Neuroprotective effects of novel pyrrolidine-2-one derivatives on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice: Behavioral and biochemical analysis

Design, synthesis, and in vitro, in vivo, and in silico evaluation of novel substituted 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives as anticonvulsant agents

In the present study, a library of ten novel substituted 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives were designed and synthesized using an appropriate synthetic route. The characterization of the synthesized compounds was performed by FT-IR and NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopy. The synthesized compounds were assayed for in vitro human carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibition against two isoforms II and IX. The neurotoxicity of the synthesized derivatives was also evaluated using the rotarod test, along with their in vivo anticonvulsant activity, which was determined using the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (sc-PTZ) methods. Although all the compounds showed good CA inhibition and anticonvulsant activity, two compounds 6d and 7d showed the highest CA inhibition and anticonvulsant activity in both the isoforms and tested methods compared to the standard drugs (sodium valproate and acetazolamide), without any sign of neurotoxicity observed at the highest dose (300 mg/kg). Similarly, the standard drugs also displayed no neurotoxicity at the highest dose (300 mg/kg). Furthermore, the potent compounds (6d and 7d) were evaluated for the biochemical parameters, such as lipid peroxidation, nitrite oxide, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity, and the GABA level was also determined. Finally, compound 6d was docked against CA-II and CA-IX (PDB-ID-5SZ5 and 5AML) receptors. The study concluded that the compounds 6d and 7d can be considered potent anticonvulsant agents for future research.

The memory ameliorating effects of novel N-benzyl pyridine-2-one derivatives on scopolamine-induced cognitive deficits in mice

BACKGROUND

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of progressive dementia in the elderly, is a chronic neurological disorder that decreases cognitive ability. Although the underlying cause of AD is yet unknown, oxidative stress and brain acetylcholine shortage are the key pathogenic causes.

RESULTS

The current study shows that these derivatives have the potential to improve memory in mice by inhibiting scopolamine-induced acetylcholinesterase activity, oxidative and nitrosative stress, and improving locomotor activity and muscle grip strength in the rota rod test. When compared to the illness control, the memory-enhancing potential of novel N-benzyl pyridine-2-one derivatives was highly significant (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

The observed memory ameliorating effect of novel N-benzyl pyridine-2-one makes them as a a good choice for treatment of individuals with cognitive impairment.

Novel Substituted Pyrimidine Derivatives as Potential Anti-Alzheimer's Agents: Synthesis, Biological, and Molecular Docking Studies

The most frequent type of age-related dementia is Alzheimer's disease. To discover novel therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease, a series of substituted pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for anti-Alzheimer's activity. All the synthesized compounds were validated by 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and HRMS to assess the structural conformance of the newly synthesized compounds. The synthesized compounds were then evaluated for their in vivo acute toxicity study. Evaluation of acute toxicity showed that none of the synthesized compounds showed toxicity up to 1000 mg/kg. After in vivo acute toxicity studies, the compounds were subjected to behavioral and biochemical studies. Compound N4-(4-chlorophenyl)-N2-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 5b (SP-2) displayed an excellent anti-Alzheimer's profile, while the rest of the compounds showed satisfactory results in comparison to donepezil. Docking studies confirmed the results obtained through in vivo experiments and showed that 5b (SP-2) showed a similar interaction to that of donepezil. Further, in silico molecular property predictions showed that 5b (SP-2) possesses favorable drug-likeness and ADME properties for CNS activity. These results implied that 5b could serve as an appropriate lead molecule for the development of anti-Alzheimer's agent.