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de Miranda AS, Macedo DS, Rocha NP, Teixeira AL. Targeting the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) for Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:107-122. [PMID: 36173067 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220927093815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychiatric disorders, such as mood disorders, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias, are associated to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The pathophysiological mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders remain to be fully elucidated, which has hampered the development of effective therapies. The Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) is classically viewed as a key regulator of cardiovascular and renal homeostasis. The discovery that RAS components are expressed in the brain pointed out a potential role for this system in central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. The understanding of RAS involvement in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders may contribute to identifying novel therapeutic targets. AIMS We aim to report current experimental and clinical evidence on the role of RAS in physiology and pathophysiology of mood disorders, schizophrenia, AD and related dementias. We also aim to discuss bottlenecks and future perspectives that can foster the development of new related therapeutic strategies. CONCLUSION The available evidence supports positive therapeutic effects for neuropsychiatric disorders with the inhibition/antagonism of the ACE/Ang II/AT1 receptor axis or the activation of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis. Most of this evidence comes from pre-clinical studies and clinical studies lag much behind, hampering a potential translation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Silva de Miranda
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIIM), Faculty of Medicine, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Danielle S Macedo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research, and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Natalia P Rocha
- Department of Neurology, The Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Antonio L Teixeira
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Neuropsychiatry Program, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
- Faculdade Santa Casa BH, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
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2
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Golzari-Sorkheh M, Weaver DF, Reed MA. COVID-19 as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:1-23. [PMID: 36314211 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Although a primarily respiratory disease, recent reports indicate that it also affects the central nervous system (CNS). Over 25% of COVID-19 patients report neurological symptoms such as memory loss, anosmia, hyposmia, confusion, and headaches. The neurological outcomes may be a result of viral entry into the CNS and/or resulting neuroinflammation, both of which underlie an elevated risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein, we ask: Is COVID-19 a risk factor for AD? To answer, we identify the literature and review mechanisms by which COVID-19-mediated neuroinflammation can contribute to the development of AD, evaluate the effects of acute versus chronic phases of infection, and lastly, discuss potential therapeutics to address the rising rates of COVID-19 neurological sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donald F Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark A Reed
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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3
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Gouveia F, Camins A, Ettcheto M, Bicker J, Falcão A, Cruz MT, Fortuna A. Targeting brain Renin-Angiotensin System for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Past, present and future. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 77:101612. [PMID: 35346852 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a well-known neurodegenerative disease characterized by the presence of two main hallmarks - Tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ deposits. Notwithstanding, in the last few years the scientific evidence about the drivers of AD have been changing and nowadays age-related vascular alterations and several cardiovascular risk factors have been shown to trigger the development of AD. In this context, drugs targeting the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS), commonly used for the treatment of hypertension, are evidencing a high potential to delay AD development due to their action on brain RAS. Indeed, the ACE 1/Ang II/AT1R axis is believed to be upregulated in AD and to be responsible for deleterious effects such as increased oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) hyperpermeability, astrocytes dysfunction and a decrease in cerebral blood flow. In contrast, the alternative axis - ACE 1/Ang II/AT2R; ACE 2/Ang (1-7)/MasR; Ang IV/ AT4R(IRAP) - seems to counterbalance the deleterious effects of the principal axis and to exert beneficial effects on memory and cognition. Accordingly, retrospective studies demonstrate a reduced risk of developing AD among people taking RAS medication as well as several in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical studies as it is herein critically reviewed. In this review, we first revise, at a glance, the pathophysiology of AD focused on its classic hallmarks. Secondly, an overview about the impact of the RAS on the pathophysiology of AD is also provided, focused on their four essential axes ACE 1/Ang II/AT2R; ACE 2/Ang (1-7)/MasR; Ang IV/ AT4R(IRAP) and ACE 1/Ang II/AT1R. Finally, the therapeutic potential of available drugs targeting RAS on AD, namely angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), is highlighted and data supporting this hope will be presented, from in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical to clinical studies.
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4
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Che Mohd Nassir CMN, Zolkefley MKI, Ramli MD, Norman HH, Abdul Hamid H, Mustapha M. Neuroinflammation and COVID-19 Ischemic Stroke Recovery—Evolving Evidence for the Mediating Roles of the ACE2/Angiotensin-(1–7)/Mas Receptor Axis and NLRP3 Inflammasome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063085. [PMID: 35328506 PMCID: PMC8949282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular events, notably acute ischemic strokes (AIS), have been reported in the setting of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection. Commonly regarded as cryptogenic, to date, the etiology is thought to be multifactorial and remains obscure; it is linked either to a direct viral invasion or to an indirect virus-induced prothrombotic state, with or without the presence of conventional cerebrovascular risk factors. In addition, patients are at a greater risk of developing long-term negative sequelae, i.e., long-COVID-related neurological problems, when compared to non-COVID-19 stroke patients. Central to the underlying neurobiology of stroke recovery in the context of COVID-19 infection is reduced angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression, which is known to lead to thrombo-inflammation and ACE2/angiotensin-(1–7)/mitochondrial assembly receptor (MasR) (ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR) axis inhibition. Moreover, after AIS, the activated nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome may heighten the production of numerous proinflammatory cytokines, mediating neuro-glial cell dysfunction, ultimately leading to nerve-cell death. Therefore, potential neuroprotective therapies targeting the molecular mechanisms of the aforementioned mediators may help to inform rehabilitation strategies to improve brain reorganization (i.e., neuro-gliogenesis and synaptogenesis) and secondary prevention among AIS patients with or without COVID-19. Therefore, this narrative review aims to evaluate the mediating role of the ACE2/Ang- (1-7)/MasR axis and NLRP3 inflammasome in COVID-19-mediated AIS, as well as the prospects of these neuroinflammation mediators for brain repair and in secondary prevention strategies against AIS in stroke rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Mohd Nasril Che Mohd Nassir
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (C.M.N.C.M.N.); (M.M.)
| | - Mohd K. I. Zolkefley
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia;
| | - Muhammad Danial Ramli
- Department of Diagnostic and Allied Health Science, Management and Science University (MSU), Shah Alam 40100, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Haziq Hazman Norman
- Anatomy Unit, International Medical School (IMS), Management and Science University (MSU), Shah Alam 40100, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Hafizah Abdul Hamid
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Muzaimi Mustapha
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia;
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (C.M.N.C.M.N.); (M.M.)
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Minuzzi LG, Seelaender M, Silva BSDA, Cunha EDBB, Deus MDC, Vasconcellos FTF, Marqueze LFB, Gadotti AC, Baena CP, Pereira T, Krüger K, Amaral ANM, Pinho RA, Lira FS. COVID-19 Outcome Relates With Circulating BDNF, According to Patient Adiposity and Age. Front Nutr 2021; 8:784429. [PMID: 34957187 PMCID: PMC8704131 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.784429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: We evaluated adipose tissue-derived hormones, body composition, serum metabolic profile, levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and the association of these parameters with the clinical outcome in patients with COVID-19. We sought to examine whether obesity, sex, and age influence the adipose tissue endocrine response to the disease. Methods: This prospective study investigated 145 hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Patients were categorized based on their body mass index (BMI), sex and age, and were also classified regarding their outcome after hospitalization as: (a) Non-ICU: patients hospitalized who did not receive intensive care; (b) ICU-survivor: patients admitted to the intensive care unit and discharged; (c) ICU-death: patients who died. Blood samples were collected by the hospital staff between the first and third day of hospitalization. Serum leptin, adiponectin and BDNF concentrations, triglycerides, total cholesterol and cholesterol fractions were performed following the manufacturer's guidelines. Results: We demonstrate that BDNF levels predict intensive care (IC) need (p < 0.01). This association was found to be stronger in patients >60y (p = 0.026). Neither leptin nor adiponectin concentration was associated with IC requirement or with patient's outcome, while the BDNF/adiponectin ratio was closely associated with worsened outcomes (p < 0.01). BDNF concentration was similar between sexes, however tended to be lower in male patients (p = 0.023). In older patients, BDNF concentration was lower than that of younger patients (p = 0.020). These age and sex-specific differences should be considered when employing these potential markers for prognosis assessment. While appetite and body composition regulating hormones secreted by the white adipose tissue are not reliable predictors of disease severity, the ratio BDNF/adiponectin was indicative of patient status. Conclusion: Thus, we propose that serum BDNF content and BDNF/adiponectin ratio may serve as tools predicting worsened prognosis in COVID-19, especially for male patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciele Guerra Minuzzi
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Postgraduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Marília Seelaender
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, LIM26-HC, FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Spolador De Alencar Silva
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Postgraduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | | | - Marina De Castro Deus
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Felipe Beltrão Marqueze
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Gadotti
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Cristina Pellegrino Baena
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Telmo Pereira
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, Coimbra, Portugal.,Laboratory for Applied Health Research (LabinSaúde), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andréa Novais Moreno Amaral
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Aurino Pinho
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fábio Santos Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Postgraduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
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6
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Recent Advances in the Endogenous Brain Renin-Angiotensin System and Drugs Acting on It. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2021; 2021:9293553. [PMID: 34925551 PMCID: PMC8651430 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9293553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAS (renin-angiotensin system) is the part of the endocrine system that plays a prime role in the control of essential hypertension. Since the discovery of brain RAS in the seventies, continuous efforts have been put by the scientific committee to explore it more. The brain has shown the presence of various components of brain RAS such as angiotensinogen (AGT), converting enzymes, angiotensin (Ang), and specific receptors (ATR). AGT acts as the precursor molecule for Ang peptides—I, II, III, and IV—while the enzymes such as prorenin, ACE, and aminopeptidases A and N synthesize it. AT1, AT2, AT4, and mitochondrial assembly receptor (MasR) are found to be plentiful in the brain. The brain RAS system exhibits pleiotropic properties such as neuroprotection and cognition along with regulation of blood pressure, CVS homeostasis, thirst and salt appetite, stress, depression, alcohol addiction, and pain modulation. The molecules acting through RAS predominantly ARBs and ACEI are found to be effective in various ongoing and completed clinical trials related to cognition, memory, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and pain. The review summarizes the recent advances in the brain RAS system highlighting its significance in pathophysiology and treatment of the central nervous system-related disorders.
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7
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Facilitation of TRKB Activation by the Angiotensin II Receptor Type-2 (AT2R) Agonist C21. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080773. [PMID: 34451870 PMCID: PMC8400827 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockers of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) exert antidepressant-like effects by indirectly facilitating the activation of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R), which leads to increased surface expression and transactivation of tropomyosin-related kinase B receptors (TRKB). Compound 21 (C21) is a non-peptide AT2R agonist that produces neuroprotective effects. However, the behavioral effects of C21 and its involvement with the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TRKB system still need further investigation. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of C21 on the activation of TRKB and its consequences on conditioned fear. The administration of C21 (0.1–10 μM/15 min) increased the surface levels of TRKB but was not sufficient to increase the levels of phosphorylated TRKB (pTRKB) in cultured cortical neurons from rat embryos. Consistent with increased TRKB surface expression, C21 (10 μM/15 min or 3 days) facilitated the effect of BDNF (0.1 ng/mL/15 min) on pTRKB in these cells. In contextual fear conditioning, the freezing time of C21-treated (administered intranasally) wild-type mice was decreased compared to the vehicle-treated group, but no effect of C21 was observed in BDNF.het animals. We observed no effect of C21 in the elevated plus-maze test for anxiety. Taken together, our results indicate that C21 facilitated BDNF effect by increasing the levels of TRKB on the cell surface and reduced the freezing time of mice in a BDNF-dependent manner, but not through a general anxiolytic-like effect.
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8
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Yang W, Luo H, Ma Y, Si S, Zhao H. Effects of Antihypertensive Drugs on Cognitive Function in Elderly Patients with Hypertension: A Review. Aging Dis 2021; 12:841-851. [PMID: 34094646 PMCID: PMC8139194 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a common comorbidity that contributes to the development of various cardiovascular disorders in elderly patients. Moreover, hypertension has been associated with cognitive decline and dementia. Cognitive impairment leads to increased morbidity and mortality in elderly patients with hypertension. However, previous studies investigating the association between blood pressure (BP), BP variability (BPV), and antihypertensive drug use and the risk of cognitive impairment in elderly patients with hypertension have reported inconsistent findings. Given the global burden of hypertension, the aging population, and the low quality of life associated with cognitive impairment, a more comprehensive understanding of the association between hypertension and cognitive decline is needed. In this review, we summarized the current preclinical evidence and clinical research regarding the association of BP control, BPV, and antihypertensive drug use and cognitive function. We particularly focused on the differences among categories of antihypertensive drugs. We concluded that the correlation of BP and risk of cognitive function is non-linear and dependent on a patient’s age. Intensive BP control is generally not recommended, particularly for the oldest-old. Increased BPV and characteristics of orthostatic hypotension in the elderly also increase the risk of cognitive decline. The current evidence does not support one category of antihypertensive drugs as superior to others for preventing dementia in elderly patients with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Hongyu Luo
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yixin Ma
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Sicong Si
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
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9
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Conventional cardiovascular risk factors in Transient Global Amnesia: Systematic review and proposition of a novel hypothesis. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 61:100909. [PMID: 33539928 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) is an enigmatic amnestic syndrome. We conducted a systematic review to investigate the relationship between the conventional cardiovascular risk factors and TGA. MEDLINE, CENTRAL, EMBASE and PsycINFO were comprehensively searched and 23 controlled observational studies were retrieved. The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and smoking was lower among patients with TGA compared to Transient Ischemic Attack. Regarding the comparison of TGA with healthy individuals, there was strong evidence suggesting a protective effect of diabetes mellitus on TGA and weaker evidence for a protective effect of smoking. Hypertension was associated with TGA only in more severe stages, while dyslipidemia was not related. In view of these findings, a novel pathophysiological hypothesis is proposed, in which the functional interactions of Angiotensin-II type-1 and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors are of pivotal importance. The whole body of clinical evidence (nature of precipitating events, associations with migraine, gender-based association patterns) was integrated.
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10
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Bouças AP, Rheinheimer J, Lagopoulos J. Why Severe COVID-19 Patients Are at Greater Risk of Developing Depression: A Molecular Perspective. Neuroscientist 2020; 28:11-19. [PMID: 33135582 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420967892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The prevailing evidence suggests that patients with severe COVID-19 seem to have an overreaction of the immune system demonstrating exacerbated levels of inflammation caused by a "cytokine storm." At this early stage, the mechanisms underpinning COVID-19 are still subject to intense scrutiny and the long-term mental health consequences as a result of the disease are unknown. Here we discuss the hypothesis that patients who survive severe COVID-19 and who experience significant activation of the immune system, are at greater risk of developing depression. We posit that a phenomenon known as cytokine storm dramatically activates the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1), resulting in the increase in kynurenine metabolites. Kynurenine is metabolized by IDO-1 in the brain, producing chemokines, in which a prolonged exposure may result long-term brain impairment. In this article, we also propose the possibility that a SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion increases the local levels of angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 down-regulation. Thereby, angiotensin II could increase kynurenine metabolites producing pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory effects, resulting in impairment of cognitive function, enhanced oxidative stress and decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor. It is our premise that patients who experience such a cytokine storm may be at increased risk of long-term mental illness, such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Bouças
- Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jakeline Rheinheimer
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
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11
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Vadhan JD, Speth RC. The role of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Pharmacol Ther 2020; 218:107684. [PMID: 32956721 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in traumatic brain injury (TBI) induced by repeated concussions suffered by athletes in sports, military personnel from combat-and non-combat related activities, and civilian populations who suffer head injuries from accidents and domestic violence. Although the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is primarily a systemic cardiovascular regulatory system that, when dysregulated, causes hypertension and cardiovascular pathology, the brain contains a local RAS that plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative diseases. This local RAS includes receptors for angiotensin (Ang) II within the brain parenchyma, as well as on circumventricular organs outside the blood-brain-barrier. The brain RAS acts primarily via the type 1 Ang II receptor (AT1R), exacerbating insults and pathology. With TBI, the brain RAS may contribute to permanent brain damage, especially when a second TBI occurs before the brain recovers from an initial injury. Agents are needed that minimize the extent of injury from an acute TBI, reducing TBI-mediated permanent brain damage. This review discusses how activation of the brain RAS following TBI contributes to this damage, and how drugs that counteract activation of the AT1R including AT1R blockers (ARBs), renin inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and agonists at type 2 Ang II receptors (AT2) and at Ang (1-7) receptors (Mas) can potentially ameliorate TBI-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Vadhan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America
| | - Robert C Speth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America; School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America.
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12
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Cortada M, Wei E, Jain N, Levano S, Bodmer D. Telmisartan Protects Auditory Hair Cells from Gentamicin-Induced Toxicity in vitro. Audiol Neurootol 2020; 25:297-308. [PMID: 32369826 DOI: 10.1159/000506796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telmisartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker that has pleiotropic effects and protective properties in different cell types. Moreover, telmisartan has also shown partial agonism on the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ). Auditory hair cells (HCs) express PPAR-γ, and the protective role of PPAR-γ agonists on HCs has been shown. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of telmisartan on gentamicin-induced ototoxicity in vitro. METHODS Cochlear explants were exposed to gentamicin with or without telmisartan, and/or GW9662, an irreversible PPAR-γ antagonist. RESULTS Telmisartan protected auditory HCs against gentamicin-induced ototoxicity. GW9662 completely blocked this protective effect, suggesting that it was mediated by PPAR-γ signaling. Exposure to GW9662 or telmisartan alone was not toxic to auditory HCs. CONCLUSIONS We found that telmisartan, via PPAR-γ signaling, protects auditory HCs from gentamicin-induced ototoxicity. Therefore, telmisartan could potentially be used in the future to prevent or treat sensorineural hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Cortada
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Wei
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Neha Jain
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Soledad Levano
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Bodmer
- Clinic for Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland,
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13
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Rocha NP, Toledo A, Corgosinho LTS, de Souza LC, Guimarães HC, Resende EPF, Braz NFT, Gomes KB, Simoes E Silva AC, Caramelli P, Teixeira AL. Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Are Associated with Amyloid-β42 Burden in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:1085-1090. [PMID: 30040721 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine whether the levels of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of Angiotensin (Ang) II, Ang-(1-7), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), ACE2, Amyloid-β (Aβ)40, Aβ42, total tau (hTau), and phospho-tau (pTau) were measured in 18 patients with AD and 10 controls. Patients with AD presented decreased levels of ACE when compared with controls. We found a significant positive correlation between ACE and Aβ42 levels among patients. Our results strengthen the hypothesis that ACE is associated with Aβ pathology in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia P Rocha
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica (LIIM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Neuropsychiatry Program, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andre Toledo
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Laiane T S Corgosinho
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica (LIIM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Leonardo C de Souza
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica (LIIM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Henrique C Guimarães
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Elisa P F Resende
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Global Brain Health Institute, The University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nayara F T Braz
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica (LIIM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Karina B Gomes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana C Simoes E Silva
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica (LIIM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Paulo Caramelli
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Antonio L Teixeira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica (LIIM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Neuropsychiatry Program, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
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14
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Costa-Ferreira W, Morais-Silva G, Gomes-de-Souza L, Marin MT, Crestani CC. The AT1 Receptor Antagonist Losartan Does Not Affect Depressive-Like State and Memory Impairment Evoked by Chronic Stressors in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:705. [PMID: 31293424 PMCID: PMC6598205 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of the treatment with the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) antagonist losartan in the depressive-like state and memory impairment evoked by exposure to either homotypic (i.e., repeated exposure to the same type of stressor) or heterotypic (i.e., exposure to different aversive stimuli) chronic stressors in rats. For this, male Wistar rats were subjected to a 10 days regimen of repeated restraint stress (RRS, homotypic stressor) or chronic variable stress (CVS, heterotypic stressor) while being concurrently treated daily with losartan (30 mg/kg/day, p.o.). Depressive-like state was evaluated by analysis of the alterations considered as markers of depression (decreased sucrose preference and body weight and coat state deterioration), whereas cognitive non-emotional performance was tested using the novel object recognition (NOR) test. Locomotor activity was also evaluated in the open field test. Both RRS and CVS impaired sucrose preference and caused coat state deterioration, whereas only CVS impaired body weight gain. Besides, RRS impaired short-term memory (but not long-term memory) in the NOR test. Neither depressive-like state nor memory impairment evoked by the chronic stressors was affected by the treatment with losartan. Nevertheless, CVS increased the locomotion, which was inhibited by losartan. Taken together, these results provide evidence that the chronic treatment with losartan does not affect the depressive-like state and memory impairment evoked by either homotypic or heterotypic chronic stress regimens in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian Costa-Ferreira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil.,Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Gessynger Morais-Silva
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil.,Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Lucas Gomes-de-Souza
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil.,Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T Marin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil.,Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carlos C Crestani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil.,Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, Brazil
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15
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Forrester SJ, Booz GW, Sigmund CD, Coffman TM, Kawai T, Rizzo V, Scalia R, Eguchi S. Angiotensin II Signal Transduction: An Update on Mechanisms of Physiology and Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1627-1738. [PMID: 29873596 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 585] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The angiotensin II (ANG II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) is believed to mediate most functions of ANG II in the system. AT1R utilizes various signal transduction cascades causing hypertension, cardiovascular remodeling, and end organ damage. Moreover, functional cross-talk between AT1R signaling pathways and other signaling pathways have been recognized. Accumulating evidence reveals the complexity of ANG II signal transduction in pathophysiology of the vasculature, heart, kidney, and brain, as well as several pathophysiological features, including inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and aging. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update of the ANG II receptor signaling events and their functional significances for potential translation into therapeutic strategies. AT1R remains central to the system in mediating physiological and pathophysiological functions of ANG II, and participation of specific signaling pathways becomes much clearer. There are still certain limitations and many controversies, and several noteworthy new concepts require further support. However, it is expected that rigorous translational research of the ANG II signaling pathways including those in large animals and humans will contribute to establishing effective new therapies against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Forrester
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - George W Booz
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas M Coffman
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tatsuo Kawai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Victor Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rosario Scalia
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
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16
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Gustaityte V, Winkler M, Stoelting I, Raasch W. Influence of AT1 blockers on obesity and stress induced eating of cafeteria diet. J Endocrinol 2018; 240:JOE-18-0477.R1. [PMID: 30400045 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Based on findings that treatment with AT1 receptor blocker (ARB) prevents diet-induced obesity and that the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is stimulated by AngII and blocked by ARBs, we aimed to investigate whether ARB treatment can reduce stress-induced eating of cafeteria diet (CD) , thus contributing to alterations in eating behavior. Sprague Dawley rats were fed with chow or CD and treated with telmisartan (TEL, 8mg/kg/d) or vehicle. At weeks 2 and 12, rats were stressed over 5 consecutive days by restraint stress (RS, 4h) and by additional shaking at d5. Tail blood was sampled during RS to determine hormone levels. During the first period of RS, ACTH and corticosterone responses were diminished at d5 in CD- compared to chow-fed rats. Independently of feeding, TEL did not reduce stress hormones. Compared to food behavior before RS, the stress-induced CD eating increased in controls but remained unchanged in TEL-treated rats. After 12 weeks, TEL reduced weight gain and energy intake, particularly in CD-fed rats. Similar to the first RS period, corticosterone response was reduced in CD-fed rats at d5 during the second RS period. TEL did not further reduce stress hormones and did not lessen the CD eating upon RS. We conclude that CD feeding compensates for stress reactions. However, stress-induced CD eating was only reduced by TEL after short-term, but not after long-term drug treatment. Thus, the potency of ARBs to lower HPA activity only plays a minor role in reducing energy intake to prevent obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktorija Gustaityte
- V Gustaityte, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Luebeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Martina Winkler
- M Winkler, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Luebeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ines Stoelting
- I Stoelting, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Luebeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Walter Raasch
- W Raasch, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Luebeck, Lübeck, Germany
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17
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Fujisawa A, Ota A, Matsunaga M, Li Y, Kakizaki M, Naito H, Yatsuya H. Effect of laughter yoga on salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone among healthy university students: A randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2018; 32:6-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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18
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Jackson L, Eldahshan W, Fagan SC, Ergul A. Within the Brain: The Renin Angiotensin System. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E876. [PMID: 29543776 PMCID: PMC5877737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, modulators of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) have been trusted by clinicians for the control of essential hypertension. It was recently demonstrated that these modulators have other pleiotropic properties independent of their hypotensive effects, such as enhancement of cognition. Within the brain, different components of the RAS have been extensively studied in the context of neuroprotection and cognition. Interestingly, a crosstalk between the RAS and other systems such as cholinergic, dopaminergic and adrenergic systems have been demonstrated. In this review, the preclinical and clinical evidence for the impact of RAS modulators on cognitive impairment of multiple etiologies will be discussed. In addition, the expression and function of different receptor subtypes within the RAS such as: Angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R), Angiotensin II type II receptor (AT2R), Angiotensin IV receptor (AT4R), Mas receptor (MasR), and Mas-related-G protein-coupled receptor (MrgD), on different cell types within the brain will be presented. We aim to direct the attention of the scientific community to the plethora of evidence on the importance of the RAS on cognition and to the different disease conditions in which these agents can be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaDonya Jackson
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Wael Eldahshan
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Susan C Fagan
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Adviye Ergul
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA.
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19
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So EC, Wu SN, Lo YC, Su K. Differential regulation of tefluthrin and telmisartan on the gating charges of I Na activation and inactivation as well as on resurgent and persistent I Na in a pituitary cell line (GH 3). Toxicol Lett 2018; 285:104-112. [PMID: 29306026 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated Na+ currents (INa), known to contain many components (e.g., transient, resurgent and persistent INa) with unique gating properties, are involved in the generation and propagation of action potentials in excitable cells. In this study, how tefluthrin (Tef), a synthetic pyrethoid, and telmisartan (TEL), blocker of angiotensin II receptors can perturb those components of INa was investigated. The presence of either Tef or TEL increased the values of the gating charges of INa involved in the activation (za) and inactivation (zi). Tef also increased the amplitude of resurgent INa (INa(R)) or persistent INa (INa(P)) in a pituitary cell line (GH3), while TEL produced minimal effects on them. Subsequent addition of either ranolazine (a blocker of late INa) or d-limonene (a monoterpene), could reverse the changes by TEL or Tef on za or zi. In SCN5A-expressing HEK293T cells, addition of Tef or TEL also increased the peak amplitude and the inactivation time constant of INa which was accompanied by the increased za value of INa. Taken together, the results indicated that Tef- or TEL-mediated changes in the gating kinetics of INa are linked to their actions on functional activity of neurons, neuroendocrine or endocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Cheung So
- Department of Anesthesia, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, 70965, Tainan City, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesia, China Medical University, 40447 Taichung City, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Nan Wu
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, 70101 Tainan City, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ching Lo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 80756 Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Kevin Su
- Department of Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai City, China.
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20
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Abstract
Depression remains a debilitating condition with an uncertain aetiology. Recently, attention has been given to the renin-angiotensin system. In the central nervous system, angiotensin II may be important in multiple pathways related to neurodevelopment and regulation of the stress response. Studies of drugs targeting the renin-angiotensin system have yielded promising results. Here, we review the potential beneficial effects of angiotensin blockers in depression and their mechanisms of action. Drugs blocking the angiotensin system have efficacy in several animal models of depression. While no randomised clinical trials were found, case reports and observational studies showed that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers had positive effects on depression, whereas other antihypertensive agents did not. Drugs targeting the renin-angiotensin system act on inflammatory pathways implicated in depression. Both preclinical and clinical data suggest that these drugs possess antidepressant properties. In light of these results, angiotensin system-blocking agents offer new horizons in mood disorder treatment.
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