. Neuropeptides 2018; 72:12-22. [PMID: 30279001 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurotensin is an endogenous tridecapeptide that can be found in both central and peripheral nervous systems. Under normal physiological conditions, neurotensin is involved in the regulation of pain, body temperature, physical activity, appetite as well as learning and memory. In addition, it plays an important role in fat metabolism. Previous studies have demonstrated that alterations of neurotensin levels were associated with several neuropathological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, mood disorders, and obesity associated eating disorders. Obesity has been shown to be associated with low-grade systemic inflammation, brain inflammation, and cognitive decline. Several pieces of evidence suggest that neurotensin might play a role in cognitive decline following obesity. However, the underlying mechanisms of neurotensin on cognition under obese-insulin resistant condition are still unclear. In this review, the current available evidence from in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies regarding the role of neurotensin in the physiological condition and obesity in association with cognition are comprehensively summarized and discussed. The studies which report controversial findings regarding these issues are also presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Napatsorn Saiyasit
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jirapas Sripetchwandee
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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Devader C, Moreno S, Roulot M, Deval E, Dix T, Morales CR, Mazella J. Increased Brain Neurotensin and NTSR2 Lead to Weak Nociception in NTSR3/Sortilin Knockout Mice. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:542. [PMID: 27932946 PMCID: PMC5121284 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide neurotensin (NT) elicits numerous pharmacological effects through three different receptors (NTSR1, NTSR2, and NTSR3 also called sortilin). Pharmacological approaches and generation of NTSR1 and NTSR2-deficient mice allowed to determine the NT-induced antipsychotic like behavior, the inhibitory of weak fear memory and the nociceptive signaling in a rat formalin tonic pain model to NTSR1. Conversely, the effects of NT on thermal and tonic nociceptions were mediated by NTSR2. However, the role of NTSR3/sortilin on the neurotensinergic system was not investigated. Here, by using C57Bl/6J mouse model in which the gene coding for NTSR3/sortilin has been inactivated, we observed a modification of the expression of both NTSR2 and NT itself. Quantitative PCR and protein expression using Western blot analyses and AlphaLisa™ technology resulted in the observation that brain NTSR2 as well as brain and blood NT were 2-fold increased in KO mice leading to a resistance of these mice to thermal and chemical pain. These data confirm that NTSR3/sortilin interacts with other NT receptors (i.e., NTSR2) and that its deletion modifies also the affinity of this receptor to NT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Devader
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis Valbonne, France
| | - Sébastien Moreno
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis Valbonne, France
| | - Morgane Roulot
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis Valbonne, France
| | - Emmanuel Deval
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis Valbonne, France
| | - Thomas Dix
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, USA; JT Pharmaceuticals, Inc.Mount Pleasant, SC, USA
| | - Carlos R Morales
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Mazella
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis Valbonne, France
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Toda H, Boku S, Nakagawa S, Inoue T, Kato A, Takamura N, Song N, Nibuya M, Koyama T, Kusumi I. Maternal separation enhances conditioned fear and decreases the mRNA levels of the neurotensin receptor 1 gene with hypermethylation of this gene in the rat amygdala. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97421. [PMID: 24831231 PMCID: PMC4022612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress during postnatal development is associated with an increased risk for depression, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse later in life, almost as if mental illness is able to be programed by early life stressors. Recent studies suggest that such “programmed” effects can be caused by epigenetic regulation. With respect to conditioned fear, previous studies have indicated that early life stress influences its development in adulthood, whereas no potential role of epigenetic regulation has been reported. Neurotensin (NTS) is an endogenous neuropeptide that has receptors densely located in the amygdala and hippocampus. Recently, NTS systems have constituted an emerging target for the treatment of anxiety. The aim of the present work is to clarify whether the NTS system is involved in the disturbance of conditioned fear in rats stressed by maternal separation (MS). The results showed that MS enhanced freezing behaviors in fear-conditioned stress and reduced the gene expression of NTS receptor (NTSR) 1 but not of NTS or NTSR2 in the amygdalas of adult rats. The microinjection of a NTSR1 antagonist into the amygdala increased the percentage of freezing in conditioned fear, whereas the microinjection of NTSR1 agonist decreased freezing. These results suggest that NTSR1 in the amygdala may play a role in the effects of MS on conditioned fear stress in adult rats. Moreover, MS increased DNA methylation in the promoter region of NTSR1 in the amygdala. Taken together, MS may leave epigenetic marks in the NTSR1 gene in the amygdala, which may enhance conditioned fear in adulthood. The MS-induced alternations of DNA methylation in the promoter region of NTSR1 in the amygdala may be associated with vulnerability to the development of anxiety disorders and depression in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Toda
- Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shuken Boku
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Shin Nakagawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akiko Kato
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoki Takamura
- Pharmaceutical Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Ning Song
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, The first hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Masashi Nibuya
- Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Koyama
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kusumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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