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Caires CSA, Lima AR, Lima THN, Silva CM, Araujo LO, Aguilera LF, Nascimento VA, Caires ARL, Oliveira SL. Photodynamic inactivation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by using Giemsa dye as a photosensitizer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 45:103952. [PMID: 38145771 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria calls for innovative approaches to combat multidrug-resistant strains. Here, the potential of the standard histological stain, Giemsa, to act as a photosensitizer (PS) for antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains is reported. Bioassays were performed using various Giemsa concentrations (ranging from 0.0 to 20.0 µM) under 625 nm illumination at a light dose of 30 J cm-2. Remarkably, Giemsa completely inhibited the growth of MSSA and MRSA bacterial colonies for concentrations at 10 µM and higher but exhibited no inhibitory effect without light exposure. Partition coefficient analysis revealed Giemsa's affinity for membranes. Furthermore, we quantified the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and singlet oxygen (1O2) to elucidate the aPDI mechanisms underlying bacterial inactivation mediated by Giemsa. These findings highlight Giemsa stain's potential as a PS in aPDI for targeting multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia S A Caires
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900, Campo Grande, MS CP 549, Brazil; Escola de Saúde, Santa Casa de Campo Grande, Campo Grande, MS 79002-201, Brazil
| | - Alessandra R Lima
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900, Campo Grande, MS CP 549, Brazil; Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP CP 369, Brazil
| | - Thalita H N Lima
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900, Campo Grande, MS CP 549, Brazil; Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP CP 369, Brazil
| | - Cicera M Silva
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900, Campo Grande, MS CP 549, Brazil
| | - Leandro O Araujo
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900, Campo Grande, MS CP 549, Brazil
| | - Laís F Aguilera
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900, Campo Grande, MS CP 549, Brazil
| | - Valter A Nascimento
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900, Campo Grande, MS CP 549, Brazil
| | - Anderson R L Caires
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900, Campo Grande, MS CP 549, Brazil.
| | - Samuel L Oliveira
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900, Campo Grande, MS CP 549, Brazil.
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Babaeekhou L, Ghane M, Mohammad Rafiee M. Photodynamic Therapy and Its Synergism with Melittin Against Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates with High Biofilm Formation Ability. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:324. [PMID: 37596435 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03356-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Drug-resistant biofilm producer A. baumannii isolates are a global concern that warns researchers about the development of new treatments. This study was designed to analyze the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as monotherapy and associated with melittin on multidrug-resistant A. baumannii isolates. Sub-lethal doses of photosensitizer, LED, and PDT were determined. The PDT effect on the biofilm and expression of biofilm-associated genes was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) methods, respectively. The synergistic effect of PDT and melittin on the survival of MDR/XDR strong biofilm producer isolates was evaluated by checkerboard assay. Survival rates were significantly decreased at the lowest concentration of 12.5-50 μg/ml in 4 min at an energy density of 93.75 J/cm2 (P < 0.05). The optimized PDT method had a bactericidal effect against all tested groups, and the mean expression levels of csu, abaI, bap, and ompA genes in the strong biofilm producers were decreased significantly compared to the control group. The combined effect of LED and melittin successfully reduced the MDR/XDR A. baumannii strong biofilm producers' growth from 3.1 logs. MB-mediated aPDT and combined treatment of PDT with melittin, which has been investigated for the first time in this study, can be an efficient strategy against MDR/XDR A. baumannii isolates with strong biofilm production capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Babaeekhou
- Department of Biology, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sayyad Shirazi St., P.O. Box: 33135/369, Eslamshahr, Iran.
- Department of Biology, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Eslamshahr, Iran.
| | - Maryam Ghane
- Department of Biology, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Eslamshahr, Iran
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3
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Yao J, Zou P, Cui Y, Quan L, Gao C, Li Z, Gong W, Yang M. Recent Advances in Strategies to Combat Bacterial Drug Resistance: Antimicrobial Materials and Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041188. [PMID: 37111673 PMCID: PMC10141387 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection is a common clinical disease. Antibiotics have saved countless lives since their discovery and are a powerful weapon in the fight against bacteria. However, with the widespread use of antibiotics, the problem of drug resistance now poses a great threat to human health. In recent years, studies have investigated approaches to combat bacterial resistance. Several antimicrobial materials and drug delivery systems have emerged as promising strategies. Nano-drug delivery systems for antibiotics can reduce the resistance to antibiotics and extend the lifespan of novel antibiotics, and they allow targeting drug delivery compared to conventional antibiotics. This review highlights the mechanistic insights of using different strategies to combat drug-resistant bacteria and summarizes the recent advancements in antimicrobial materials and drug delivery systems for different carriers. Furthermore, the fundamental properties of combating antimicrobial resistance are discussed, and the current challenges and future perspectives in this field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Pengfei Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yanan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Liangzhu Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Chunsheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhiping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Wei Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Meiyan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
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Piksa M, Lian C, Samuel IC, Pawlik KJ, Samuel IDW, Matczyszyn K. The role of the light source in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1697-1722. [PMID: 36779328 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01051k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is a promising approach to fight the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance that threatens health care, food security and agriculture. APDT uses light to excite a light-activated chemical (photosensitiser), leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Many APDT studies confirm its efficacy in vitro and in vivo against bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. However, the development of the field is focused on exploring potential targets and developing new photosensitisers. The role of light, a crucial element for ROS production, has been neglected. What are the main parameters essential for effective photosensitiser activation? Does an optimal light radiant exposure exist? And finally, which light source is best? Many reports have described the promising antibacterial effects of APDT in vitro, however, its application in vivo, especially in clinical settings remains very limited. The restricted availability may partially be due to a lack of standard conditions or protocols, arising from the diversity of selected photosensitising agents (PS), variable testing conditions including light sources used for PS activation and methods of measuring anti-bacterial activity and their effectiveness in treating bacterial infections. We thus sought to systematically review and examine the evidence from existing studies on APDT associated with the light source used. We show how the reduction of pathogens depends on the light source applied, radiant exposure and irradiance of light used, and type of pathogen, and so critically appraise the current state of development of APDT and areas to be addressed in future studies. We anticipate that further standardisation of the experimental conditions will help the field advance, and suggest key optical and biological parameters that should be reported in all APDT studies. More in vivo and clinical studies are needed and are expected to be facilitated by advances in light sources, leading to APDT becoming a sustainable, alternative therapeutic option for bacterial and other microbial infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Piksa
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Science, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Cheng Lian
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK.
| | - Imogen C Samuel
- School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Krzysztof J Pawlik
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Science, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ifor D W Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK.
| | - Katarzyna Matczyszyn
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Effective Biofilm Eradication on Orthopedic Implants with Methylene Blue Based Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy In Vitro. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010118. [PMID: 36671319 PMCID: PMC9854686 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) are difficult to treat due to biofilm formation on implant surfaces, often requiring removal or exchange of prostheses along with long-lasting antibiotic treatment. This in vitro study investigated the effect of methylene blue photodynamic therapy (MB-PDT) on PJI-causing biofilms on different implant materials. MB-PDT (664 nm LED, 15 J/cm2) was tested on different Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Cutibacterium acnes strains in both planktonic form and grown in early and mature biofilms on prosthetic materials (polyethylene, titanium alloys, cobalt-chrome-based alloys, and bone cement). The minimum bactericidal concentration with 100% killing (MBC100%) was determined. Chemical and topographical alterations were investigated on the prosthesis surfaces after MB-PDT. Results showed a MBC100% of 0.5-5 μg/mL for planktonic bacteria and 50-100 μg/mL for bacteria in biofilms-independent of the tested strain, the orthopedic material, or the maturity of the biofilm. Material testing showed no relevant surface modification. MB-PDT effectively eradicated common PJI pathogens on arthroplasty materials without damage to the materials, suggesting that MB-PDT could be used as a novel treatment method, replacing current, more invasive approaches and potentially shortening the antibiotic treatment in PJI. This would improve quality of life and reduce morbidity, mortality, and high health-care costs.
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Ishiwata N, Tsunoi Y, Sarker RR, Haruyama Y, Kawauchi S, Sekine Y, Onuma C, Tsuda H, Saitoh D, Nishidate I, Sato S. Control of Burn Wound Infection by Methylene Blue-Mediated Photodynamic Treatment With Light-Emitting Diode Array Illumination in Rats. Lasers Surg Med 2021; 53:1238-1246. [PMID: 33655570 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Control of burn wound infection is difficult due to the increase in drug-resistant bacteria and deteriorated immune responses. In this study, we examined the usefulness of methylene blue (MB)-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with illumination by a light-emitting diode (LED) array for controlling invasive infections from the wound to inside the body for rats with an extended deep burn infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS An MB solution with the addition of ethanol, ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid disodium salt, and dimethyl sulfoxide was used as a photosensitizer (PS). An extended deep burn was made on the dorsal skin in rats and the wounds were infected with P. aeruginosa. The rats were divided into three groups: control (no treatment; n = 14), PS mixture application alone (PS alone group; n = 10), and aPDT group (n = 14). For aPDT, after the PS mixture was applied onto the surface of infected wounds, the wounds were illuminated with a 665-nm LED array at an intensity of 45 mW/cm2 three times per treatment, with an illumination duration of 20 minutes and an interval of 10 minutes. The treatment was repeated each day for 7 consecutive days (day 0-day 6). Bacterial numbers on the wound surface and the weights and survival rates of the animals were evaluated daily. At the endpoints, bacterial numbers in the liver and blood were counted. Since the PS mixture showed high dark toxicity against P. aeruginosa in vitro, the influence of the PS mixture application onto healthy skin was also examined in vivo. RESULTS Even in the aPDT group, rapid bacterial regrowth was observed on the wound surface after each day's treatment, but the geometric mean values of the bacterial numbers before and after each aPDT were considerably lower than those in the control group. Application of the PS mixture alone showed a clear bactericidal effect only at day 0, which is attributable to the formation of biofilms after day 1. Rats in the aPDT group showed a smaller weight loss, a higher ratio of no bacterial migration at the endpoints, and significantly higher survival rates than those in the other two groups. Effects of repeated application of the PS mixture onto healthy skin were not evident. CONCLUSIONS Application of MB-mediated aPDT with illumination by a high-intensity LED array daily for seven consecutive days was effective for suppressing invasive infection from the wound to inside the body in rats with an extensive deep burn infected with P. aeruginosa, resulting in significant improvement of their survival. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Ishiwata
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Nakacho, Koganei, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Tsunoi
- Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Roma Rani Sarker
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Nakacho, Koganei, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Yasue Haruyama
- Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Satoko Kawauchi
- Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Sekine
- Division of Basic Traumatology, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Chinami Onuma
- Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tsuda
- Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Daizoh Saitoh
- Division of Basic Traumatology, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Izumi Nishidate
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Nakacho, Koganei, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Shunichi Sato
- Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
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Synthesis and Performance of Hybrid Hydrogels Loaded with Methylene Blue and Its Use for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation. J CHEM-NY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/6679960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Development and characterization of hybrid hydrogels loaded with methylene blue, which are designed to apply for photodynamic therapy, are presented. Hybrid hydrogels were synthesized by grafting polyacrylamide onto dextran/dextran sulfate sodium salt using N, N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide as a cross-linker. The differences in microstructure of synthesized hydrogels were proved by scanning electron microscopy. FTIR spectra testify that the chemical nature of hydrogel components affects the hydrogel hydrophilicity. The swelling properties of hydrogels in water and absorption/desorption hydrogels’ ability towards methylene blue were studied. It was shown that dye sorption was dependent on the hydrogel type. The hydrogel based on dextran and polyacrylamide revealed the highest ability to release absorbed dye. The bactericidal effect of this hydrogel loaded with methylene blue and activated by red light in suspension and solid medium of S. aureus was tested. The increase of bactericidal activity of hybrid hydrogel was dependent on radiation doses.
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Ding C, Zhang F, Gao Y, Li Y, Cheng D, Wang J, Mao L. Antibacterial Photodynamic Treatment of Porphyromonas gingivalis with Toluidine Blue O and a NonLaser Red Light Source Enhanced by Dihydroartemisinin. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 97:377-384. [PMID: 32959424 DOI: 10.1111/php.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In vitro experiments confirmed that antibacterial photodynamic treatment (aPDT) inactivates periodontal pathogens. However, more effective sterilization is needed in the complex oral environment. This study tested whether dihydroartemisinin (DHA) enhanced the photokilling effect of aPDT on Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) in planktonic and biofilm states. aPDT combining toluidine blue O (TBO) with 630 nm red light was performed on bacterial suspensions and biofilms in vitro with different final concentrations of DHA (10, 20 and 40 μg mL-1 ). The sensitization mechanism was preliminarily investigated by uptake experiments. The above experiments were repeated with different incubation times (30, 60, 120 s). Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms exhibited significantly higher resistance to aPDT than P. gingivalis in suspension under the same experimental parameters. DHA alone had no cytotoxic effect on P. gingivalis with or without light irradiation. In either bacterial suspensions or biofilms, DHA concentration-dependently enhanced the photokilling effect of aPDT and increased TBO uptake by P. gingivalis. Prolonged incubation time enhanced the photokilling efficiency of aPDT until cellular TBO uptake reached saturation. DHA can enhance aPDT activity against P. gingivalis in planktonic and biofilm states. DHA also accelerated TBO uptake, reducing incubation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ding
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Fengmin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yujun Li
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dechun Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jielin Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Limin Mao
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Caires CSA, Silva CM, Lima AR, Alves LM, Lima THN, Rodrigues ACS, Chang MR, Oliveira SL, Whitby C, Nascimento VA, Caires ARL. Photodynamic Inactivation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by a Natural Food Colorant (E-141ii). Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194464. [PMID: 33003282 PMCID: PMC7582792 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the photosensitizing effectiveness of sodium copper chlorophyllin, a natural green colorant commonly used as a food additive (E-141ii), to inactivate methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus under red-light illumination. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) was tested on a methicillin-sensitive reference strain (ATCC 25923) and a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain (GenBank accession number Mh087437) isolated from a clinical sample. The photoinactivation efficacy was investigated by exposing the bacterial strains to different E-141ii concentrations (0.0, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 µM) and to red light (625 nm) at 30 J cm−2. The results showed that E-141ii itself did not prevent bacterial growth for all tested concentrations when cultures were placed in the dark. By contrast, E-141ii photoinactivated both methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) under red-light illumination. However, different dose responses were observed for MSSA and MRSA. Whilst the MSSA growth was inhibited to the detection limit of the method with E-141ii at 2.5 µM, >10 µM concentrations were required to inhibit the growth of MRSA. The data also suggest that E-141ii can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) via Type I reaction by electron transfer from its first excited singlet state to oxygen molecules. Our findings demonstrate that the tested food colorant has great potential to be used in aPDI of MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia S. A. Caires
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (C.S.A.C.); (A.C.S.R.); (M.R.C.)
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK;
| | - Cicera M. Silva
- Optics and Photonics Group, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (C.M.S.); (A.R.L.); (L.M.A.); (T.H.N.L.); (S.L.O.)
| | - Alessandra R. Lima
- Optics and Photonics Group, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (C.M.S.); (A.R.L.); (L.M.A.); (T.H.N.L.); (S.L.O.)
| | - Lurian M. Alves
- Optics and Photonics Group, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (C.M.S.); (A.R.L.); (L.M.A.); (T.H.N.L.); (S.L.O.)
| | - Thalita H. N. Lima
- Optics and Photonics Group, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (C.M.S.); (A.R.L.); (L.M.A.); (T.H.N.L.); (S.L.O.)
| | - Ana C. S. Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (C.S.A.C.); (A.C.S.R.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Marilene R. Chang
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (C.S.A.C.); (A.C.S.R.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Samuel L. Oliveira
- Optics and Photonics Group, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (C.M.S.); (A.R.L.); (L.M.A.); (T.H.N.L.); (S.L.O.)
| | - Corinne Whitby
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK;
| | - Valter A. Nascimento
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (C.S.A.C.); (A.C.S.R.); (M.R.C.)
- Correspondence: (V.A.N.); (A.R.L.C.)
| | - Anderson R. L. Caires
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK;
- Optics and Photonics Group, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (C.M.S.); (A.R.L.); (L.M.A.); (T.H.N.L.); (S.L.O.)
- Correspondence: (V.A.N.); (A.R.L.C.)
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10
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Dharmaratne P, Sapugahawatte DN, Wang B, Chan CL, Lau KM, Lau CB, Fung KP, Ng DK, Ip M. Contemporary approaches and future perspectives of antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): A systematic review. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 200:112341. [PMID: 32505848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The high prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causing skin and soft tissue infections in both the community and healthcare settings challenges the limited options of effective antibiotics and motivates the search for alternative therapeutic solutions, such as antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). While many publications have described the promising anti-bacterial activities of PDT in vitro, its applications in vivo and in the clinic have been very limited. This limited availability may in part be due to variabilities in the selected photosensitizing agents (PS), the variable testing conditions used to examine anti-bacterial activities and their effectiveness in treating MRSA infections. We thus sought to systematically review and examine the evidence from existing studies on aPDT associated with MRSA and to critically appraise its current state of development and areas to be addressed in future studies. In 2018, we developed and registered a review protocol in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) with registration No: CRD42018086736. Three bibliographical databases were consulted (PUBMED, MEDLINE, and EMBASE), and a total of 113 studies were included in this systematic review based on our eligibility criteria. Many variables, such as the use of a wide range of solvents, pre-irradiation times, irradiation times, light sources and light doses, have been used in the methods reported by researchers, which significantly affect the inter-study comparability and results. On another note, new approaches of linking immunoglobulin G (IgG), antibodies, efflux pump inhibitors, and bacteriophages with photosensitizers (PSs) and the incorporation of PSs into nano-scale delivery systems exert a direct effect on improving aPDT. Enhanced activities have also been achieved by optimizing the physicochemical properties of the PSs, such as the introduction of highly lipophilic, poly-cationic and site-specific modifications of the compounds. However, few in vivo studies (n = 17) have been conducted to translate aPDT into preclinical studies. We anticipate that further standardization of the experimental conditions and assessing the efficacy in vivo would allow this technology to be further applied in preclinical trials, so that aPDT would develop to become a sustainable, alternative therapeutic option against MRSA infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanga Dharmaratne
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China.
| | | | - Baiyan Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China.
| | - Chung Lap Chan
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China.
| | - Kit-Man Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China.
| | - Clara Bs Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China.
| | - Kwok Pui Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China; CUHK-Zhejiang University Joint Laboratory on Natural Products and Toxicology Research, China.
| | - Dennis Kp Ng
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Margaret Ip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
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Effective Photodynamic Inactivation of 26 Escherichia coli Strains with Different Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiles: a Planktonic and Biofilm Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9030098. [PMID: 32106485 PMCID: PMC7175106 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9030098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria is a growing problem and alternative therapies are being sought to effectively address this issue. The aim of this study is to assess a range of Escherichia coli strains' susceptibility to Methylene Blue-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and determine if this is affected by their antibiotic-resistance profile. Two reference and twenty-four uropathogenic clinical E. coli strains were used in this study. All were tested in vitro for antimicrobial susceptibility against sixteen antibiotics. Strains underwent photodynamic treatments using the photosensitizer Methylene Blue with red light and tested in both planktonic and biofilm state. It was found that reference strain ATCC 25922 was susceptible to all tested antibiotics whereas reference strain ATCC 35218 showed resistance only to Ampicillin. With the exception of strains number 16 and 22, all of the isolated strains were multidrug-resistant according to the criteria established by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, where acquired non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories is outlined. Photodynamic therapy induced more than 3 log10 colony-forming units' reduction to all strains in planktonic state. Whereas when tested in biofilm state, two and a half times the original dose of methylene blue was necessary to cause a 3 log10 antimicrobial effect. There were statistically significant differences in susceptibility among the strains tested in both the planktonic and biofilm experiments. Nevertheless, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy could inactivate all multidrug-resistant strains in the planktonic and biofilm state.
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Catão MHCDV, Batista ALA. In Vitro Evaluation of the Antibacterial Effect of Photodynamic Therapy with Methylene Blue. PESQUISA BRASILEIRA EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA E CLÍNICA INTEGRADA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2020.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Huang TC, Chen CJ, Ding SJ, Chen CC. Antimicrobial efficacy of methylene blue-mediated photodynamic therapy on titanium alloy surfaces in vitro. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 25:7-16. [PMID: 30439531 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial elimination using antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been considered an alternative therapeutic modality in peri-implantitis treatment. The present in vitro study evaluated the dose-dependent and pH-dependent bactericidal effects of methylene blue (MB)-mediated aPDT at eliminating Gram-negative (P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans) and Gram-positive (S. mutans) bacteria on sandblasting, large-grit and acid-etching (SLA)-pretreated titanium alloy. The effects of different MB concentrations (50, 100, and 200 μg/mL), the pH of the MB (4, 7, and 10), and irradiation time (0, 30, and 60 s) on the bacterial viability and residual lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels were examined. The variations in the pH of the MB solution after aPDT for 60 s on the uncontaminated and contaminated specimens were also detected. The experimental results indicated that MB-mediated PDT could effectively kill the majority of bacteria on the titanium alloy surfaces of biofilm-contaminated implants compared with the MB alone. Of note, aPDT exhibited better antibacterial efficacy with increase in the MB concentration and irradiation time. While treated in an acidic solution on the biofilm-contaminated specimens, aPDT caused the pH to increase. By contrast, the initially high alkaline pH decreased to a value of about pH 8.5 after aPDT. Intriguingly, the neutral pH had minor changes, independent of the MB concentration and bacterial species. As expected, aPDT with higher MB concentration at higher pH environment significantly lowered the LPS concentration of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis. On the basis of the data, the aPDT with 200 μg/mL MB at pH 10 for 60 s of irradiation time might be an effectively treatment to eliminate bacteria and LPS adherent to titanium surface, however, the use of the multispecies biofilm model and the evaluation of in vitro osteogenesis needed to be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsun-Chin Huang
- Institute of Oral Science, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ju Chen
- Institute of Oral Science, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Jyh Ding
- Institute of Oral Science, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan; Department of Stomatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 402, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Cheng Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 402, Taiwan; School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan.
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Taslı H, Akbıyık A, Topaloğlu N, Alptüzün V, Parlar S. Photodynamic antimicrobial activity of new porphyrin derivatives against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Microbiol 2018; 56:828-837. [PMID: 30353469 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-018-8244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with multiple drug resistance patterns is frequently isolated from skin and soft tissue infections that are involved in chronic wounds. Today, difficulties in the treatment of MRSA associated infections have led to the development of alternative approaches such as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. This study aimed to investigate photoinactivation with cationic porphyrin derivative compounds against MRSA in in-vitro conditions. In the study, MRSA clinical isolates with different antibiotic resistance profiles were used. The newly synthesized cationic porphyrin derivatives (PM, PE, PPN, and PPL) were used as photosensitizer, and 655 nm diode laser was used as light source. Photoinactivation experiments were performed by optimizing energy doses and photosensitizer concentrations. In photoinactivation experiments with different energy densities and photosensitizer concentrations, more than 99% reduction was achieved in bacterial cell viability. No decrease in bacterial survival was observed in control groups. It was determined that there was an increase in photoinactivation efficiency by increasing the energy dose. At the energy dose of 150 J/cm2 a survival reduction of over 6.33 log10 was observed in each photosensitizer type. While 200 μM PM concentration was required for this photoinactivation, 12.50 μM was sufficient for PE, PPN, and PPL. In our study, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy performed with cationic porphyrin derivatives was found to have potent antimicrobial efficacy against multidrug resistant S. aureus which is frequently isolated from wound infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Taslı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Ayse Akbıyık
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izmir Katip Celebi University, 35620, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nermin Topaloğlu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Izmir Katip Celebi University, 35620, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Vildan Alptüzün
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sülünay Parlar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
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Mahmoudi H, Bahador A, Pourhajibagher M, Alikhani MY. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy: An Effective Alternative Approach to Control Bacterial Infections. J Lasers Med Sci 2018; 9:154-160. [PMID: 30809325 PMCID: PMC6378356 DOI: 10.15171/jlms.2018.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this review was to evaluate the available literature for in vitro and in vivo effectiveness of antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the field of bacteriology. Methods: A review of the relevant articles carried out in PubMed and Scopus to determine the efficiency of aPDT used in the reduction of microbial infection. Thirty-one relevant documents retrieved from PubMed, Scopus by inserting "antimicrobial photodynamic therapy" and "bacterial infection" and "photodynamic therapy" keywords. Results: According to different results, aPDT can be used as an adjuvant for the treatment of infectious diseases. The use of photosensitizer methylene blue, toluidine blue O (TBO), indocyanine green with light diode laser centered at (630±10 nm) and (650±10 nm) wavelengths have been shown to have significant results for the treatment of infectious diseases and bactericidal properties Conclusion: These findings suggest that, aPDT can be an efficient method in the treatment of localized and superficial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Mahmoudi
- Microbiology Department, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Microbiology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Wang KK, Shin EP, Lee HJ, Jung SJ, Hwang JW, Heo I, Kim JH, Oh MK, Kim YR. Target-oriented photofunctional nanoparticles (TOPFNs) for selective photodynamic inactivation of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 183:184-190. [PMID: 29723730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To inactivate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with minimum damage to host cells and tissue, target-oriented photofunctional nanoparticles (TOPFNs) were fabricated and characterized. MRSA is a predominant infective pathogen even in hospital and non-hospital environments due to its ability to develop high levels of resistance to several classes of antibiotics through various pathways. To solve this major problem, photodynamic inactivation (PDI) method applies to treat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. PDI involves the photosensitizer (PS) and light with a specific wavelength to be able to apply for a non-invasive therapeutic procedure to treat pathogenic bacteria by inducing apoptosis or necrosis of microorganisms. However, most current PDI researches have suffered from the instability of PDI agents in the biological environment due to the lack of selectivity and low solubility of PDI agents, which leads to the low PDI efficiency. In this study, the TOPFNs were fabricated by an esterification reaction to introduce hematoporphyrin (HP) and MRSA antibody to the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The TOPFNs were designed as dispersible PDI agent in biological condition, which was effectively used for selectively capturing and killing of MRSA. The capture efficiency TOPFNs was compared with PFNs as a negative control. The results showed that the capture efficiency of TOPFNs and PFNs was 95.55% and 6.43% in MRSA and L-929 cell mixed condition, respectively. And TOPFNs have a selective killing ability for MRSA with minimum damage to L-929 cells. Furthermore, PDI effect of TOPFNs was evaluated on the mice in vivo condition in order to check the possibility of practical medical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Kyun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eon Pil Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jin Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Wook Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Heo
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Rok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Misba L, Zaidi S, Khan AU. A comparison of antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of phenothiazinium dyes between Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial biofilm. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 18:24-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.01.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Pérez-Laguna V, Pérez-Artiaga L, Lampaya-Pérez V, García-Luque I, Ballesta S, Nonell S, Paz-Cristobal MP, Gilaberte Y, Rezusta A. Bactericidal Effect of Photodynamic Therapy, Alone or in Combination with Mupirocin or Linezolid, on Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28626456 PMCID: PMC5454219 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic treatments frequently fail due to the development of antibiotic resistance, underscoring the need for new treatment strategies. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) could constitute an alternative therapy. In bacterial suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus, which is commonly implicated in cutaneous and mucosal infections, we evaluated the in vitro efficacy of aPDT, using the photosensitizing agents rose bengal (RB) or methylene blue (MB), alone or combined with the antibiotics mupirocin (MU) or linezolid (LN). RB or MB, at concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 10 μg/ml, were added to S. aureus ATCC 29213 suspensions containing >108 cells/ml, in the absence or presence of MU or LN (1 or 10 μg/ml). Suspensions were irradiated with a white metal halide (λ 420–700 nm) or light-emitting diode lamp (λ 515 and λ 625 nm), and the number of viable bacteria quantified by counting colony-forming units (CFU) on blood agar. Addition of either antibiotic had no significant effect on the number of CFU/ml. By contrast, RB-aPDT and MB-aPDT effectively inactivated S. aureus, as evidenced by a 6 log10 reduction in bacterial growth. In the presence of MU or LN, the same 6 log10 reduction was observed in response to aPDT, but was achieved using significantly lower concentrations of the photosensitizers RB or MB. In conclusion, the combination of MU or LN and RB/MB-aPDT appears to exert a synergistic bactericidal effect against S. aureus in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Pérez-Laguna
- IIS AragónZaragoza, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Miguel ServetZaragoza, Spain
| | - Luna Pérez-Artiaga
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Miguel ServetZaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | - Sofía Ballesta
- Department of Microbiology, University of SevillaSeville, Spain
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon LlullBarcelona, Spain
| | | | - Yolanda Gilaberte
- IIS AragónZaragoza, Spain.,Department of Dermatology, Hospital San JorgeHuesca, Spain
| | - Antonio Rezusta
- IIS AragónZaragoza, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Miguel ServetZaragoza, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of ZaragozaZaragoza, Spain
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19
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Wang KK, Jang JW, Shin EP, Song HW, Hwang JW, Kim YK, Lim CS, Kim YR. Eradication of Plasmodium falciparum from Erythrocytes by Controlled Reactive Oxygen Species via Photodynamic Inactivation Coupled with Photofunctional Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:12975-12981. [PMID: 28351138 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the antimalarial effect of photodynamic inactivation (PDI) coupled with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as a potential strategy to combat the emergence of drug-resistant malaria and resurgence of malaria after treatment. Because the malarial parasite proliferates within erythrocytes, PDI agents need to be taken up by erythrocytes to eradicate the parasite. We used photofunctional MNPs as the PDI agent because nanosized particles were selectively taken up by Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes and remained within the intracellular space due to the enhanced permeability and retention effect. Also, the magnetism of Fe3O4 nanoparticles can easily be utilized for the collection of photofunctional nanoparticles (PFNs), and the uptaken PFNs infected the erythrocytes after photodynamic treatment with external magnetics. Photofunctionality was provided by a photosensitizer, namely, pheophorbide A, which generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) under irradiation. PAs were covalently bonded to the surface of the MNPs. The morphology and structural characteristics of the MNPs were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD), whereas the photophysical properties of the PFNs were studied with Fourier transform infrared, absorption, and emission spectroscopies. Generation of singlet oxygen, a major ROS, was directly confirmed with time-resolved phosphorescence spectroscopy. To evaluate the ability of PFNs to kill malarial parasites, the PDI effect of PFNs was evaluated within the infected erythrocytes. Furthermore, malarial parasites were completely eradicated from the erythrocytes after PDI treatment using PFNs on the basis of an 8 day erythrocyte culture test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Kyun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital , Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Eon Pil Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Wan Song
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Wook Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Keun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University , Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Seung Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital , Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Rok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (AmPDT) on Staphylococcus aureus using phenothiazine compound with red laser. Lasers Med Sci 2016; 32:29-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-2079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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21
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Effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using a 660 nm laser and methyline blue dye for inactivating Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in compact and cancellous bones: An in vitro study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015; 12:276-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in bone specimens using methylene blue, toluidine blue ortho and malachite green: An in vitro study. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:675-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Formiga Filho ALN, Carneiro VSM, Souza EA, Santos RL, Catão MHCV, Medeiros ACD. In Vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Associated with Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl.: New Therapeutic Perspectives. Photomed Laser Surg 2015; 33:240-5. [PMID: 25866862 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2014.3796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the photodynamic potential of extracts of Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. on bacteria involved in several human infections. BACKGROUND DATA Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the interaction of light with an appropriate and photosensitizer wavelength, and the prospect of existing photosensitive compounds in herbal extracts enhanced by the application of laser diode has been promising. METHODS The antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis was obtained by the disk diffusion method on agar. The laser diode InGaAIP was used with 660 nm wavelength, 100 mW, and 4 J/cm(2), and the application was performed in a timely manner for 34 sec on each disk tested. The groups tested were: Laser and bark extract (B+L+); bark extract only (B+L-); Laser and leaf extract (F+L+); leaf extract only (F+L-); Laser and malachite green (M+L+); malachite green only (M+L-); and laser only (L+). RESULTS There were significant differences between the B+L- and B+L+ groups (p=0.029) and between the L+F- and L+F+ groups (p=0.029) at various concentrations of the nebulized extracts of bark and leaf. Among the tested pathogens, S. aureus showed the highest zone of inhibition, 24.55±0.36 mm in group B+L+, 500 mg.mL(-1). CONCLUSIONS PDT with malachite green was effective, and groups B+L+ and F+L+ showed excellent activity on the bacteria tested, suggesting the presence of photosensitizers in extracts of S. brasiliensis Engl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaro L N Formiga Filho
- 1 Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Ensaios de Medicamentos, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba , Bairro Universitário, Campina Grande, Paraiba, Brazil
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Percival SL, Suleman L, Francolini I, Donelli G. The effectiveness of photodynamic therapy on planktonic cells and biofilms and its role in wound healing. Future Microbiol 2014; 9:1083-94. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is the application of a photoactive dye followed by irradiation that leads to the death of microbial cells in the presence of oxygen. Its use for controlling biofilms has been documented in many areas, particularly oral care. However, the potential use of PDT in the treatment of chronic wound-associated microbial biofilms has sparked much interest in the field of wound care. The aim of this article is to provide an overview on the effectiveness of PDT on in vitro and in vivo biofilms, their potential application in both the prevention and management of wound biofilm infections and their prospective role in the enhancement of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Percival
- Surface Science Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool. UK
- Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool. UK
| | - Louise Suleman
- Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool. UK
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In vitro effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) using a 660 nm laser and malachite green dye in Staphylococcus aureus biofilms arranged on compact and cancellous bone specimens. Lasers Med Sci 2014; 29:1959-65. [PMID: 24935702 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-014-1613-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) using a 660 nm visible laser combined with malachite green (MG) dye in the inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) biofilms formed within compact and cancellous bone specimens. Specimens of 80 compact bones and 80 cancellous bones were contaminated with a standard suspension of S. aureus and incubated for 14 days at 37 °C to allow for the formation of biofilms. The specimens were divided into the following groups (n = 10) according to the treatment conditions: PS-L - (control - no treatment), PS+L - (only MG for 5 min), PS-L + 90 (only laser irradiation for 90 s), PS-L + 180 (only laser irradiation for 180 s), PS-L + 300 (only laser irradiation for 300 s), APDT90 (APDT for 90 s), APDT180 (APDT for 180 s), and APDT300 (APDT for 300 s). The findings were statistically analyzed using an ANOVA 5%. All of the experimental groups were significantly different from the control group for both the compact and cancellous bone specimens. The compact bone specimens that received APDT treatment (for either 90, 180, or 300 s) showed reductions in the log10 CFU/ml of S. aureus by a magnitude of 4 log10. Cancellous bone specimens treated with 300 s of APDT showed the highest efficacy, and these specimens had a reduction in S. aureus CFU/ml by a factor of 3 log10. APDT treatment using these proposed parameters in combination with MG was effective at inactivating S. aureus biofilms in compact and cancellous bone specimens.
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Núñez SC, Garcez AS, Kato IT, Yoshimura TM, Gomes L, Baptista MS, Ribeiro MS. Effects of ionic strength on the antimicrobial photodynamic efficiency of methylene blue. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:595-602. [PMID: 24496397 DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50325a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) may become a useful clinical tool to treat microbial infections, and methylene blue (MB) is a well-known photosensitizer constantly employed in APDT studies, and although MB presents good efficiency in antimicrobial studies, some of the MB photochemical characteristics still have to be evaluated in terms of APDT. This work aimed to evaluate the role of MB solvent's ionic strength regarding dimerization, photochemistry, and photodynamic antimicrobial efficiency. Microbiological survival fraction assays on Escherichia coli were employed to verify the solution's influence on MB antimicrobial activity. MB was evaluated in deionized water and 0.9% saline solution through optical absorption spectroscopy; the solutions were also analysed via dissolved oxygen availability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Our results show that bacterial reduction was increased in deionized water. Also we demonstrated that saline solution presents less oxygen availability than water, the dimer/monomer ratio for MB in saline is smaller than in water and MB presented a higher production of ROS in water than in 0.9% saline. Together, our results indicate the importance of the ionic strength in the photodynamic effectiveness and point out that this variable must be taken into account to design antimicrobial studies and to evaluate similar studies that might present conflicting results.
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Paul P, Suresh Kumar G. Self-structure formation in polyadenylic acid by small molecules: new insights from the binding of planar dyes thionine and toluidine blue O. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02671c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Thionine and toluidine blue targeting poly(A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Paul
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory
- Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
- Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Gopinatha Suresh Kumar
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory
- Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
- Kolkata 700 032, India
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Kashef N, Akbarizare M, Kamrava SK. Effect of sub-lethal photodynamic inactivation on the antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm formation of clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:368-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
The use of light-activated bactericidal agents—photobactericides—is suggested in local infection in order to conserve conventional antibacterials for more systemic disease. Local administration of a photobactericide such as methylene blue coupled with locally-targeted red light illumination ensures the production of non-specific reactive oxygen species and thus a rapid and localised antibacterial response, regardless of the conventional resistance status. To this end, the response of photobactericides to conventional resistance mechanisms, and their potential use in infection, is discussed.
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Photodynamic inactivation of primary human fibroblasts by methylene blue and toluidine blue O. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nakonieczna J, Grinholc M. Photodynamic inactivation requires innovative approach concerning numerous bacterial isolates and multicomponent sensitizing agents. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2012. [PMID: 23200018 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It is known that Staphylococcus aureus is susceptible to photodynamic inactivation in general, but the significant variation among particular strains in the response to the treatment exists. However, factors that determine the observed phenomenon remain unclear. This study was aimed to explore the PDI effect of two sensitizers (protoporphyrin diarginate and toluidine blue O) against clinical as well as reference strains of S. aureus. Obtained results indicate that the same isolate could be characterized as highly resistant or highly sensitive to PDI according to a sensitizer used. Moreover, the same sensitizing agent could be successfully used for total eradication of some isolates and could be non-effective in the case of other strains. Additionally, changing the photosensitizer, we are able to reverse the PDI "resistant" phenotype into "sensitive" one. Thus, one could conclude that photoinactivation involving several sensitizing agents and several isolates of the same bacterial species should be undertaken to make antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Nakonieczna
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
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