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Lu J, Qin C, Wang C, Sun J, Mao H, Wei J, Shen X, Chen Y, Liu S, Qu X. Lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons mediate electroacupuncture-induced anxiolytic effects in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Brain Res Bull 2023; 201:110712. [PMID: 37481143 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
The lateral hypothalamus' orexinergic system has been associated with anxiety-related behaviors, and electroacupuncture (EA) modifies orexin neurons to control the anti-anxiety process. However, in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the important role of LH orexin neurons (OXNs) in the anxiolytic effects induced by EA has not been explored. In this study, rats underwent modified single prolonged stress (MSPS) for seven days before developing EA. The rats were then subjected to elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field (OFT) tests, and western blot and c-Fos/orexin double labeling investigations were carried out to determine the functional activation of LH orexinergic neurons. Compared to MSPS model rats, it has been demonstrated that EA stimulation enhanced the amount of time spent in the central zone (TSCZ) in OFT and the amount of time spent in the open arm (TSOA) in EPM in MSPS model rats (P < 0.01). After behavioral testing, MSPS model rats had decreased activated c-Fos positive OXNs. Still, EA in SPS rats increased that number and elevated orexin type 1 receptors (OXR1) protein expression in the LH. Furthermore, after administering SB334867 (an OXR1 antagonist) to MSPS model rats, the effects of EA therapy on anxiety-like behaviors (ALBs) were significantly diminished. Additionally, when low-dose orexin-A (LORXA) was administered intracerebroventricularly together with EA stimulation in MSPS rats, the anxiolytic effects of the stimulation were substantially enhanced (P < 0.05). The results of this study reveal the mechanisms by which acupuncture may reduce PTSD and advance our understanding of the function of LH orexin signaling in EA's anxiolytic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Lu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Can Wang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Sun
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijuan Mao
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianzi Wei
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyong Shen
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Chen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
| | - Sheng Liu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaoyi Qu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Beckenstrom AC, Coloma PM, Dawson GR, Finlayson AK, Malik A, Post A, Steiner MA, Potenza MN. Use of experimental medicine approaches for the development of novel psychiatric treatments based on orexin receptor modulation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 147:105107. [PMID: 36828161 PMCID: PMC10165155 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite progress in understanding the pathological mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders, translation from animal models into clinical use remains a significant bottleneck. Preclinical studies have implicated the orexin neuropeptide system as a potential target for psychiatric disorders through its role in regulating emotional, cognitive, and behavioral processes. Clinical studies are investigating orexin modulation in addiction and mood disorders. Here we review performance-outcome measures (POMs) arising from experimental medicine research methods which may show promise as markers of efficacy of orexin receptor modulators in humans. POMs provide objective measures of brain function, complementing patient-reported or clinician-observed symptom evaluation, and aid the translation from preclinical to clinical research. Significant challenges include the development, validation, and operationalization of these measures. We suggest that collaborative networks comprising clinical practitioners, academics, individuals working in the pharmaceutical industry, drug regulators, patients, patient advocacy groups, and other relevant stakeholders may provide infrastructure to facilitate validation of experimental medicine approaches in translational research and in the implementation of these approaches in real-world clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Beckenstrom
- P1vital Ltd, Manor House, Howbery Business Park, Wallingford OX10 8BA, UK.
| | - Preciosa M Coloma
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Hegenheimermattweg 91, Allschwil 4123, Switzerland
| | - Gerard R Dawson
- P1vital Ltd, Manor House, Howbery Business Park, Wallingford OX10 8BA, UK
| | - Ailidh K Finlayson
- P1vital Ltd, Manor House, Howbery Business Park, Wallingford OX10 8BA, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Asad Malik
- P1vital Ltd, Manor House, Howbery Business Park, Wallingford OX10 8BA, UK
| | - Anke Post
- Corlieve Therapeutics, Swiss Innovation Park, Hegenheimermattweg 167A, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Marc N Potenza
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and the Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, 1 Church Street, Room 726, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA; The Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, 100 College St, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Yamamoto H, Nagumo Y, Ishikawa Y, Irukayama-Tomobe Y, Namekawa Y, Nemoto T, Tanaka H, Takahashi G, Tokuda A, Saitoh T, Nagase H, Funato H, Yanagisawa M. OX2R-selective orexin agonism is sufficient to ameliorate cataplexy and sleep/wake fragmentation without inducing drug-seeking behavior in mouse model of narcolepsy. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271901. [PMID: 35867683 PMCID: PMC9307173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired loss of hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin)-producing neurons causes the chronic sleep disorder narcolepsy-cataplexy. Orexin replacement therapy using orexin receptor agonists is expected as a mechanistic treatment for narcolepsy. Orexins act on two receptor subtypes, OX1R and OX2R, the latter being more strongly implicated in sleep/wake regulation. However, it has been unclear whether the activation of only OX2R, or both OX1R and OX2R, is required to replace the endogenous orexin functions in the brain. In the present study, we examined whether the selective activation of OX2R is sufficient to rescue the phenotype of cataplexy and sleep/wake fragmentation in orexin knockout mice. Intracerebroventricular [Ala11, D-Leu15]-orexin-B, a peptidic OX2R-selective agonist, selectively activated OX2R-expressing histaminergic neurons in vivo, whereas intracerebroventricular orexin-A, an OX1R/OX2R non-selective agonist, additionally activated OX1R-positive noradrenergic neurons in vivo. Administration of [Ala11, D-Leu15]-orexin-B extended wake time, reduced state transition frequency between wake and NREM sleep, and reduced the number of cataplexy-like episodes, to the same degree as compared with orexin-A. Furthermore, intracerebroventricular orexin-A but not [Ala11, D-Leu15]-orexin-B induced drug-seeking behaviors in a dose-dependent manner in wild-type mice, suggesting that OX2R-selective agonism has a lower propensity for reinforcing/drug-seeking effects. Collectively, these findings provide a proof-of-concept for safer mechanistic treatment of narcolepsy-cataplexy through OX2R-selective agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Yamamoto
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nagumo
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ishikawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoko Irukayama-Tomobe
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukiko Namekawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nemoto
- School of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiromu Tanaka
- School of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Genki Takahashi
- School of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akihisa Tokuda
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saitoh
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagase
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Funato
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- R&D Center for Frontiers of MIRAI in Policy and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Wang C, Chen M, Qin C, Qu X, Shen X, Liu S. Lateral Hypothalamic Orexin Neurons Mediate the Reward Effects of Pain Relief Induced by Electroacupuncture. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:812035. [PMID: 35299694 PMCID: PMC8923289 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.812035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The reward of pain relief caused by acupuncture has been found to be clinically significant. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying acupuncture-induced reward of pain relief in chronic pain remain unclear and have not been analyzed in suitable preclinical models. Here, we investigated whether acupuncture could potentially induce the reward of pain relief and orexin neuronal signaling in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and exhibit a possible role in electroacupuncture (EA)-induced reward in spared nerve injury (SNI) rats. Therefore, by using conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm, we noticed that EA induced the preference for cues associated with EA-induced pain relief in the early, but not late, phase of chronic pain. These observations were different from the immediate antihyperalgesic effects of EA. c-Fos/orexin double labeling revealed that EA stimulation on 14 days but not on 28 days after SNI modeling activated greater numbers of c-Fos positive orexin neurons in the LH after the CPP test. Moreover, the administration of an orexin-A antagonist in the LH significantly blocked the reward effects of pain relief induced by EA. Furthermore, by using cholera toxin b subunit combined with c-Fos detection, we found that the orexin circuit from the LH to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell was significantly activated after EA induced CPP. Microinjection of the orexin antagonist into the NAc shell substantially attenuated the CPP induced by EA. Intravenous injection of low-dose orexin-A together with EA resulted in significantly greater antihyperalgesia effects and CPP scores. Together, these findings clearly demonstrated that LH orexin signaling could potentially play a critical role in the reward effects of pain relief induced by acupuncture. The observations of the present study extended our understanding of orexin signaling in the LH and its role in EA-induced reward, providing new insights into the mechanisms of acupuncture analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiyu Chen
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyi Qu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyong Shen
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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5
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Neurobiology of the Orexin System and Its Potential Role in the Regulation of Hedonic Tone. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020150. [PMID: 35203914 PMCID: PMC8870430 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Orexin peptides comprise two neuropeptides, orexin A and orexin B, that bind two G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), orexin receptor 1 (OXR1) and orexin receptor 2 (OXR2). Although cell bodies that produce orexin peptides are localized in a small area comprising the lateral hypothalamus and adjacent regions, orexin-containing fibres project throughout the neuraxis. Although orexins were initially described as peptides that regulate feeding behaviour, research has shown that orexins are involved in diverse functions that range from the modulation of autonomic functions to higher cognitive functions, including reward-seeking, behaviour, attention, cognition, and mood. Furthermore, disruption in orexin signalling has been shown in mood disorders that are associated with low hedonic tone or anhedonia, including depression, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and addiction. Notably, projections of orexin neurons overlap circuits involved in the modulation of hedonic tone. Evidence shows that orexins may potentiate hedonic behaviours by increasing the feeling of pleasure or reward to various signalling, whereas dysregulation of orexin signalling may underlie low hedonic tone or anhedonia. Further, orexin appears to play a key role in regulating behaviours in motivationally charged situations, such as food-seeking during hunger, or drug-seeking during withdrawal. Therefore, it would be expected that dysregulation of orexin expression or signalling is associated with changes in hedonic tone. Further studies investigating this association are warranted.
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Vaseghi S, Zarrabian S, Haghparast A. Reviewing the role of the orexinergic system and stressors in modulating mood and reward-related behaviors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 133:104516. [PMID: 34973302 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.104516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this review study, we aimed to introduce the orexinergic system as an important signaling pathway involved in a variety of cognitive functions such as memory, motivation, and reward-related behaviors. This study focused on the role of orexinergic system in modulating reward-related behavior, with or without the presence of stressors. Cross-talk between the reward system and orexinergic signaling was also investigated, especially orexinergic signaling in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the nucleus accumbens (NAc), and the hippocampus. Furthermore, we discussed the role of the orexinergic system in modulating mood states and mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety, panic, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Here, we narrowed down our focus on the orexinergic signaling in three brain regions: the VTA, NAc, and the hippocampus (CA1 region and dentate gyrus) for their prominent role in reward-related behaviors and memory. It was concluded that the orexinergic system is critically involved in reward-related behavior and significantly alters stress responses and stress-related psychiatric and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salar Vaseghi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran
| | - Shahram Zarrabian
- Department of Anatomical Sciences & Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Zarrabian S, Riahi E, Karimi S, Razavi Y, Haghparast A. The potential role of the orexin reward system in future treatments for opioid drug abuse. Brain Res 2020; 1731:146028. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Li SB, de Lecea L. The hypocretin (orexin) system: from a neural circuitry perspective. Neuropharmacology 2020; 167:107993. [PMID: 32135427 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.107993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypocretin/orexin neurons are distributed restrictively in the hypothalamus, a brain region known to orchestrate diverse functions including sleep, reward processing, food intake, thermogenesis, and mood. Since the hypocretins/orexins were discovered more than two decades ago, extensive studies have accumulated concrete evidence showing the pivotal role of hypocretin/orexin in diverse neural modulation. New method of viral-mediated tracing system offers the possibility to map the monosynaptic inputs and detailed anatomical connectivity of Hcrt neurons. With the development of powerful research techniques including optogenetics, fiber-photometry, cell-type/pathway specific manipulation and neuronal activity monitoring, as well as single-cell RNA sequencing, the details of how hypocretinergic system execute functional modulation of various behaviors are coming to light. In this review, we focus on the function of neural pathways from hypocretin neurons to target brain regions. Anatomical and functional inputs to hypocretin neurons are also discussed. We further briefly summarize the development of pharmaceutical compounds targeting hypocretin signaling. This article is part of the special issue on Neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Bin Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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9
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Role of orexinergic receptors in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in the acquisition and expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in rats. Behav Brain Res 2020; 379:112349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Iyer M, Essner RA, Klingenberg B, Carter ME. Identification of discrete, intermingled hypocretin neuronal populations. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:2937-2954. [PMID: 30019757 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area that express hypocretin (Hcrt) neuropeptides help regulate many behaviors including wakefulness and reward seeking. These neurons project throughout the brain, including to neural populations that regulate wakefulness, such as the locus coeruleus (LC) and tuberomammilary nucleus (TMN), as well as to populations that regulate reward, such as the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). To address the roles of Hcrt neurons in seemingly disparate behaviors, it has been proposed that Hcrt neurons can be anatomically subdivided into at least two distinct subpopulations: a "medial group" that projects to the LC and TMN, and a "lateral group" that projects to the NAc and VTA. Here, we use a dual retrograde tracer strategy to test the hypotheses that Hcrt neurons can be classified based on their downstream projections and medial/lateral location within the hypothalamus. We found that individual Hcrt neurons were significantly more likely to project to both the LC and TMN or to both the VTA and NAc than would be predicted by chance. In contrast, we found that Hcrt neurons that projected to the LC or TMN were mostly distinct from Hcrt neurons that projected to the VTA or NAc. Interestingly, these two populations of Hcrt neurons are intermingled within the hypothalamus and cannot be classified into medial or lateral groups. These results suggest that Hcrt neurons can be distinguished based on their downstream projections but are intermingled within the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Iyer
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts.,Program in Neuroscience, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel A Essner
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts.,Program in Neuroscience, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts
| | - Bernhard Klingenberg
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew E Carter
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts.,Program in Neuroscience, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts
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Risco S, Mediavilla C. Orexin A in the ventral tegmental area enhances saccharin-induced conditioned flavor preference: The role of D1 receptors in central nucleus of amygdala. Behav Brain Res 2018; 348:192-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Haghparast A, Fatahi Z, Arezoomandan R, Karimi S, Taslimi Z, Zarrabian S. Functional roles of orexin/hypocretin receptors in reward circuit. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 235:139-154. [PMID: 29054286 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Since its first discovery in 1998, it has become clear that the orexinergic system plays an important role in regulating a number of functions including food, sex, social connections, and most prominently reward-related behaviors. Orexinergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus project extensively to other brain areas, two most important of which are the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens that are involved in reward processing. In this review, we have presented the work in our laboratory along with the work of others and have discussed the possible functions we can infer from the research. We discuss the anatomy of the orexinergic system and its components followed by a presentation of other connected brain areas. The second part of this review discusses observed results from the morphine conditioned place preference test that sheds light on the possible role of the involved areas in reward processing. The complex circuits involved in reward processing are only beginning to be understood and we need to deepen our understanding regarding the nature of the interactions between all brain areas involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Fatahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Arezoomandan
- School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Karimi
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Zahra Taslimi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shahram Zarrabian
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Role of intra-accumbal orexin receptors in the acquisition of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in the rats. Neurosci Lett 2017; 660:1-5. [PMID: 28889006 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Orexin receptor shave essential role in the induction of reward-related behaviors to several drugs of abuse. In the present study, we investigated the effects of bilateral administration of SB334867, as an orexin-1 receptor antagonist, and TCS OX2 29, as an orexin-2 receptor antagonist, into the nucleus accumbens (NAc) on the acquisition of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in the rats. Adult male Wistar rats (n=80; 220-250g) were entered in a CPP paradigm. Bilateral microinjections of different doses of SB334867 (1, 3, 10 and 30nM) or TCS OX2 29 (3, 10, 30 and 100nM) into the NAc (0.5μl/side) were done 5min before subcutaneous injection of morphine (5mg/kg) during 3-dayconditioning (acquisition) phase. The CPP scores and locomotor activity of animals were recorded by video tracking system and Ethovision software. The results demonstrated that intra-NAc microinjection of 3, 10 and 30nM solutions of SB334867 markedly decreased the acquisition of morphine-induced CPP in a dose-dependent manner. Intra-accumbal injection of 10, 30 and 100nM solutions of TCS OX2 29 significantly attenuated the acquisition of morphine CPP as well. In addition, contribution of orexin-1 receptors to development of morphine reward-related behaviors was more than orexin-2 receptors. Our results suggest that both orexin-1 and -2 receptors in the NAc are involved in the development of morphine-induced CPP. It seems that orexin-1 receptors in this region are more effective in development of drug seeking behaviors in the rats.
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14
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Olney JJ, Navarro M, Thiele TE. The Role of Orexin Signaling in the Ventral Tegmental Area and Central Amygdala in Modulating Binge-Like Ethanol Drinking Behavior. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:551-561. [PMID: 28097729 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent reports have demonstrated that binge-like ethanol (EtOH) drinking leads to an increase in hypothalamic orexin (OX) signaling and that suppressing this signaling via systemic administration of an orexin receptor (OXR) antagonist blocks this behavior; however, the specific OX pathways that modulate this behavior remain unknown. The goal of this study was to further elucidate the role of the OX system in binge-like EtOH drinking using behavioral, molecular, and pharmacological techniques. METHODS The drinking-in-the-dark (DID) paradigm was used to model binge-like drinking behavior in male C57BL/6J mice. Experiment 1 examined changes in the OX precursor, prepro-orexin, within the hypothalamus following multiple cycle EtOH or sucrose DID using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. In experiments 2a and 2b, we used site-directed infusion of an OXR antagonist to examine the individual contribution of each OXR subtype within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), respectively, in binge-like EtOH or sucrose drinking. RESULTS Findings from our PCR study revealed that multiple cycles of binge-like EtOH drinking did not lead to changes in prepro-orexin mRNA as a function of binge-like EtOH drinking. However, data from site-directed pharmacology studies indicate that the orexin-1 receptor (OX1R) is the predominate receptor subtype within the VTA and CeA that regulates binge-like EtOH drinking. Interestingly, inhibition of OX1Rs did not affect binge-like sucrose intake, which suggests that these OX circuits are specific for EtOH consumption. CONCLUSIONS As a whole, these data suggest that the VTA and CeA are important regions in which OX regulates binge-like EtOH drinking behavior. Moreover, these findings identify OXR antagonists as a potential treatment option that may be used to ameliorate problematic drinking behavior while leaving responding to natural rewards relatively intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Olney
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Montserrat Navarro
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Todd E Thiele
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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15
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Terrill SJ, Hyde KM, Kay KE, Greene HE, Maske CB, Knierim AE, Davis JF, Williams DL. Ventral tegmental area orexin 1 receptors promote palatable food intake and oppose postingestive negative feedback. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R592-9. [PMID: 27385732 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00097.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic orexin neurons project to numerous brain areas, including the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which is involved in motivation and food-seeking behavior. Here we address how exogenously administered orexin-A and endogenous orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) activation in the VTA affects feeding behavior. We hypothesized that orexin-A and OX1R antagonist SB334867 delivered to the VTA, at doses that were subthreshold for effect when injected into the ventricle, would affect intake of palatable foods in multiple test situations. We first used a hedonic feeding model in which satiated rats selectively consume a high-fat diet (HFD). Intra-VTA orexin-A stimulated additional consumption of chow and increased HFD intake in this model. In ad libitum-fed rats given daily 30-min test sessions, intra-VTA orexin-A also increased intake of HFD and 0.1 M sucrose. Further analysis of licking patterns revealed that that VTA orexin-A increased meal size and licking burst size only toward the end of the meal. Consistent with this finding, a subthreshold dose of VTA orexin-A prevented intake suppression induced by gastrointestinal nutrient infusion. Surprisingly, intra-VTA orexin-A had no effect on operant responding for sucrose pellets on a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. A role for endogenous VTA OX1R stimulation is supported by our finding that bilateral VTA injection of the selective OX1R antagonist SB334867 suppressed 0.1 M sucrose intake. Together, our data suggest that OX1R activity in the VTA facilitates food intake, potentially by counteracting postingestive negative feedback that would normally suppress feeding later in a meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Terrill
- Department of Psychology & Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida; and
| | - Kellie M Hyde
- Department of Psychology & Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida; and
| | - Kristen E Kay
- Department of Psychology & Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida; and
| | - Hayden E Greene
- Department of Psychology & Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida; and
| | - Calyn B Maske
- Department of Psychology & Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida; and
| | - Amanda E Knierim
- Department of Psychology & Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida; and
| | - Jon F Davis
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Diana L Williams
- Department of Psychology & Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida; and
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16
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Parsania S, Moradi M, Fatahi Z, Haghparast A. Involvement of orexin-1 and orexin-2 receptors within the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in the acquisition, expression and extinction of lateral hypothalamic-induced conditioned place preference in the rats. Brain Res 2016; 1639:149-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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17
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NMDA and dopamine D1 receptors within NAc-shell regulate IEG proteins expression in reward circuit during cocaine memory reconsolidation. Neuroscience 2015; 315:45-69. [PMID: 26674058 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Reactivation of consolidated memory initiates a memory reconsolidation process, during which the reactivated memory is susceptible to strengthening, weakening or updating. Therefore, effective interference with the memory reconsolidation process is expected to be an important treatment for drug addiction. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) has been well recognized as a pathway component that can prevent drug relapse, although the mechanism underlying this function is poorly understood. We aimed to clarify the regulatory role of the NAc in the cocaine memory reconsolidation process, by examining the effect of applying different pharmacological interventions to the NAc on Zif 268 and Fos B expression in the entire reward circuit after cocaine memory reactivation. Through the cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) model, immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining for Zif 268 and Fos B were used to explore the functional activated brain nuclei after cocaine memory reactivation. Our results showed that the expression of Zif 268 and Fos B was commonly increased in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), the infralimbic cortex (IL), the NAc-core, the NAc-shell, the hippocampus (CA1, CA2, and CA3 subregions), the amygdala, the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and the supramammillary nucleus (SuM) following memory reconsolidation, and Zif 268/Fos B co-expression was commonly observed (for Zif 268: 51-68%; for Fos B: 52-66%). Further, bilateral NAc-shell infusion of MK 801 and SCH 23390, but not raclopride or propranolol, prior to addictive memory reconsolidation, decreased Zif 268 and Fos B expression in the entire reward circuit, except for the amygdala, and effectively disturbed subsequent CPP-related behavior. In summary, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and dopamine D1 receptors, but not dopamine D2 or β adrenergic receptors, within the NAc-shell, may regulate Zif 268 and Fos B expression in most brain nuclei of the reward circuit after cocaine memory reactivation. These findings indicated that the NAc played a key role in regulating addictive memory reconsolidation by influencing the function of the entire addictive memory network.
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18
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Yazdi F, Jahangirvand M, Pirasteh AH, Moradi M, Haghparast A. Functional interaction between OX2 and CB1 receptors in the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens in response to place preference induced by chemical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 139:39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Graebner AK, Iyer M, Carter ME. Understanding how discrete populations of hypothalamic neurons orchestrate complicated behavioral states. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:111. [PMID: 26300745 PMCID: PMC4523943 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A major question in systems neuroscience is how a single population of neurons can interact with the rest of the brain to orchestrate complex behavioral states. The hypothalamus contains many such discrete neuronal populations that individually regulate arousal, feeding, and drinking. For example, hypothalamic neurons that express hypocretin (Hcrt) neuropeptides can sense homeostatic and metabolic factors affecting wakefulness and orchestrate organismal arousal. Neurons that express agouti-related protein (AgRP) can sense the metabolic needs of the body and orchestrate a state of hunger. The organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) can detect the hypertonicity of blood and orchestrate a state of thirst. Each hypothalamic population is sufficient to generate complicated behavioral states through the combined efforts of distinct efferent projections. The principal challenge to understanding these brain systems is therefore to determine the individual roles of each downstream projection for each behavioral state. In recent years, the development and application of temporally precise, genetically encoded tools has greatly improved our understanding of the structure and function of these neural systems. This review will survey recent advances in our understanding of how these individual hypothalamic populations can orchestrate complicated behavioral states due to the combined efforts of individual downstream projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison K Graebner
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Williams College Williamstown, MA, USA
| | - Manasi Iyer
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Williams College Williamstown, MA, USA
| | - Matthew E Carter
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Williams College Williamstown, MA, USA
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20
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Fatahi Z, Assar N, Mahmoudi D, Pahlevani P, Moradi M, Haghparast A. Functional interaction between the orexin-1 and CB1 receptors within the nucleus accumbens in the conditioned place preference induced by the lateral hypothalamus stimulation. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 132:42-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Ding ZM, Ingraham CM, Rodd ZA, McBride WJ. The reinforcing effects of ethanol within the posterior ventral tegmental area depend on dopamine neurotransmission to forebrain cortico-limbic systems. Addict Biol 2015; 20:458-68. [PMID: 24674134 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol can be self-infused directly into the posterior ventral tegmental area (pVTA) and these effects involve activation of local dopamine neurons. However, the neuro-circuitry beyond the pVTA involved in these reinforcing effects has not been explored. Intra-pVTA microinjection of ethanol increases dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAC), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and ventral pallidum (VP). The present study tested the hypothesis that the reinforcing effects of ethanol within the pVTA involve the activation of dopamine projections from the pVTA to the NAC, VP and mPFC. Following the acquisition of self-infusions of 200 mg% ethanol into the pVTA, either the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride (0, 10 or 100 μM) or the D1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390 (0, 10 or 100 μM) was microinjected into the ipsilateral NAC shell (NACsh), NAC core (NACcr), VP or mPFC immediately prior to the self-infusion sessions to assess the involvement of the different dopamine projections in the reinforcing effects of ethanol. Microinjection of each compound at higher concentration into the NACsh, VP or mPFC, but not the NACcr, significantly reduced the responses on the active lever (from 40-50 to approximately 20 responses). These results indicate that activation of dopamine receptors in the NACsh, VP or mPFC, but not the NACcr, is involved in mediating the reinforcing effects of ethanol in the pVTA, suggesting that the 'alcohol reward' neuro-circuitry consist of, at least in part, activation of the dopamine projections from the pVTA to the NACsh, VP and mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Ming Ding
- Institute of Psychiatric Research; Department of Psychiatry; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Cynthia M. Ingraham
- Institute of Psychiatric Research; Department of Psychiatry; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Zachary A. Rodd
- Institute of Psychiatric Research; Department of Psychiatry; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis IN USA
| | - William J. McBride
- Institute of Psychiatric Research; Department of Psychiatry; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis IN USA
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22
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Role of intra-hippocampal orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptors in conditioned place preference induced by chemical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. Behav Brain Res 2015; 279:106-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-sixth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2013 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior, and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia; stress and social status; tolerance and dependence; learning and memory; eating and drinking; alcohol and drugs of abuse; sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology; mental illness and mood; seizures and neurologic disorders; electrical-related activity and neurophysiology; general activity and locomotion; gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; and immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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24
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Roohi N, Sarihi A, Shahidi S, Zarei M, Haghparast A. Microinjection of the mGluR5 antagonist MTEP into the nucleus accumbens attenuates the acquisition but not expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 126:109-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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25
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Fatahi Z, Zeighamy Alamdary S, Khodagholi F, Zareh Shahamati S, Razavi Y, Haghparast A. Effect of physical stress on the alteration of mesolimbic system apoptotic factors in conditioned place preference paradigm. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 124:231-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Haghparast A, Shamsizadeh A, Samandari R, Omranifard A, Vaziri A, Razavi Y. Cannabinoid receptors in the basolateral amygdala are involved in the potentiation of morphine rewarding properties in the acquisition, but not expression of conditioned place preference in rats. Brain Res 2014; 1565:28-36. [PMID: 24721524 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several studies show the role of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in drug-seeking, relapse and the brain׳s emotional systems. Several lines of evidence indicate a functional interaction between opioid and endogenous cannabinoid systems. In the present study, we investigated the role of intra-BLA cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the potentiation, acquisition and expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). One-hundred and forty-two adult male Wistar rats weighing 230-280g were bilaterally implanted by two separate cannulae into the BLA. The CPP paradigm was done, and conditioning score and locomotor activity were recorded by Ethovision software. Results showed that intra-BLA administration of different doses of WIN55,212-2 (1, 2 and 4mmol/0.3µl DMSO) as a cannabinoid receptor agonist during the conditioning phase induced place preference in animals that received the ineffective (2mg/kg) dose of morphine compared to respective control group in saline-treated animals. On the other hand, intra-BLA injection of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 (45 and 90µmol/0.3µl DMSO) during the 3-day conditioning phase reduced morphine-induced CPP. Furthermore, microinjection of both AM251 (15, 45 and 90µmol) and WIN55,212-2 (1-4mmol), into the BLA had no effect on the expression of morphine (5mg/kg)-induced CPP. Our findings suggest that cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the BLA are involved in the development of reward-related behaviors and they can potentiate the rewarding effects of morphine. It seems that the glutamatergic projection from the BLA to the nucleus accumbens and reward-related learning in the hippocampus may be involved in the acquisition and expression of opioid reward-related behaviors in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Shamsizadeh
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Razieh Samandari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Omranifard
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anoumid Vaziri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Razavi
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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Reisi Z, Bani-Ardalan M, Zarepour L, Haghparast A. Involvement of D1/D2 dopamine receptors within the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area in the development of sensitization to antinociceptive effect of morphine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 118:16-21. [PMID: 24418216 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are two major areas for the mesolimbic dopaminergic system which are strongly involved in the development of behavioral sensitization. In the present study, we investigated the role of D1/D2 dopaminergic receptors within the NAc or VTA in response to sensitization to morphine by the tail-flick test as a model of acute pain. Sensitization was induced by subcutaneous (SC) injection of morphine (5 mg/kg), once daily for three days followed by 5 days free of drug. After the sensitization period, antinociceptive responses induced by an ineffective dose of morphine (1 mg/kg; SC) were obtained by the tail-flick test, and represented as maximal possible effect (%MPE). In experimental groups, D1 and D2 receptor antagonists, SCH-23390 and sulpiride (0.25, 1 and 4 μg/rat), were separately microinjected into the NAc or VTA, 10 min before morphine administration during the sensitization period, respectively. Results showed that injection of morphine during the sensitization period (development of sensitization) increased %MPE of the ineffective dose of morphine from 2.43±1.4% in naive to 47.75±4.01% in sensitized animals (P<0.001). Unilateral microinjections of different doses of the D1/D2 receptor antagonists, SCH-23390 and sulpiride, into the NAc dose-dependently decreased %MPEs in morphine-sensitized animals. Nonetheless, %MPEs were only affected by intra-VTA administration of SCH-23390 in morphine-sensitized animals (P<0.05). Our findings suggest that both the D1/D2 dopamine receptors in the NAc and the D1 receptors in the VTA may be of more important in the development of sensitization to morphine in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Reisi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahtash Bani-Ardalan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Zarepour
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran.
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Katebi SN, Razavi Y, Zeighamy Alamdary S, Khodagholi F, Haghparast A. Morphine could increase apoptotic factors in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex of rat brain's reward circuitry. Brain Res 2013; 1540:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Role of dorsal hippocampal orexin-1 receptors in associating morphine reward with contextual stimuli. Behav Pharmacol 2013; 24:237-48. [PMID: 23787292 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e3283635ee9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the role of orexin receptors in the dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) in the development of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and modification of hippocampal c-Fos and cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) levels. Orexin-A (0.5, 5, and 50 pmol) and the orexin-1 receptor antagonist, SB334867 (10, 20, and 40 nmol), were bilaterally infused into the dHPC immediately before conditioning with morphine (0.5 or 7.5 mg/kg) using the CPP task. Western blotting was then used to measure the protein levels of c-Fos, total CREB, and phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) in the hippocampus. Orexin did not enhance the rewarding efficacy of morphine (0.5 mg/kg), but caused a reduction in hippocampal c-Fos. Successful conditioning with morphine (7.5 mg/kg) was associated with increased levels of hippocampal c-Fos and CREB, but with decreased CREB phosphorylation. Intrahippocampal administration of SB334867 before conditioning sessions disrupted the rewarding effect of morphine (7.5 mg/kg) and blocked morphine-induced increases in hippocampal CREB protein levels. The results suggest that orexin signaling within the dHPC is necessary for the development of morphine CPP. Morphine reward is related to altered levels of hippocampal c-Fos and CREB. Inhibition of morphine-induced increases in CREB levels might be the underlying mechanism for the disruption of morphine CPP.
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Haghparast A, Omranifard A, Arezoomandan R, Ghalandari-Shamami M, Taslimi Z, Vafaei AA, Rashidy-Pour A. Involvement of dopaminergic receptors of the rat nucleus accumbens in decreasing the conditioned place preference induced by lateral hypothalamus stimulation. Neurosci Lett 2013; 556:10-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Central orexin (hypocretin) 2 receptor antagonism reduces ethanol self-administration, but not cue-conditioned ethanol-seeking, in ethanol-preferring rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:2067-79. [PMID: 23601187 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145713000333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins are hypothalamic neuropeptides which bind to two G-protein-coupled receptors, orexin-1 (OX(1)R) and orexin-2 (OX(2)R) receptor. While a role for OX(1)R has been established in both ethanol reinforcement and ethanol-seeking behaviour, the role of OX(2)R in these behaviours is relatively less-studied. The aim of this study was to determine the role of central OX(2)R in ethanol-taking and ethanol-seeking behaviour. Indiana ethanol-preferring rats were trained to self-administer ethanol (10% w/v) or sucrose (0.7–1% w/v) in the presence of reward-associated cues before being implanted with indwelling guide cannulae. The selective OX(2)R antagonist TCS-OX2-29 was administered i.c.v. to assess its effect on operant self-administration and cue-induced reinstatement following extinction. Following i.c.v. injection TCS-OX2-29 reduced self-administration of ethanol, but not sucrose. Despite reducing ethanol self-administration, TCS-OX2-29 had no impact on cue-induced reinstatement of ethanol seeking. To determine where in the brain OX(2)R were acting to modulate ethanol self-administration, TCS-OX2-29 was microinjected into either the shell or core of the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Intra-NAc core, but not shell, infusions of TCS-OX2-29 decreased responding for ethanol. Importantly, the doses of TCS-OX2-029 used were non-sedating. Collectively, these findings implicate OX(2)R in the NAc in mediating the reinforcing effects of ethanol. This effect appears to be drug-specific as antagonism of central OX(2)R had no impact on sucrose self-administration. Thus, OX(2)R in addition to OX(1)R may represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ethanol-use disorders. However, unlike OX(1)R, no impact of OX(2)R antagonism was observed on cue-induced reinstatement, suggesting a more prominent role for OX(2)R in ethanol self-administration compared to cue-conditioned ethanol-seeking.
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Attarzadeh-Yazdi G, Karimi S, Azizi P, Yazdi-Ravandi S, Hesam S, Haghparast A. Inhibitory effects of forced swim stress and corticosterone on the acquisition but not expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference: involvement of glucocorticoid receptor in the basolateral amygdala. Behav Brain Res 2013; 252:339-46. [PMID: 23800381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Addiction is a common chronic psychiatric disease which represents a global problem and stress has an important role to increase drug addiction and relapse. In the present study, we investigated the effects of physical stress and exogenous corticosterone on the acquisition and expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). Also, we tried to find out the role of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) of basolateral amygdala (BLA) in this regard. In the CPP paradigm, conditioning score and locomotion activity were recorded by Ethovision software. Male adult rats received forced swim stress (FSS) as a physical stress or corticosterone (10 mg/kg; ip) as a dominant stress hormone in rodents, 10min before morphine injection (5 mg/kg; sc) during three conditioning days (acquisition) or just prior to CPP test in the post-conditioning day (expression). In FSS procedure, animals were forced to swim for 6 min in cylinder filled with water (24-27 °C). To evaluate the role of glucocorticoid receptors in the BLA, different doses of mifepristone (RU38486) as a GR antagonist were injected into the BLA (0.3, 3 and 30 ng/side) during 3-day conditioning phase before FSS or injection of corticosterone in morphine-CPP paradigm. The results showed that FSS and corticosterone reduce the acquisition but not expression of morphine-induced CPP. Moreover, blockade of GRs in the BLA could diminish the inhibitory effects of FSS or corticosterone on the acquisition of morphine-induced CPP. It seems that stress exerts its effect on reward pathway via glucocorticoid receptors in the BLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghassem Attarzadeh-Yazdi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Young EA, Dreumont SE, Cunningham CL. Role of nucleus accumbens dopamine receptor subtypes in the learning and expression of alcohol-seeking behavior. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 108:28-37. [PMID: 23742917 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
These studies examined the roles of dopamine D1- and D2-like receptors within the nucleus accumbens (Acb) in the acquisition and expression of ethanol-induced (2g/kg) conditioned place preference (CPP) in adult male DBA/2J mice. Bilateral intra-Acb infusions of the D1-like dopamine receptor antagonist SCH23390 (0.05, 0.5μg/side) or the D2-like dopamine receptor antagonist raclopride (0.5-5.0μg/side) were administered 30min before each ethanol conditioning trial (acquisition studies) or before preference tests (expression studies). CPP was conditioned to tactile cues using an unbiased apparatus and procedure. Intra-Acb infusion of SCH23390 prevented CPP acquisition, whereas intra-Acb infusion of raclopride did not. Intra-Acb infusion of both antagonists, however, dose-dependently reduced ethanol-stimulated locomotor activity during conditioning. In contrast, intra-Acb antagonist infusion had no effect on ethanol CPP expression, suggesting that dopamine's role in the Acb is limited to neurobiological processes engaged during the learning of the relationship between contextual cues and ethanol reward. Control experiments showed that intra-Acb injection of SCH23390 alone produced no place conditioning and did not interfere with the acquisition of conditioned place aversion induced by lithium chloride, suggesting that the antagonist's effect on ethanol CPP was not due to a more general detrimental effect on associative learning. Overall, these data suggest that D1-like (but not D2-like) dopamine Acb receptors play an important role in the learning of context-ethanol associations, either by modulating the magnitude of ethanol reward or the rate of learning about ethanol reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Young
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Portland Alcohol Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States
| | - Sarah E Dreumont
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Portland Alcohol Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States
| | - Christopher L Cunningham
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Portland Alcohol Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States.
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Zarepour L, Komaki A, Shahidi S, Sarihi A, Haghparast A. Potentiation of rewarding properties of morphine by concurrent chemical stimulation of lateral hypothalamus in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 107:36-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Samandari R, Chizari A, Hassanpour R, Mousavi Z, Haghparast A. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes affects the development and maintenance of morphine reward in rats. Neurosci Lett 2013; 543:90-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Brown RM, Lawrence AJ. Ascending orexinergic pathways and alcohol-seeking. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:467-72. [PMID: 23537903 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Orexin (hypocretin) containing neurons reside in discrete regions of the lateral hypothalamus from where they innervate the entire neuroaxis. Via actions upon orexin receptors (OX1 and OX2), the orexin peptides (orexin A and orexin B) are thought to play a role in ethanol consumption and seeking. While a role for OX1 receptors in these behaviours is established, the case for OX2 receptors is less clear at present, although recent data certainly support an involvement of OX2 receptors in ethanol consumption. In terms of circuitry, orexin receptors the ventral tegmental area appear to contribute to ethanol consumption. Other loci remain to be characterised, and we suggest prefrontal cortical orexin receptors deserve attention in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Mary Brown
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Barson JR, Morganstern I, Leibowitz SF. Complementary roles of orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone in feeding behavior. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:983964. [PMID: 23935621 PMCID: PMC3727095 DOI: 10.1155/2013/983964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcribed within the lateral hypothalamus, the neuropeptides orexin/hypocretin (OX) and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) both promote palatable food intake and are stimulated by palatable food. While these two neuropeptides share this similar positive relationship with food, recent evidence suggests that this occurs through different albeit complementary effects on behavior, with OX promoting food seeking and motivation for palatable food and MCH functioning during ongoing food intake, reinforcing the consumption of calorically dense foods. Further differences are evident in their effects on physiological processes, which are largely opposite in nature. For example, activation of OX receptors, which is neuronally excitatory, promotes waking, increases energy expenditure, and enhances limbic dopamine levels and reward. In contrast, activation of MCH receptors, which is neuronally inhibitory, promotes paradoxical sleep, enhances energy conservation, reduces limbic dopamine, and increases depressive behavior. This review describes these different effects of the neuropeptides, developing the hypothesis that they stimulate the consumption of palatable food through excessive seeking in the case of OX and through excessive energy conservation in the case of MCH. It proposes that OX initiates food intake and subsequently stimulates MCH which then acts to prolong the consumption of palatable, energy-dense food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R. Barson
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Irene Morganstern
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sarah F. Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- *Sarah F. Leibowitz:
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