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Hoyos K, Hoyos W. Supporting Malaria Diagnosis Using Deep Learning and Data Augmentation. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:690. [PMID: 38611603 PMCID: PMC11012121 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14070690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria is an infection caused by the Plasmodium parasite that has a major epidemiological, social, and economic impact worldwide. Conventional diagnosis of the disease is based on microscopic examination of thick blood smears. This analysis can be time-consuming, which is key to generate prevention strategies and adequate treatment to avoid the complications associated with the disease. To address this problem, we propose a deep learning-based approach to detect not only malaria parasites but also leukocytes to perform parasite/μL blood count. We used positive and negative images with parasites and leukocytes. We performed data augmentation to increase the size of the dataset. The YOLOv8 algorithm was used for model training and using the counting formula the parasites were counted. The results showed the ability of the model to detect parasites and leukocytes with 95% and 98% accuracy, respectively. The time spent by the model to report parasitemia is significantly less than the time spent by malaria experts. This type of system would be supportive for areas with poor access to health care. We recommend validation of such approaches on a large scale in health institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenia Hoyos
- Human Clinical Laboratory, Social Health Clinic, Sincelejo 700001, Colombia;
| | - William Hoyos
- Sustainable and Intelligent Engineering Research Group, Cooperative University of Colombia, Montería 230002, Colombia
- R&D&I in ICT, EAFIT University, Medellín 050022, Colombia
- Microbiological and Biomedical Research Group of Cordoba, University of Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
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Yang S, Li RY, Yan SN, Yang HY, Cao ZY, Zhang L, Xue JB, Xia ZG, Xia S, Zheng B. Risk assessment of imported malaria in China: a machine learning perspective. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:865. [PMID: 38509529 PMCID: PMC10956205 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17929-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following China's official designation as malaria-free country by WHO, the imported malaria has emerged as a significant determinant impacting the malaria reestablishment within China. The objective of this study is to explore the application prospects of machine learning algorithms in imported malaria risk assessment of China. METHODS The data of imported malaria cases in China from 2011 to 2019 was provided by China CDC; historical epidemic data of malaria endemic country was obtained from World Malaria Report, and the other data used in this study are open access data. All the data processing and model construction based on R, and map visualization used ArcGIS software. RESULTS A total of 27,088 malaria cases imported into China from 85 countries between 2011 and 2019. After data preprocessing and classification, clean dataset has 765 rows (85 * 9) and 11 cols. Six machine learning models was constructed based on the training set, and Random Forest model demonstrated the best performance in model evaluation. According to RF, the highest feature importance were the number of malaria deaths and Indigenous malaria cases. The RF model demonstrated high accuracy in forecasting risk for the year 2019, achieving commendable accuracy rate of 95.3%. This result aligns well with the observed outcomes, indicating the model's reliability in predicting risk levels. CONCLUSIONS Machine learning algorithms have reliable application prospects in risk assessment of imported malaria in China. This study provides a new methodological reference for the risk assessment and control strategies adjusting of imported malaria in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ruo-Yang Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shu-Ning Yan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Han-Yin Yang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zi-You Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Li Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jing-Bo Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, 200025, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhi-Gui Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shang Xia
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Bin Zheng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Zhong Y, Dan Y, Cai Y, Lin J, Huang X, Mahmoud O, Hald ES, Kumar A, Fang Q, Mahmoud SS. Efficient Malaria Parasite Detection From Diverse Images of Thick Blood Smears for Cross-Regional Model Accuracy. IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 4:226-233. [PMID: 38059069 PMCID: PMC10697288 DOI: 10.1109/ojemb.2023.3328435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Goal: The purpose of this work is to improve malaria diagnosis efficiency by integrating smartphones with microscopes. This integration involves image acquisition and algorithmic detection of malaria parasites in various thick blood smear (TBS) datasets sourced from different global regions, including low-quality images from Sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: This approach combines image segmentation and a convolutional neural network (CNN) to distinguish between white blood cells, artifacts, and malaria parasites. A portable system integrates a microscope with a graphical user interface to facilitate rapid malaria detection from smartphone images. We trained the CNN model using open-source data from the Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh. Results: The validation process, using microscopic TBS from both the training dataset and an additional dataset from Sub-Saharan Africa, demonstrated that the proposed model achieved an accuracy of 97.74% ± 0.05% and an F1-score of 97.75% ± 0.04%. Remarkably, our proposed model with AlexNet surpasses the reported literature performance of 96.32%. Conclusions: This algorithm shows promise in aiding malaria-stricken regions, especially those with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Zhong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of EngineeringShantou UniversityShantou515063China
- The Frontier Technology Research InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou UniversityShantou515063China
| | - Ying Dan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of EngineeringShantou UniversityShantou515063China
- The Frontier Technology Research InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou UniversityShantou515063China
| | - Yin Cai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of EngineeringShantou UniversityShantou515063China
- The Frontier Technology Research InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou UniversityShantou515063China
| | - Jiamin Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of EngineeringShantou UniversityShantou515063China
- The Frontier Technology Research InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou UniversityShantou515063China
| | - Xiaoyao Huang
- Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou UniversityShantou515063China
| | | | - Eric S. Hald
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of EngineeringShantou UniversityShantou515063China
- The Frontier Technology Research InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou UniversityShantou515063China
| | - Akshay Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of EngineeringShantou UniversityShantou515063China
- The Frontier Technology Research InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou UniversityShantou515063China
| | - Qiang Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of EngineeringShantou UniversityShantou515063China
- The Frontier Technology Research InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou UniversityShantou515063China
| | - Seedahmed S. Mahmoud
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of EngineeringShantou UniversityShantou515063China
- The Frontier Technology Research InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shantou UniversityShantou515063China
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Mumtaz H, Riaz MH, Wajid H, Saqib M, Zeeshan MH, Khan SE, Chauhan YR, Sohail H, Vohra LI. Current challenges and potential solutions to the use of digital health technologies in evidence generation: a narrative review. Front Digit Health 2023; 5:1203945. [PMID: 37840685 PMCID: PMC10568450 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2023.1203945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Digital health is a field that aims to improve patient care through the use of technology, such as telemedicine, mobile health, electronic health records, and artificial intelligence. The aim of this review is to examine the challenges and potential solutions for the implementation and evaluation of digital health technologies. Digital tools are used across the world in different settings. In Australia, the Digital Health Translation and Implementation Program (DHTI) emphasizes the importance of involving stakeholders and addressing infrastructure and training issues for healthcare workers. The WHO's Global Task Force on Digital Health for TB aims to address tuberculosis through digital health innovations. Digital tools are also used in mental health care, but their effectiveness must be evaluated during development. Oncology supportive care uses digital tools for cancer patient intervention and surveillance, but evaluating their effectiveness can be challenging. In the COVID and post-COVID era, digital health solutions must be evaluated based on their technological maturity and size of deployment, as well as the quality of data they provide. To safely and effectively use digital healthcare technology, it is essential to prioritize evaluation using complex systems and evidence-based medical frameworks. To address the challenges of digital health implementation, it is important to prioritize ethical research addressing issues of user consent and addressing socioeconomic disparities in access and effectiveness. It is also important to consider the impact of digital health on health outcomes and the cost-effectiveness of service delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Mumtaz
- Department of Public Health, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hamza Riaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hanan Wajid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shalamar Medical & Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Internal Medicine, Khyber Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Hassan Sohail
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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