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Coelho MM, Costa I, de Albuquerque ACF, Santos Junior FMD, Silva B, Silva R, Fernandes C, Remião F, Tiritan ME. Milligram scale enantioresolution of promethazine and its main metabolites, determination of their absolute configuration and assessment of enantioselective effects on human SY-SY5Y cells. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 245:116152. [PMID: 38643704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The misuse of pharmaceuticals has significantly increased in recent decades, becoming a major public health concern. The risks associated with medication misuse are particularly high in cases of overdose, especially when the active substances are chiral, as enantioselectivity plays an important role in toxicity. Promethazine (PMZ) is a chiral antihistamine marketed as a racemate and it is misused in "Purple Drank", a recreational drug beverage, that combines codeine and/or PMZ, with soda or alcohol leading to serious health consequences and fatalities in consumers around the world, particularly among teenagers. Information regarding the enantioselectivity in the toxicity of (R,S)-PMZ and its main metabolites, namely promethazine sulfoxide (PMZSO) and desmonomethyl promethazine (DMPMZ), is unknown. This work reported, for the first time, the enantioseparation, in milligram scale, of (R,S)-PMZ, (R,S)-DMPMZ, (R,S)- PMZSO and the determination of their absolute configurations by electronic circular dichroism (ECD). The enantioseparation of all the six enantiomers was accomplished in a homemade semi-preparative column with amylose tris-3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate (AD) coated with aminopropyl Nucleosil silica. The enantiomeric purity was evaluated using the analytical Lux® 3 µm i-Amylose-3 column, yielding enantiomeric purity values ranging between 94.4% and 99.7%. The elution order of all the enantiomers was accomplished combining the ECD results with an optical rotation detector. The elution order of the enantiomers was influenced only by the chiral selector, rather than the mobile phase. The cytotoxicity of the racemates and the isolated enantiomers towards differentiated SH-SY5Y cells was evaluated. (R,S)-DMPMZ exhibited a significantly higher cytotoxicity than (R,S)-PMZ, suggesting the metabolic bioactivation of (R,S)-PMZ. Conversely, no significant cytotoxicity was found for (R,S)-PMZSO, underscoring a metabolic detoxification pathway. Remarkably, enantioselectivity was observed for the cytotoxicity of PMZ; (R)-PMZ was significantly more cytotoxic than (S)-PMZ. The results underscore the importance to isolate the enantiomers in their enantiomerically form and their correct identification for toxicity enantioselectivity studies, which are vital to understand the drug's behaviour and safety, especially in case of overdoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Miguel Coelho
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Pharmaceuticals, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research University of Porto, Porto de Leixões Cruise Terminal, Matosinhos 4450-208, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB-Insitute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Inês Costa
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Insitute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal; UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | | | | | - Bárbara Silva
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Insitute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal; UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Renata Silva
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Insitute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal; UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Pharmaceuticals, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research University of Porto, Porto de Leixões Cruise Terminal, Matosinhos 4450-208, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Insitute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal; UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Pharmaceuticals, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research University of Porto, Porto de Leixões Cruise Terminal, Matosinhos 4450-208, Portugal; 1H-TOXRUN - One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Gandra 4585-116, Portugal.
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Evaluation of 6-Hydroxydopamine and Rotenone In Vitro Neurotoxicity on Differentiated SH-SY5Y Cells Using Applied Computational Statistics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063009. [PMID: 35328430 PMCID: PMC8953223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increase in life expectancy and consequent aging of the world’s population, the prevalence of many neurodegenerative diseases is increasing, without concomitant improvement in diagnostics and therapeutics. These diseases share neuropathological hallmarks, including mitochondrial dysfunction. In fact, as mitochondrial alterations appear prior to neuronal cell death at an early phase of a disease’s onset, the study and modulation of mitochondrial alterations have emerged as promising strategies to predict and prevent neurotoxicity and neuronal cell death before the onset of cell viability alterations. In this work, differentiated SH-SY5Y cells were treated with the mitochondrial-targeted neurotoxicants 6-hydroxydopamine and rotenone. These compounds were used at different concentrations and for different time points to understand the similarities and differences in their mechanisms of action. To accomplish this, data on mitochondrial parameters were acquired and analyzed using unsupervised (hierarchical clustering) and supervised (decision tree) machine learning methods. Both biochemical and computational analyses resulted in an evident distinction between the neurotoxic effects of 6-hydroxydopamine and rotenone, specifically for the highest concentrations of both compounds.
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Xue W, Fu T, Zheng G, Tu G, Zhang Y, Yang F, Tao L, Yao L, Zhu F. Recent Advances and Challenges of the Drugs Acting on Monoamine Transporters. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:3830-3876. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181009123218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background:
The human Monoamine Transporters (hMATs), primarily including hSERT,
hNET and hDAT, are important targets for the treatment of depression and other behavioral disorders
with more than the availability of 30 approved drugs.
Objective:
This paper is to review the recent progress in the binding mode and inhibitory mechanism of
hMATs inhibitors with the central or allosteric binding sites, for the benefit of future hMATs inhibitor
design and discovery. The Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) and the selectivity for hit/lead compounds
to hMATs that are evaluated by in vitro and in vivo experiments will be highlighted.
Methods:
PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for protein-ligand interaction, novel
inhibitors design and synthesis studies related to hMATs.
Results:
Literature data indicate that since the first crystal structure determinations of the homologous
bacterial Leucine Transporter (LeuT) complexed with clomipramine, a sizable database of over 100 experimental
structures or computational models has been accumulated that now defines a substantial degree
of structural variability hMATs-ligands recognition. In the meanwhile, a number of novel hMATs
inhibitors have been discovered by medicinal chemistry with significant help from computational models.
Conclusion:
The reported new compounds act on hMATs as well as the structures of the transporters
complexed with diverse ligands by either experiment or computational modeling have shed light on the
poly-pharmacology, multimodal and allosteric regulation of the drugs to transporters. All of the studies
will greatly promote the Structure-Based Drug Design (SBDD) of structurally novel scaffolds with high
activity and selectivity for hMATs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Xue
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Tingting Fu
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Guoxun Zheng
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Gao Tu
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Fengyuan Yang
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Lin Tao
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Lixia Yao
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Feng Zhu
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
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Aquino-Miranda G, Rivera-Ramírez N, Márquez-Gómez R, Escamilla-Sánchez J, González-Pantoja R, Ramos-Languren LE, Perez-Neri I, Bueno-Nava A, Ríos C, Arias-Montaño JA. Histamine H 3 receptor activation reduces the impairment in prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response and Akt phosphorylation induced by MK-801 (dizocilpine), antagonist at N-Methyl-d-Aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 94:109653. [PMID: 31108178 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of the local activation of histamine H3 receptors (H3Rs) in the rat prefrontal cortex (PFCx) on the impairment of pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response induced by the systemic administration of MK-801, antagonist at glutamate N-Methyl-d-Aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and the possible functional interaction between H3Rs and MK-801 on PFCx dopaminergic transmission. Infusion of the H3R agonist RAMH (19.8 ng/1 μl) into the PFCx reduced or prevented the inhibition by MK-801 (0.15 mg/kg, ip) of PPI evoked by different auditory stimulus intensities (5, 10 and 15 dB), and the RAMH effect was blocked by the H3R antagonist/inverse agonist ciproxifan (30.6 ng/1 μl). MK-801 inhibited [3H]-dopamine uptake (-45.4 ± 2.1%) and release (-32.8 ± 2.6%) in PFCx synaptosomes or slices, respectively, and molecular modeling indicated that MK-801 binds to and blocks the rat and human dopamine transporters. However, H3R activation had no effect on the inhibitory action of MK-801 on dopamine uptake and release. In PFCx slices, MK-801 and the activation of H3Rs or dopamine D1 receptors (D1Rs) stimulated ERK-1/2 and Akt phosphorylation. The co-activation of D1Rs and H3Rs prevented ERK-1/2 and Akt phosphorylation, and H3R activation or D1R blockade prevented the effect of MK-801. In ex vivo experiments, the intracortical infusion of the D1R agonist SKF-81297 (37 ng/1 μl) or the H3R agonist RAMH increased Akt phosphorylation, prevented by D1R/H3R co-activation. These results indicate that MK-801 enhances dopaminergic transmission in the PFCx, and that H3R activation counteracts the post-synaptic actions of dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Aquino-Miranda
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Ciudad de México, México; Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav) del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, 07360 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Nayeli Rivera-Ramírez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav) del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, 07360 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ricardo Márquez-Gómez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav) del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, 07360 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Escamilla-Sánchez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav) del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, 07360 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Raúl González-Pantoja
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav) del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, 07360 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Laura-Elisa Ramos-Languren
- Coordinación de Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Facultad de Psicología, UNAM, Av. Universidad 3004, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Iván Perez-Neri
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía SSa, Av. Insurgentes Sur 3877, 14269 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Antonio Bueno-Nava
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, SSa, Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, 14389 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Camilo Ríos
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía SSa, Av. Insurgentes Sur 3877, 14269 Ciudad de México, México; Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular, Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, 04960 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José-Antonio Arias-Montaño
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav) del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, 07360 Ciudad de México, México.
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