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Falourd X, Lahaye M, Rondeau-Mouro C. Probing structural features in potato starch granules at moderate hydration through the modelling of 1H-> 13C polarization transfer kinetics. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 272:132806. [PMID: 38834120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The structural arrangement of starch polymers in presence of water is known to impact the functional properties of starchy products. In this study, the hydration of potato starch granules was investigated at the molecular level through various 1H->13C polarization transfer solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (ss-NMR) experiments. The impact of increasing the water content from 12.3 % to 45.9 % was assessed using 13C Cross Polarization Magic Angle Spinning (CPMAS), Variable Contact Time (VCT-CPMAS), Variable Spin Lock (VSL-CPMAS), and T One Rho QUEnching (TORQUE) NMR sequences. Of these, VCT-CPMAS proved to be the most promising. When applied with an optimal number of contact times, it enabled the application of several mathematical models that provided detailed insights into the structuring of protons in the hydrated potato starch granules. At low hydration (12.3 %), the models enabled various structural domains to be distinguished, which we suggest are associated with helical and amorphous structures. At moderate hydration (45.9 %), we tested two fitting models. Two pools of protons were revealed, corresponding to loosely ordered structures on the scale of tens of nanometers. These findings suggest varying water distribution during starch hydration and are likely to indicate variable hydration levels in the multilamellar amorphous structures of starch granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Falourd
- INRAE, UR1268 BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France; INRAE, BIBS Facility, PROBE Infrastructure, F-44316 Nantes, France.
| | - M Lahaye
- INRAE, UR1268 BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - C Rondeau-Mouro
- INRAE, UR1466 OPAALE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France
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2
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Fan X, Lin H, Ding F, Wang M. Jasmonates Promote β-Amylase-Mediated Starch Degradation to Confer Cold Tolerance in Tomato Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1055. [PMID: 38674464 PMCID: PMC11055051 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Cold stress severely restricts growth and development, reduces yields, and impairs quality in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum). Amylase-associated starch degradation and soluble sugar accumulation have been implicated in adaptation and resistance to abiotic stress. Here, we report a β-amylase (BAM) gene, SlBAM3, which plays a central role in tomato cold tolerance. The expression of SlBAM3 was triggered by cold stress. SlBAM3 knockout using the CRISPR/Cas9 system retarded starch degradation and reduced soluble sugar accumulation in tomato plants, eventually attenuating cold tolerance. Expression analysis revealed that the SlBAM3 transcript level was boosted by MeJA. Furthermore, MYC2, an essential component of the JA signaling pathway, could bind to the SlBAM3 promoter and directly activate SlBAM3 transcription, as revealed by yeast one-hybrid and dual LUC assays. In addition, the suppression of MYC2 resulted in increased starch accumulation, decreased soluble sugar content, and reduced tolerance to cold stress in tomato plants. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that JA positively regulates β-amylase-associated starch degradation through the MYC2-SlBAM3 module in tomato during cold stress. The results of the present work expand our understanding of the mechanisms underlying BAM gene activation and starch catabolism under cold stress. The regulatory module of SlBAM3 can be further utilized to breed tomato cultivars with enhanced cold tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fei Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (X.F.); (H.L.)
| | - Meiling Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (X.F.); (H.L.)
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3
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Yang Q, Ral JP, Wei Y, Zheng Y, Li Z, Jiang Q. Genome editing of five starch synthesis genes produces highly resistant starch and dietary fibre in barley grains. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024. [PMID: 38415905 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology Research, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Black Mountain, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Yuming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Youliang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhongyi Li
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Black Mountain, Canberra, Australia
| | - Qiantao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Miroshnichenko D, Timerbaev V, Divashuk M, Pushin A, Alekseeva V, Kroupin P, Bazhenov M, Samarina M, Ermolaev A, Karlov G, Dolgov S. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated мultiplexed multi-allelic mutagenesis of genes located on A, B and R subgenomes of hexaploid triticale. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:59. [PMID: 38329578 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The first-time generation of hexaploid triticale plants harbouring variable panels of novel mutations in gene families involved in starch biosynthesis has been achieved by the subgenome-independent multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Miroshnichenko
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia.
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino, Russia.
| | - Vadim Timerbaev
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Mikhail Divashuk
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Pushin
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Valeria Alekseeva
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Pavel Kroupin
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Bazhenov
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mariya Samarina
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey Ermolaev
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady Karlov
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Dolgov
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino, Russia
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Kamble NU, Makhamadjonov F, Fahy B, Martins C, Saalbach G, Seung D. Initiation of B-type starch granules in wheat endosperm requires the plastidial α-glucan phosphorylase PHS1. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:4091-4110. [PMID: 37595145 PMCID: PMC10615211 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The plastidial α-glucan phosphorylase (PHS1) can elongate and degrade maltooligosaccharides (MOSs), but its exact physiological role in plants is poorly understood. Here, we discover a specialized role of PHS1 in establishing the unique bimodal characteristic of starch granules in wheat (Triticum spp.) endosperm. Wheat endosperm contains large A-type granules that initiate at early grain development and small B-type granules that initiate in later grain development. We demonstrate that PHS1 interacts with B-GRANULE CONTENT1 (BGC1), a carbohydrate-binding protein essential for normal B-type granule initiation. Mutants of tetraploid durum wheat (Triticum turgidum) deficient in all homoeologs of PHS1 had normal A-type granules but fewer and larger B-type granules. Grain size and starch content were not affected by the mutations. Further, by assessing granule numbers during grain development in the phs1 mutant and using a double mutant defective in both PHS1 and BGC1, we demonstrate that PHS1 is exclusively involved in B-type granule initiation. The total starch content and number of starch granules per chloroplast in leaves were not affected by loss of PHS1, suggesting that its role in granule initiation in wheat is limited to the endosperm. We therefore propose that the initiation of A- and B-type granules occurs via distinct biochemical mechanisms, where PHS1 plays an exclusive role in B-type granule initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brendan Fahy
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH,UK
| | - Carlo Martins
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH,UK
| | | | - David Seung
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH,UK
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6
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Esch L, Ngai QY, Barclay JE, McNelly R, Hayta S, Smedley MA, Smith AM, Seung D. Increasing amyloplast size in wheat endosperm through mutation of PARC6 affects starch granule morphology. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:224-241. [PMID: 37424336 PMCID: PMC10952435 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The determination of starch granule morphology in plants is poorly understood. The amyloplasts of wheat endosperm contain large discoid A-type granules and small spherical B-type granules. To study the influence of amyloplast structure on these distinct morphological types, we isolated a mutant in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum) defective in the plastid division protein PARC6, which had giant plastids in both leaves and endosperm. Endosperm amyloplasts of the mutant contained more A- and B-type granules than those of the wild-type. The mutant had increased A- and B-type granule size in mature grains, and its A-type granules had a highly aberrant, lobed surface. This morphological defect was already evident at early stages of grain development and occurred without alterations in polymer structure and composition. Plant growth and grain size, number and starch content were not affected in the mutants despite the large plastid size. Interestingly, mutation of the PARC6 paralog, ARC6, did not increase plastid or starch granule size. We suggest TtPARC6 can complement disrupted TtARC6 function by interacting with PDV2, the outer plastid envelope protein that typically interacts with ARC6 to promote plastid division. We therefore reveal an important role of amyloplast structure in starch granule morphogenesis in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Esch
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Qi Yang Ngai
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | | | - Rose McNelly
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Sadiye Hayta
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | | | | | - David Seung
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
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Wang Y, Saulnier L, Ral JP, Falourd X, Kansou K. Determining whether granule structural or surface features govern the wheat starch digestion, a kinetic analysis. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 315:120966. [PMID: 37230611 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering the determinants of starch digestion from multiple interrelated properties is a challenge that can benefit from multifactorial data analysis. The present study investigated the digestion kinetic parameters (rate, final extent) of size-fractions from four commercial wheat starches with different amylose contents. Each size-fraction was isolated and characterized comprehensively using a large range of analytic techniques (FACE, XRD, CP-MAS NMR, time-domain NMR, DSC…). A statistical clustering analysis applied on the results revealed that the mobility of water and starch protons measured by time-domain NMR was consistently related to the macromolecular composition of the glucan chains and to the ultrastructure of the granule. The final extent of starch digestion was determined by the granule structural features. The digestion rate coefficient dependencies, on the other hand, changed significantly with the range of granule size, i.e. the accessible surface for initial binding of α-amylase. The study particularly showed the molecular order and the chains mobility predominantly limiting or accelerating the digestion rate depending on the accessible surface. This result confirmed the need to differentiate between the surface and the inner-granule related mechanisms in starch digestion studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzi Wang
- INRAE, UR1268, Biopolymers, Interactions & Assemblies (BIA), 44316 Nantes, France.
| | - Luc Saulnier
- INRAE, UR1268, Biopolymers, Interactions & Assemblies (BIA), 44316 Nantes, France.
| | - Jean-Philippe Ral
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Xavier Falourd
- INRAE, UR1268, Biopolymers, Interactions & Assemblies (BIA), 44316 Nantes, France; INRAE, BIBS facility, PROBE infrastructure, F-44316 Nantes, France.
| | - Kamal Kansou
- INRAE, UR1268, Biopolymers, Interactions & Assemblies (BIA), 44316 Nantes, France.
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8
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Chen J, Watson-Lazowski A, Kamble NU, Vickers M, Seung D. Gene expression profile of the developing endosperm in durum wheat provides insight into starch biosynthesis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:363. [PMID: 37460981 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) is widely grown for pasta production, and more recently, is gaining additional interest due to its resilience to warm, dry climates and its use as an experimental model for wheat research. Like in bread wheat, the starch and protein accumulated in the endosperm during grain development are the primary contributors to the calorific value of durum grains. RESULTS To enable further research into endosperm development and storage reserve synthesis, we generated a high-quality transcriptomics dataset from developing endosperms of variety Kronos, to complement the extensive mutant resources available for this variety. Endosperms were dissected from grains harvested at eight timepoints during grain development (6 to 30 days post anthesis (dpa)), then RNA sequencing was used to profile the transcriptome at each stage. The largest changes in gene expression profile were observed between the earlier timepoints, prior to 15 dpa. We detected a total of 29,925 genes that were significantly differentially expressed between at least two timepoints, and clustering analysis revealed nine distinct expression patterns. We demonstrate the potential of our dataset to provide new insights into key processes that occur during endosperm development, using starch metabolism as an example. CONCLUSION We provide a valuable resource for studying endosperm development in this increasingly important crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Chen
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alexander Watson-Lazowski
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB, UK
| | | | - Martin Vickers
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - David Seung
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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9
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Magallanes-Cruz PA, Duque-Buitrago LF, Del Rocío Martínez-Ruiz N. Native and modified starches from underutilized seeds: Characteristics, functional properties and potential applications. Food Res Int 2023; 169:112875. [PMID: 37254325 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Seeds represent a potential source of starch, containing at least 60-70% of total starch, however many of them are treated as waste and are usually discarded. The review aim was to analyze the characteristics, functional properties, and potential applications of native and modified starches from underutilized seeds such as Sorghum bicolor L. Moench (WSS), Chenopodium quinoa, Wild. (QSS), Mangifera indica L. (MSS), Persea americana Mill. (ASS), Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni (PCSS), and Brosimum alicastrum Sw. (RSS). A systematic review of scientific literature was carried out from 2014 to date. Starch from seeds had yields above 30%. ASS had the higher amylose content and ASS and RSS showed the highest values in water absorption capacity and swelling power, contrary to MSS and PCSS while higher thermal resistance, paste stability, and a lower tendency to retrograde were observed in MSS and RSS. Functional properties such as water solubility, swelling power, thermal stability, low retrogradation tendency, and emulsion stability were increased in RSS, WSS, QSS, and MSS with chemical modifications (Oxidation, Oxidation-Crosslinking, OSA, DDSA, and NSA) and physical methods (HMT and dry-heat). Digestibility in vitro showed that WSS and QSS presented high SDS fraction, while ASS, MSS, PCSS, and HMT-QSS presented the highest RS content. Native or modified underutilized seed starches represent an alternative and sustainable source of non-conventional starch with potential applications in the food industry and for the development of healthy foods or for special nutritional requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla A Magallanes-Cruz
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo Envolvente del Pronaf y Estocolmo s/n, C.P. 32310 Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico.
| | - Luisa F Duque-Buitrago
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Campus Zacatenco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, C. P. 07738 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Nina Del Rocío Martínez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo Envolvente del Pronaf y Estocolmo s/n, C.P. 32310 Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico.
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10
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Matsushima R, Hisano H, Galis I, Miura S, Crofts N, Takenaka Y, Oitome NF, Ishimizu T, Fujita N, Sato K. FLOURY ENDOSPERM 6 mutations enhance the sugary phenotype caused by the loss of ISOAMYLASE1 in barley. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:94. [PMID: 37010621 PMCID: PMC10070237 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04339-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Barley double mutants in two genes involved in starch granule morphology, HvFLO6 and HvISA1, had impaired starch accumulation and higher grain sugar levels than either single mutant. Starch is a biologically and commercially important glucose polymer synthesized by plants as semicrystalline starch granules (SGs). Because SG morphology affects starch properties, mutants with altered SG morphology may be useful in breeding crops with desirable starch properties, including potentially novel properties. In this study, we employed a simple screen for mutants with altered SG morphology in barley (Hordeum vulgare). We isolated mutants that formed compound SGs together with the normal simple SGs in the endosperm and found that they were allelic mutants of the starch biosynthesis genes ISOAMYLASE1 (HvISA1) and FLOURY ENDOSPERM 6 (HvFLO6), encoding starch debranching enzyme and CARBOHYDRATE-BINDING MODULE 48-containing protein, respectively. We generated the hvflo6 hvisa1 double mutant and showed that it had significantly reduced starch biosynthesis and developed shrunken grains. In contrast to starch, soluble α-glucan, phytoglycogen, and sugars accumulated to higher levels in the double mutant than in the single mutants. In addition, the double mutants showed defects in SG morphology in the endosperm and in the pollen. This novel genetic interaction suggests that hvflo6 acts as an enhancer of the sugary phenotype caused by hvisa1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Matsushima
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Hisano
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Ivan Galis
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Yuto Takenaka
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Naoko F Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishimizu
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sato
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
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11
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Tong C, Ma Z, Chen H, Gao H. Toward an understanding of potato starch structure, function, biosynthesis, and applications. FOOD FRONTIERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
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12
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Watson-Lazowski A, Raven E, Feike D, Hill L, Barclay JE, Smith AM, Seung D. Loss of PROTEIN TARGETING TO STARCH 2 has variable effects on starch synthesis across organs and species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6367-6379. [PMID: 35716106 PMCID: PMC9578351 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has identified several proteins involved in starch granule initiation, the first step of starch synthesis. However, the degree of conservation in the granule initiation process remains poorly understood, especially among grass species differing in patterns of carbohydrate turnover in leaves, and granule morphology in the endosperm. We therefore compared mutant phenotypes of Hordeum vulgare (barley), Triticum turgidum (durum wheat), and Brachypodium distachyon defective in PROTEIN TARGETING TO STARCH 2 (PTST2), a key granule initiation protein. We report striking differences across species and organs. Loss of PTST2 from leaves resulted in fewer, larger starch granules per chloroplast and normal starch content in wheat, fewer granules per chloroplast and lower starch content in barley, and almost complete loss of starch in Brachypodium. The loss of starch in Brachypodium leaves was accompanied by high levels of ADP-glucose and detrimental effects on growth and physiology. Additionally, we found that loss of PTST2 increased granule initiation in Brachypodium amyloplasts, resulting in abnormal compound granule formation throughout the seed. These findings suggest that the importance of PTST2 varies greatly with the genetic and developmental background and inform the extent to which the gene can be targeted to improve starch in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Raven
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Doreen Feike
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Lionel Hill
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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13
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Pfister B, Shields JM, Kockmann T, Grossmann J, Abt MR, Stadler M, Zeeman SC. Tuning heterologous glucan biosynthesis in yeast to understand and exploit plant starch diversity. BMC Biol 2022; 20:207. [PMID: 36153520 PMCID: PMC9509603 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Starch, a vital plant-derived polysaccharide comprised of branched glucans, is essential in nutrition and many industrial applications. Starch is often modified post-extraction to alter its structure and enhance its functionality. Targeted metabolic engineering of crops to produce valuable and versatile starches requires knowledge of the relationships between starch biosynthesis, structure, and properties, but systematic studies to obtain this knowledge are difficult to conduct in plants. Here we used Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a testbed to dissect the functions of plant starch biosynthetic enzymes and create diverse starch-like polymers. Results We explored yeast promoters and terminators to tune the expression levels of the starch-biosynthesis machinery from Arabidopsis thaliana. We systematically modulated the expression of each starch synthase (SS) together with a branching enzyme (BE) in yeast. Protein quantification by parallel reaction monitoring (targeted proteomics) revealed unexpected effects of glucan biosynthesis on protein abundances but showed that the anticipated broad range of SS/BE enzyme ratios was maintained during the biosynthetic process. The different SS/BE ratios clearly influenced glucan structure and solubility: The higher the SS/BE ratio, the longer the glucan chains and the more glucans were partitioned into the insoluble fraction. This effect was irrespective of the SS isoform, demonstrating that the elongation/branching ratio controls glucan properties separate from enzyme specificity. Conclusions Our results provide a quantitative framework for the in silico design of improved starch biosynthetic processes in plants. Our study also exemplifies a workflow for the rational tuning of a complex pathway in yeast, starting from the selection and evaluation of expression modules to multi-gene assembly and targeted protein monitoring during the biosynthetic process. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01408-x.
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Wang Y, Kansou K, Pritchard J, Zwart AB, Saulnier L, Ral JP. Beyond amylose content, selecting starch traits impacting in vitro α-amylase degradability in a wheat MAGIC population. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 291:119652. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bhatt P, Kumar V, Goel R, Sharma SK, Kaushik S, Sharma S, Shrivastava A, Tesema M. Structural Modifications and Strategies for Native Starch for Applications in Advanced Drug Delivery. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:2188940. [PMID: 35993055 PMCID: PMC9385375 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2188940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical excipients are compounds or substances other than API which are added to a dosage form, these excipients basically act as carriers, binders, bulk forming agents, colorants, and flavouring agents, and few excipients are even used to enhance the activity of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and various more properties. However, despite of these properties, there are problems with the synthetic excipients such as the possibility of causing toxicity, inflammation, autoimmune responses, lack of intrinsic bioactivity and biocompatibility, expensive procedures for synthesis, and water solubility. However, starch as an excipient can overcome all these problems in one go. It is inexpensive, there is no toxicity or immune response, and it is biocompatible in nature. It is very less used as an excipient because of its high digestibility and swelling index, high glycemic index, paste clarity, film-forming property, crystalline properties, etc. All these properties of starch can be altered by a few modification processes such as physical modification, genetic modification, and chemical modification, which can be used to reduce its digestibility and glycemic index of starch, improve its film-forming properties, and increase its paste clarity. Changes in some of the molecular bonds which improve its properties such as binding, crystalline structure, and retrogradation make starch perfect to be used as a pharmaceutical excipient. This research work provides the structural modifications of native starch which can be applicable in advanced drug delivery. The major contributions of the paper are advances in the modification of native starch molecules such as physically, chemically, enzymatically, and genetically traditional crop modification to yield a novel molecule with significant potential for use in the pharmaceutical industry for targeted drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Bhatt
- KIET Group of Institutions (KIET School of Pharmacy), Delhi NCR, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Gurukul Kangri (Deemed to Be University), Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Gurukul Kangri (Deemed to Be University), Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Richa Goel
- KIET Group of Institutions (KIET School of Pharmacy), Delhi NCR, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Somesh Kumar Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, KIET Group of Institutions (KIET School of Pharmacy), Delhi NCR, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Shikha Kaushik
- KIET Group of Institutions (KIET School of Pharmacy), Delhi NCR, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Shivani Sharma
- School of Pharmacy and Research, Dev Bhoomi Uttarakhand University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Alankar Shrivastava
- KIET Group of Institutions (KIET School of Pharmacy), Delhi NCR, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Mulugeta Tesema
- Department of Chemistry (Analytical), College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Dambi Dollo University, Dambi Dollo, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
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Falua KJ, Pokharel A, Babaei-Ghazvini A, Ai Y, Acharya B. Valorization of Starch to Biobased Materials: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112215. [PMID: 35683888 PMCID: PMC9183024 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many concerns are being expressed about the biodegradability, biocompatibility, and long-term viability of polymer-based substances. This prompted the quest for an alternative source of material that could be utilized for various purposes. Starch is widely used as a thickener, emulsifier, and binder in many food and non-food sectors, but research focuses on increasing its application beyond these areas. Due to its biodegradability, low cost, renewability, and abundance, starch is considered a "green path" raw material for generating porous substances such as aerogels, biofoams, and bioplastics, which have sparked an academic interest. Existing research has focused on strategies for developing biomaterials from organic polymers (e.g., cellulose), but there has been little research on its polysaccharide counterpart (starch). This review paper highlighted the structure of starch, the context of amylose and amylopectin, and the extraction and modification of starch with their processes and limitations. Moreover, this paper describes nanofillers, intelligent pH-sensitive films, biofoams, aerogels of various types, bioplastics, and their precursors, including drying and manufacturing. The perspectives reveal the great potential of starch-based biomaterials in food, pharmaceuticals, biomedicine, and non-food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde James Falua
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
- Department of Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin PMB 1515, Nigeria
| | - Anamol Pokharel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
| | - Amin Babaei-Ghazvini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
| | - Yongfeng Ai
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada;
| | - Bishnu Acharya
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
- Correspondence:
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Wang Y, Ral JP, Saulnier L, Kansou K. How Does Starch Structure Impact Amylolysis? Review of Current Strategies for Starch Digestibility Study. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091223. [PMID: 35563947 PMCID: PMC9104245 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro digestibility of starch is a common analysis in human nutrition research, and generally consists of performing the hydrolysis of starch by α-amylase in specific conditions. Similar in vitro assays are also used in other research fields, where different methods can be used. Overall, the in vitro hydrolysis of native starch is a bridge between all of these methods. In this literature review, we examine the use of amylolysis assays in recent publications investigating the complex starch structure-amylolysis relation. This review is divided in two parts: (1) a brief review of the factors influencing the hydrolysis of starch and (2) a systematic review of the experimental designs and methods used in publications for the period 2016–2020. The latter reports on starch materials, factors investigated, characterization of the starch hydrolysis kinetics and data analysis techniques. This review shows that the dominant research strategy favors the comparison between a few starch samples most frequently described through crystallinity, granule type, amylose and chain length distribution with marked characteristics. This strategy aims at circumventing the multifactorial aspect of the starch digestion mechanism by focusing on specific features. An alternative strategy relies on computational approaches such as multivariate statistical analysis and machine learning techniques to decipher the role of each factor on amylolysis. While promising to address complexity, the limited use of a computational approach can be explained by the small size of the experimental datasets in most publications. This review shows that key steps towards the production of larger datasets are already available, in particular the generalization of rapid hydrolysis assays and the development of quantification approaches for most analytical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzi Wang
- INRAE, UR1268, Biopolymers, Interactions & Assemblies (BIA), 44316 Nantes, France; (Y.W.); (L.S.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Ral
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Luc Saulnier
- INRAE, UR1268, Biopolymers, Interactions & Assemblies (BIA), 44316 Nantes, France; (Y.W.); (L.S.)
| | - Kamal Kansou
- INRAE, UR1268, Biopolymers, Interactions & Assemblies (BIA), 44316 Nantes, France; (Y.W.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-02-40-67-51-49
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Yu B, Xiang D, Mahfuz H, Patterson N, Bing D. Understanding Starch Metabolism in Pea Seeds towards Tailoring Functionality for Value-Added Utilization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8972. [PMID: 34445676 PMCID: PMC8396644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is the most abundant storage carbohydrate and a major component in pea seeds, accounting for about 50% of dry seed weight. As a by-product of pea protein processing, current uses for pea starch are limited to low-value, commodity markets. The globally growing demand for pea protein poses a great challenge for the pea fractionation industry to develop new markets for starch valorization. However, there exist gaps in our understanding of the genetic mechanism underlying starch metabolism, and its relationship with physicochemical and functional properties, which is a prerequisite for targeted tailoring functionality and innovative applications of starch. This review outlines the understanding of starch metabolism with a particular focus on peas and highlights the knowledge of pea starch granule structure and its relationship with functional properties, and industrial applications. Using the currently available pea genetics and genomics knowledge and breakthroughs in omics technologies, we discuss the perspectives and possible avenues to advance our understanding of starch metabolism in peas at an unprecedented level, to ultimately enable the molecular design of multi-functional native pea starch and to create value-added utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianyun Yu
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada; (D.X.); (H.M.); (N.P.)
| | - Daoquan Xiang
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada; (D.X.); (H.M.); (N.P.)
| | - Humaira Mahfuz
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada; (D.X.); (H.M.); (N.P.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nii Patterson
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada; (D.X.); (H.M.); (N.P.)
| | - Dengjin Bing
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C and E Trail, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada;
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