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Lai J, Liu X, Su H, Zhu Y, Xin K, Huang M, Luo S, Tang H. Emodin inhibits bladder inflammation and fibrosis in mice with interstitial cystitis by regulating JMJD3. Acta Cir Bras 2023; 38:e385123. [PMID: 38055393 DOI: 10.1590/acb385123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a devastating urological chronic pelvic pain condition. In search of a potential treatment, we investigated the effect of emodin on IC/BPS inflammation and fibrosis, and explore the potential mechanism. METHODS An experimental model of interstitial cystitis was induced by cyclophosphamide, and human bladder smooth muscle cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide to establish the cell model in vitro. In both models, inflammation- and fibrosis-related indexes were measured after emodin administration. Furthermore, the specific antagonists were used to dig for the mechanisms underlying the response to emodin treatment. RESULTS Emodin significantly ameliorated management of cystitis, reduced the amount of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin-1β, interleukin-8, and interleukin-6) in models, as well as reducing the synthesis of fibrosis marker including collagen1, collagen3, vimentin, fibronectin and α-smooth muscle actin. Further mechanism studies demonstrated that emodin inhibited inflammatory reaction and fibrosis through blocking lysine-specific demethylase 6B (JMJD3) expression via JAK/STAT, NF-κB and TGF-β/SMAD pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals the critical role of emodin-JMJD3 signaling in interstitial cystitis by regulating inflammation, fibrosis, and extracellular matrix deposition in cells and tissues, and these findings provide an avenue for effective treatment of patients with cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Lai
- Southwest Medical University - Affiliated TCM Hospital - Department of Urology - Luzhou (Sichuan) - China
| | - Xing Liu
- Southwest Medical University - Affiliated Hospital - Department of Urology - Luzhou (Sichuan) - China
| | - Hongwei Su
- Southwest Medical University - Affiliated TCM Hospital - Department of Urology - Luzhou (Sichuan) - China
| | - Yongsheng Zhu
- Southwest Medical University - Affiliated TCM Hospital - Department of Urology - Luzhou (Sichuan) - China
| | - Ke Xin
- Southwest Medical University - Affiliated Hospital - Department of Urology - Luzhou (Sichuan) - China
| | - Mingwei Huang
- Southwest Medical University - Affiliated TCM Hospital - Department of Urology - Luzhou (Sichuan) - China
| | - Songtao Luo
- Southwest Medical University - Affiliated TCM Hospital - Department of Urology - Luzhou (Sichuan) - China
| | - Hai Tang
- Southwest Medical University - Affiliated TCM Hospital - Department of Urology - Luzhou (Sichuan) - China
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Nowak-Perlak M, Ziółkowski P, Woźniak M. A promising natural anthraquinones mediated by photodynamic therapy for anti-cancer therapy. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 119:155035. [PMID: 37603973 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental studies emphasize the therapeutic potential of plant-derived photosensitizers used in photodynamic therapy. Moreover, several in vitro and in vivo research present the promising roles of less-known anthraquinones that can selectively target cancer cells and eliminate them after light irradiation. This literature review summarizes the current knowledge of chosen plant-based-photosensitizers in PDT to show the results of emodin, aloe-emodin, parietin, rubiadin, hypericin, and soranjidiol in photodynamic therapy of cancer treatment and describe the comprehensive perspective of their role as natural photosensitizers. METHODS Literature searches of chosen anthraquinones were conducted on PubMed.gov with keywords: "emodin", "aloe-emodin", "hypericin", "parietin", "rubiadin", "soranjidiol" with "cancer" and "photodynamic therapy". RESULTS According to literature data, this review concentrated on all existing in vitro and in vivo studies of emodin, aloe-emodin, parietin, rubiadin, soranjidiol used as natural photosensitizers emphasizing their effectiveness and detailed mechanism of action in anticancer therapy. Moreover, comprehensive preclinical and clinical studies on hypericin reveal that the above-described substances may be included in the phototoxic treatment of different cancers. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this review presented less-known anthraquinones with their promising molecular mechanisms of action. It is expected that in the future they may be used as natural PSs in cancer treatment as well as hypericin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Nowak-Perlak
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Division of General and Experimental Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, Karola Marcinkowskiego 1 Street, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Ziółkowski
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Division of General and Experimental Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, Karola Marcinkowskiego 1 Street, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Woźniak
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Division of General and Experimental Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, Karola Marcinkowskiego 1 Street, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
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Tao T, Zhang P, Zeng Z, Wang M. Advances in autophagy modulation of natural products in cervical cancer. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 314:116575. [PMID: 37142142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Natural products play a critical role in drug development and is emerging as a potential source of biologically active metabolites for therapeutic intervention, especially in cancer therapy. In recent years, there is increasing evidence that many natural products may modulate autophagy through various signaling pathways in cervical cancer. Understanding the mechanisms of these natural products helps to develop medications for cervical cancer treatments. AIM OF THE STUDY In recent years, there is increasing evidence that many natural products may modulate autophagy through various signaling pathways in cervical cancer. In this review, we briefly introduce autophagy and systematically describe several classes of natural products implicated in autophagy modulation in cervical cancer, hoping to provide valuable information for the development of cervical cancer treatments based on autophagy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched for studies on natural products and autophagy in cervical cancer on the online database and summarized the relationship between natural products and autophagy modulation in cervical cancer. RESULTS Autophagy is a lysosome-mediated catabolic process in eukaryotic cells that plays an important role in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including cervical cancer. Abnormal expression of cellular autophagy and autophagy-related proteins has been implicated in cervical carcinogenesis, and human papillomavirus infection can affect autophagic activity. Flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenoids, quinones, and other compounds are important sources of natural products that act as anticancer agents. In cervical cancer, natural products exert the anticancer function mainly through the induction of protective autophagy. CONCLUSIONS The regulation of cervical cancer autophagy by natural products has significant advantages in inducing apoptosis, inhibiting proliferation, and reducing drug resistance in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhi Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
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Combination Anticancer Therapies Using Selected Phytochemicals. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175452. [PMID: 36080219 PMCID: PMC9458090 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is still one of the most widespread diseases globally, it is considered a vital health challenge worldwide and one of the main barriers to long life expectancy. Due to the potential toxicity and lack of selectivity of conventional chemotherapeutic agents, discovering alternative treatments is a top priority. Plant-derived natural products have high potential in cancer treatment due to their multiple mechanisms of action, diversity in structure, availability in nature, and relatively low toxicity. In this review, the anticancer mechanisms of the most common phytochemicals were analyzed. Furthermore, a detailed discussion of the anticancer effect of combinations consisting of natural product or natural products with chemotherapeutic drugs was provided. This review should provide a strong platform for researchers and clinicians to improve basic and clinical research in the development of alternative anticancer medicines.
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Pourhajibagher M, Bahador A. Aptamer decorated emodin nanoparticles-assisted delivery of dermcidin-derived peptide DCD-1L: Photoactive bio-theragnostic agent for Enterococcus faecalis biofilm destruction. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:103020. [PMID: 35850461 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the high success rate of root canal treatment, failures are observed in a broad range of cases. Therefore, the need for novel approaches with the development of new generations of antimicrobial agents and intracellular drug delivery systems as adjunctive therapy is undeniable. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using dermcidin‑derived peptide DCD‑1L loaded onto aptamer-functionalized emodin nanoparticles (Apt@EmoNp-DCD-1L) against Enterococcus faecalis as one of the most common bacteria involved in recurrent root canal treatment failures. MATERIALS AND METHODS Following preparation of EmoNp-DCD-1L, the binding of selected labeled Apt to EmoNp-DCD-1L was performed, followed by the specificity of Apt@EmoNp-DCD-1L to E. faecalis was determined. The antimicrobial potential of aPDT was then assessed after the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Apt@EmoNp-DCD-1L. The molecular docking analysis was conducted to evaluate the potential binding modes of EmoNp to the proteins involved in E. faecalis pathogenesis. Eventually, the anti-virulence capacity of Apt@EmoNp-DCD-1L-mediated aPDT was investigated via quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay following measurement of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. RESULTS The binding specificity of Apt@EmoNp-DCD-1L to E. faecalis was confirmed by flow cytometry. The results showed that the cell viability of E. faecalis exposed to aPDT groups employing the sub-MIC doses of Apt@EmoNp-DCD-1L (7.8 and 15.6 µM) was significantly reduced compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Also, Apt@EmoNp-DCD-1L in combination with a blue laser light was capable of enhancing the anti-biofilm activity of aPDT against E. faecalis biofilm. Data obtained from the qRT-PCR analysis showed significant downregulation in the expression level of genes involved in bacterial biofilm formation after exposure to aPDT (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This in vitro study highlights that aPDT with the minimum concentration of Apt@EmoNp-DCD-1L can be considered as a targeted bio-theragnostic agent for the detection and elimination of E. faecalis in the dispersed and biofilm states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Fellowship in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, BioHealth Lab, Tehran, Iran.
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Hsu CM, Yen CH, Wang SC, Liu YC, Huang CT, Wang MH, Chuang TM, Ke YL, Yeh TJ, Gau YC, Du JS, Wang HC, Cho SF, Tsai Y, Hsiao CE, Hsiao SY, Hsiao HH. Emodin Ameliorates the Efficacy of Carfilzomib in Multiple Myeloma Cells via Apoptosis and Autophagy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071638. [PMID: 35884943 PMCID: PMC9312579 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Carfilzomib, the proteasome inhibitor, can increase the overall survival rate of multiple myeloma (MM) patients undergoing targeted therapy. However, relapse and toxicity present great challenges for such treatment, so an urgent need for effective combination therapy is necessary. Emodin is a natural chemical compound that inhibits the proliferation of various cancers and can effectively combine with other treatments. In this study, we evaluated the sensitizing effect of emodin combined with carfilzomib on MM cells. Methods: The cells were treated with emodin, carfilzomib, and a combination of drugs to determine their effects on cell proliferation and viability. The cell cycle distribution and reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression were measured by flow cytometry. The level of RNA and protein were analyzed through real-time qPCR and immunoblotting. Results: Emodin acted synergistically with carfilzomib to reduce the proliferation and viability of MM cell lines in vitro. Furthermore, the combination of emodin and carfilzomib increased ROS production, inducing apoptosis and autophagy pathways via caspase-3, PARP, p62, and LC3B. Conclusions: These results provide a molecular target for combination therapy in MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Mu Hsu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-M.H.); (Y.-C.L.); (C.-T.H.); (M.-H.W.); (T.-M.C.); (Y.-L.K.); (T.-J.Y.); (Y.-C.G.); (J.-S.D.); (H.-C.W.); (S.-F.C.); (C.-E.H.)
| | - Chia-Hung Yen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chen Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Chang Liu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-M.H.); (Y.-C.L.); (C.-T.H.); (M.-H.W.); (T.-M.C.); (Y.-L.K.); (T.-J.Y.); (Y.-C.G.); (J.-S.D.); (H.-C.W.); (S.-F.C.); (C.-E.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Tzu Huang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-M.H.); (Y.-C.L.); (C.-T.H.); (M.-H.W.); (T.-M.C.); (Y.-L.K.); (T.-J.Y.); (Y.-C.G.); (J.-S.D.); (H.-C.W.); (S.-F.C.); (C.-E.H.)
| | - Min-Hong Wang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-M.H.); (Y.-C.L.); (C.-T.H.); (M.-H.W.); (T.-M.C.); (Y.-L.K.); (T.-J.Y.); (Y.-C.G.); (J.-S.D.); (H.-C.W.); (S.-F.C.); (C.-E.H.)
| | - Tzer-Ming Chuang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-M.H.); (Y.-C.L.); (C.-T.H.); (M.-H.W.); (T.-M.C.); (Y.-L.K.); (T.-J.Y.); (Y.-C.G.); (J.-S.D.); (H.-C.W.); (S.-F.C.); (C.-E.H.)
| | - Ya-Lun Ke
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-M.H.); (Y.-C.L.); (C.-T.H.); (M.-H.W.); (T.-M.C.); (Y.-L.K.); (T.-J.Y.); (Y.-C.G.); (J.-S.D.); (H.-C.W.); (S.-F.C.); (C.-E.H.)
| | - Tsung-Jang Yeh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-M.H.); (Y.-C.L.); (C.-T.H.); (M.-H.W.); (T.-M.C.); (Y.-L.K.); (T.-J.Y.); (Y.-C.G.); (J.-S.D.); (H.-C.W.); (S.-F.C.); (C.-E.H.)
| | - Yuh-Ching Gau
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-M.H.); (Y.-C.L.); (C.-T.H.); (M.-H.W.); (T.-M.C.); (Y.-L.K.); (T.-J.Y.); (Y.-C.G.); (J.-S.D.); (H.-C.W.); (S.-F.C.); (C.-E.H.)
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Shiun Du
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-M.H.); (Y.-C.L.); (C.-T.H.); (M.-H.W.); (T.-M.C.); (Y.-L.K.); (T.-J.Y.); (Y.-C.G.); (J.-S.D.); (H.-C.W.); (S.-F.C.); (C.-E.H.)
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ching Wang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-M.H.); (Y.-C.L.); (C.-T.H.); (M.-H.W.); (T.-M.C.); (Y.-L.K.); (T.-J.Y.); (Y.-C.G.); (J.-S.D.); (H.-C.W.); (S.-F.C.); (C.-E.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Feng Cho
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-M.H.); (Y.-C.L.); (C.-T.H.); (M.-H.W.); (T.-M.C.); (Y.-L.K.); (T.-J.Y.); (Y.-C.G.); (J.-S.D.); (H.-C.W.); (S.-F.C.); (C.-E.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yuhsin Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-En Hsiao
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-M.H.); (Y.-C.L.); (C.-T.H.); (M.-H.W.); (T.-M.C.); (Y.-L.K.); (T.-J.Y.); (Y.-C.G.); (J.-S.D.); (H.-C.W.); (S.-F.C.); (C.-E.H.)
| | - Samuel Yien Hsiao
- Department of Biology, University of Rutgers-Camden, Camden, NJ 08102, USA;
| | - Hui-Hua Hsiao
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-M.H.); (Y.-C.L.); (C.-T.H.); (M.-H.W.); (T.-M.C.); (Y.-L.K.); (T.-J.Y.); (Y.-C.G.); (J.-S.D.); (H.-C.W.); (S.-F.C.); (C.-E.H.)
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7312-1101 (ext. 6110)
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Xiu D, Zhao S, Li Z, Xu Y, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Zhang M, Snow CD, Belfiore LA, Tang J. Conditionally designed luminescent DNA crystals doped by Ln 3+(Eu 3+/Tb 3+) complexes or fluorescent proteins with smart drug sensing property. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:6443-6452. [PMID: 35703105 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00847e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a designed porous DNA crystal with high intrinsic biocompatibility was used as the scaffold material to load fluorescent guest molecules to detect anti-cancer drugs. It is shown here that the synthesized crystals have the characteristics consistent with the designed large solvent channels, and can therefore accommodate guest molecules such as fluorescent proteins that cannot be accommodated by less porous crystals. Eu(TTA)3phen and Tb(acac)3phen lanthanide complexes were individually noncovalently loaded into the porous crystals, resulting in hybrid luminescent DNA crystals. Emodin, an anti-cancer, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory drug, was found to quench lanthanide complexes in solution or in crystals. Notably, emodin is the active ingredient of Lianhua Qingwen Capsule, an anti-COVID-19 drug candidate. Therefore, the porous DNA crystals reported here have potential applications as a biocompatible and theranostic delivery biomaterial for functional macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiu
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China.
| | - Sibo Zhao
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China.
| | - Yanan Xu
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China.
| | - Yao Wang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China.
| | - Zhijun Zhu
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China.
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China.
| | - Christopher D Snow
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA.
| | - Laurence A Belfiore
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China. .,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA.
| | - Jianguo Tang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China.
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Nowak-Perlak M, Bromke MA, Ziółkowski P, Woźniak M. The Comparison of the Efficiency of Emodin and Aloe-Emodin in Photodynamic Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116276. [PMID: 35682955 PMCID: PMC9181794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer (melanoma and non-melanoma) is the most frequent type of malignancy in the Caucasian population. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an interesting and unique strategy may potentially boost standard therapeutic approaches. In the present study, the potential of emodin and aloe-emodin as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy has been investigated. The conducted research presents for the first-time comparison of the phototoxic and anti-cancerous effects of emodin and aloe-emodin on skin cancer cell lines, including SCC-25 representing cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, MUG-Mel2 representing a melanoma cell line, and normal human keratinocytes HaCaT representing control normal skin cells. To assess the effectiveness of emodin and aloe-emodin as a photosensitizer in PDT on different skin cell lines, we performed MTT assay measuring cytotoxicity of natural compounds, cellular uptake, apoptosis with flow cytometry, and a wound-healing assay. Although emodin and aloe-emodin are isomers and differ only in the position of one hydroxyl group, our phototoxicity and apoptosis detection results show that both substances affect skin cancer cells (SSC-25 squamous cell carcinoma and MUG-Mel2 melanoma) and normal keratinocytes (HaCaT cell line) in other ways. In conclusion, our study provides evidence suggesting that emodin and aloe-emodin mediated PDT exhibits the potential for clinical development as a new effective and safe photosensitizer to treat skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Nowak-Perlak
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Division of General and Experimental Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.N.-P.); (P.Z.)
| | - Mariusz A. Bromke
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Piotr Ziółkowski
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Division of General and Experimental Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.N.-P.); (P.Z.)
| | - Marta Woźniak
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Division of General and Experimental Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.N.-P.); (P.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Feng B, Zhao X, Zhao W, Jiang H, Ren Z, Chen Y, Yuan Y, Du Z. Ethyl 2-Succinate-Anthraquinone Attenuates Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress via Regulating NLRP3 Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:719822. [PMID: 34819853 PMCID: PMC8607229 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.719822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aloe-emodin widely possesses antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, and anti-infectious properties. This study investigated the effect of ethyl 2-succinate-anthraquinone (Luhui derivative, LHD) on inflammation. In vitro, a THP-1 macrophage inflammation model, made by 100 ng/ml phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and 1 μg/ml LPS for 24 h, was constructed. The LHD group (6.25 μmol/L, 12.5 μmol/L, 25 μmol/L, 50 μmol/L) had no effect on THP-1 cell activity, and the expression of IL-6 mRNA was down-regulated in a concentration-dependent manner, of which the 25 μmol/L group had the best inhibitory effect. The migration of THP-1 macrophages induced by LPS was decreased by the LHD. Moreover, the LHD suppressed ROS fluorescence expression by inhibiting MDA expression and increasing SOD activity. In vivo, we revealed that the LHD, in different doses (6.25 mg/kg, 12.5 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg), has a protective effect on stress physiological responses by assessing the body temperature of mice. Interestingly, acute lung injury (e.g., the structure of the alveoli disappeared and capillaries in the alveolar wall were dilated and congested) and liver damage (e.g., hepatocyte swelling, neutrophil infiltration, and hepatocyte apoptosis) were obviously improved at the same condition. Furthermore, we initially confirmed that the LHD can down-regulate the expression of NLRP3, IL-1β, and caspase-1 proteins, thereby mediating the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway to produce anti-inflammatory effects. In conclusion, our results indicate that the LHD exerts anti-inflammatory activity via regulating the NLRP3 signaling pathway, inhibition of oxidative stress, and THP-1 macrophage migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burong Feng
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University (The University Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Heilongjiang Province), Harbin, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiuye Zhao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University (The University Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Heilongjiang Province), Harbin, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University (The University Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Heilongjiang Province), Harbin, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huiwei Jiang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University (The University Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Heilongjiang Province), Harbin, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zijing Ren
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University (The University Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Heilongjiang Province), Harbin, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingfu Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University (The University Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Heilongjiang Province), Harbin, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University (The University Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Heilongjiang Province), Harbin, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhimin Du
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University (The University Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Heilongjiang Province), Harbin, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
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