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Baroudi H, Huy Minh Nguyen CI, Maroongroge S, Smith BD, Niedzielski JS, Shaitelman SF, Melancon A, Shete S, Whitaker TJ, Mitchell MP, Yvonne Arzu I, Duryea J, Hernandez S, El Basha D, Mumme R, Netherton T, Hoffman K, Court L. Automated contouring and statistical process control for plan quality in a breast clinical trial. Phys Imaging Radiat Oncol 2023; 28:100486. [PMID: 37712064 PMCID: PMC10498301 DOI: 10.1016/j.phro.2023.100486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Automatic review of breast plan quality for clinical trials is time-consuming and has some unique challenges due to the lack of target contours for some planning techniques. We propose using an auto-contouring model and statistical process control to independently assess planning consistency in retrospective data from a breast radiotherapy clinical trial. Materials and methods A deep learning auto-contouring model was created and tested quantitatively and qualitatively on 104 post-lumpectomy patients' computed tomography images (nnUNet; train/test: 80/20). The auto-contouring model was then applied to 127 patients enrolled in a clinical trial. Statistical process control was used to assess the consistency of the mean dose to auto-contours between plans and treatment modalities by setting control limits within three standard deviations of the data's mean. Two physicians reviewed plans outside the limits for possible planning inconsistencies. Results Mean Dice similarity coefficients comparing manual and auto-contours was above 0.7 for breast clinical target volume, supraclavicular and internal mammary nodes. Two radiation oncologists scored 95% of contours as clinically acceptable. The mean dose in the clinical trial plans was more variable for lymph node auto-contours than for breast, with a narrower distribution for volumetric modulated arc therapy than for 3D conformal treatment, requiring distinct control limits. Five plans (5%) were flagged and reviewed by physicians: one required editing, two had clinically acceptable variations in planning, and two had poor auto-contouring. Conclusions An automated contouring model in a statistical process control framework was appropriate for assessing planning consistency in a breast radiotherapy clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Baroudi
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Radiation Physics, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Callistus I. Huy Minh Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Physics, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sean Maroongroge
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Smith
- Department of Breast Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joshua S. Niedzielski
- Department of Radiation Physics, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Simona F. Shaitelman
- Department of Breast Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Adam Melancon
- Department of Radiation Physics, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sanjay Shete
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas J. Whitaker
- Department of Radiation Physics, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Melissa P. Mitchell
- Department of Breast Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Isidora Yvonne Arzu
- Department of Breast Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jack Duryea
- Department of Radiation Physics, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Soleil Hernandez
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Radiation Physics, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel El Basha
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Radiation Physics, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raymond Mumme
- Department of Radiation Physics, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tucker Netherton
- Department of Radiation Physics, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Karen Hoffman
- Department of Breast Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Laurence Court
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Radiation Physics, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Guzene L, Beddok A, Nioche C, Modzelewski R, Loiseau C, Salleron J, Thariat J. Assessing Interobserver Variability in the Delineation of Structures in Radiation Oncology: A Systematic Review. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023; 115:1047-1060. [PMID: 36423741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The delineation of target volumes and organs at risk is the main source of uncertainty in radiation therapy. Numerous interobserver variability (IOV) studies have been conducted, often with unclear methodology and nonstandardized reporting. We aimed to identify the parameters chosen in conducting delineation IOV studies and assess their performances and limits. METHODS AND MATERIALS We conducted a systematic literature review to highlight major points of heterogeneity and missing data in IOV studies published between 2018 and 2021. For the main used metrics, we did in silico analyses to assess their limits in specific clinical situations. RESULTS All disease sites were represented in the 66 studies examined. Organs at risk were studied independently of tumor site in 29% of reviewed IOV studies. In 65% of studies, statistical analyses were performed. No gold standard (GS; ie, reference) was defined in 36% of studies. A single expert was considered as the GS in 21% of studies, without testing intraobserver variability. All studies reported both absolute and relative indices, including the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) in 68% and the Hausdorff distance (HD) in 42%. Limitations were shown in silico for small structures when using the DSC and dependence on irregular shapes when using the HD. Variations in DSC values were large between studies, and their thresholds were inconsistent. Most studies (51%) included 1 to 10 cases. The median number of observers or experts was 7 (range, 2-35). The intraclass correlation coefficient was reported in only 9% of cases. Investigating the feasibility of studying IOV in delineation, a minimum of 8 observers with 3 cases, or 11 observers with 2 cases, was required to demonstrate moderate reproducibility. CONCLUSIONS Implementation of future IOV studies would benefit from a more standardized methodology: clear definitions of the gold standard and metrics and a justification of the tradeoffs made in the choice of the number of observers and number of delineated cases should be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Guzene
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens, France
| | - Arnaud Beddok
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris/Saint-Cloud/Orsay, France; Laboratory of Translational Imaging in Oncology (LITO), InsermUMR, Institut Curie, Orsay, France
| | - Christophe Nioche
- Laboratory of Translational Imaging in Oncology (LITO), InsermUMR, Institut Curie, Orsay, France
| | - Romain Modzelewski
- LITIS - EA4108-Quantif, Normastic, University of Rouen, and Nuclear Medicine Department, Henri Becquerel Center, Rouen, France
| | - Cedric Loiseau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre François Baclesse; ARCHADE Research Community Caen, France; Département de Biostatistiques, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Julia Salleron
- Département de Biostatistiques, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Juliette Thariat
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre François Baclesse; ARCHADE Research Community Caen, France; Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire, Caen, France; Unicaen-Université de Normandie, Caen, France.
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Shen J, Gu P, Wang Y, Wang Z. Advances in automatic delineation of target volume and cardiac substructure in breast cancer radiotherapy (Review). Oncol Lett 2023; 25:110. [PMID: 36817059 PMCID: PMC9932716 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.13697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of patients with breast cancer. With the continuous development of radiotherapeutic technologies, the requirements for radiotherapeutic accuracy are increasingly high. The accuracy of target volume and organ at risk delineation significantly affects the effect of radiotherapy. Automatic delineation software has been continuously developed for the automatic delineation of target areas and organs at risk. Automatic segmentation based on an atlas and deep learning is a hot topic in current clinical research. Automatic delineation can not only reduce the workload and delineation times, but also establish a uniform delineation standard and reduce inter-observer and intra-observer differences. In patients with breast cancer, especially in patients who undergo left breast radiotherapy, the protection of the heart is particularly important. Treating the whole heart as an organ at risk cannot meet the clinical needs, and it is necessary to limit the dose to specific cardiac substructures. The present review discusses the importance of automatic delineation of target volume and cardiac substructure in radiotherapy for patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Shen
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Peihua Gu
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Zhongming Wang
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Zhongming Wang, Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 999 Shiguang Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China, E-mail:
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Almberg SS, Lervåg C, Frengen J, Eidem M, Abramova T, Nordstrand C, Alsaker M, Tøndel H, Raj SX, Wanderås AD. Training, validation, and clinical implementation of a deep-learning segmentation model for radiotherapy of loco-regional breast cancer. Radiother Oncol 2022; 173:62-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2022.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Vaassen F, Boukerroui D, Looney P, Canters R, Verhoeven K, Peeters S, Lubken I, Mannens J, Gooding MJ, van Elmpt W. Real-world analysis of manual editing of deep learning contouring in the thorax region. Phys Imaging Radiat Oncol 2022; 22:104-110. [PMID: 35602549 PMCID: PMC9115320 DOI: 10.1016/j.phro.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep-learning contouring for radiotherapy is evaluated in the thorax region. Specific regions-of-adjustment and variability in editing per organ were found. The consistency and accuracy of training data remains crucial to model performance. Separate models for specific indications or acquisition protocols may be necessary. Subsampling and post-processing make the clinical workflow more efficient.
Background and purpose User-adjustments after deep-learning (DL) contouring in radiotherapy were evaluated to get insight in real-world editing during clinical practice. This study assessed the amount, type and spatial regions of editing of auto-contouring for organs-at-risk (OARs) in routine clinical workflow for patients in the thorax region. Materials and methods A total of 350 lung cancer and 362 breast cancer patients, contoured between March 2020 and March 2021 using a commercial DL-contouring method followed by manual adjustments were retrospectively analyzed. Subsampling was performed for some OARs, using an inter-slice gap of 1–3 slices. Commonly-used whole-organ contouring assessment measures were calculated, and all cases were registered to a common reference shape per OAR to identify regions of manual adjustment. Results were expressed as the median, 10th-90th percentile of adjustment and visualized using 3D renderings. Results Per OAR, the median amount of editing was below 1 mm. However, large adjustments were found in some locations for most OARs. In general, enlarging of the auto-contours was needed. Subsampling DL-contours showed less adjustments were made in the interpolated slices compared to simulated no-subsampling for these OARs. Conclusion The real-world performance of automatic DL-contouring software was evaluated and proven useful in clinical practice. Specific regions-of-adjustment were identified per OAR in the thorax region, and separate models were found to be necessary for specific clinical indications different from training data. This analysis showed the need to perform routine clinical analysis especially when procedures or acquisition protocols change to have the best configuration of the workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Vaassen
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author at: Postbox 3035, 6202 NA Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | - Richard Canters
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Karolien Verhoeven
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie Peeters
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Indra Lubken
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jolein Mannens
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wouter van Elmpt
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Dai Z, Zhang Y, Zhu L, Tan J, Yang G, Zhang B, Cai C, Jin H, Meng H, Tan X, Jian W, Yang W, Wang X. Geometric and Dosimetric Evaluation of Deep Learning-Based Automatic Delineation on CBCT-Synthesized CT and Planning CT for Breast Cancer Adaptive Radiotherapy: A Multi-Institutional Study. Front Oncol 2021; 11:725507. [PMID: 34858813 PMCID: PMC8630628 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.725507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We developed a deep learning model to achieve automatic multitarget delineation on planning CT (pCT) and synthetic CT (sCT) images generated from cone-beam CT (CBCT) images. The geometric and dosimetric impact of the model was evaluated for breast cancer adaptive radiation therapy. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 1,127 patients treated with radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery from two medical institutions. The CBCT images for patient setup acquired utilizing breath-hold guided by optical surface monitoring system were used to generate sCT with a generative adversarial network. Organs at risk (OARs), clinical target volume (CTV), and tumor bed (TB) were delineated automatically with a 3D U-Net model on pCT and sCT images. The geometric accuracy of the model was evaluated with metrics, including Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and 95% Hausdorff distance (HD95). Dosimetric evaluation was performed by quick dose recalculation on sCT images relying on gamma analysis and dose-volume histogram (DVH) parameters. The relationship between ΔD95, ΔV95 and DSC-CTV was assessed to quantify the clinical impact of the geometric changes of CTV. Results The ranges of DSC and HD95 were 0.73–0.97 and 2.22–9.36 mm for pCT, 0.63–0.95 and 2.30–19.57 mm for sCT from institution A, 0.70–0.97 and 2.10–11.43 mm for pCT from institution B, respectively. The quality of sCT was excellent with an average mean absolute error (MAE) of 71.58 ± 8.78 HU. The mean gamma pass rate (3%/3 mm criterion) was 91.46 ± 4.63%. DSC-CTV down to 0.65 accounted for a variation of more than 6% of V95 and 3 Gy of D95. DSC-CTV up to 0.80 accounted for a variation of less than 4% of V95 and 2 Gy of D95. The mean ΔD90/ΔD95 of CTV and TB were less than 2Gy/4Gy, 4Gy/5Gy for all the patients. The cardiac dose difference in left breast cancer cases was larger than that in right breast cancer cases. Conclusions The accurate multitarget delineation is achievable on pCT and sCT via deep learning. The results show that dose distribution needs to be considered to evaluate the clinical impact of geometric variations during breast cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Dai
- Department of Radiation Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Radiation Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junwen Tan
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
| | - Geng Yang
- Department of Radiation Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bailin Zhang
- Department of Radiation Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunya Cai
- Department of Radiation Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huaizhi Jin
- Department of Radiation Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoyu Meng
- Department of Radiation Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Tan
- Department of Radiation Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanwei Jian
- Department of Radiation Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuetao Wang
- Department of Radiation Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Vaassen F, Hazelaar C, Canters R, Peeters S, Petit S, van Elmpt W. The impact of organ-at-risk contour variations on automatically generated treatment plans for NSCLC. Radiother Oncol 2021; 163:136-142. [PMID: 34461185 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Quality of automatic contouring is generally assessed by comparison with manual delineations, but the effect of contour differences on the resulting dose distribution remains unknown. This study evaluated dosimetric differences between treatment plans optimized using various organ-at-risk (OAR) contouring methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS OARs of twenty lung cancer patients were manually and automatically contoured, after which user-adjustments were made. For each contour set, an automated treatment plan was generated. The dosimetric effect of intra-observer contour variation and the influence of contour variations on treatment plan evaluation and generation were studied using dose-volume histogram (DVH)-parameters for thoracic OARs. RESULTS Dosimetric effect of intra-observer contour variability was highest for Heart Dmax (3.4 ± 6.8 Gy) and lowest for Lungs-GTV Dmean (0.3 ± 0.4 Gy). The effect of contour variation on treatment plan evaluation was highest for Heart Dmax (6.0 ± 13.4 Gy) and Esophagus Dmax (8.7 ± 17.2 Gy). Dose differences for the various treatment plans, evaluated on the reference (manual) contour, were on average below 1 Gy/1%. For Heart Dmean, higher dose differences were found for overlap with PTV (median 0.2 Gy, 95% 1.7 Gy) vs. no PTV overlap (median 0 Gy, 95% 0.5 Gy). For Dmax-parameters, largest dose difference was found between 0-1 cm distance to PTV (median 1.5 Gy, 95% 4.7 Gy). CONCLUSION Dose differences arising from automatic contour variations were of the same magnitude or lower than intra-observer contour variability. For Heart Dmean, we recommend delineation errors to be corrected when the heart overlaps with the PTV. For Dmax-parameters, we recommend checking contours if the distance is close to PTV (<5 cm). For the lungs, only obvious large errors need to be adjusted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Vaassen
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Colien Hazelaar
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Canters
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie Peeters
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Petit
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter van Elmpt
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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van Pelt V, Gerrets S, Simões R, Elkhuizen P, Janssen T. Evaluation of delineating the target volume by radiation therapists in breast cancer patients. Tech Innov Patient Support Radiat Oncol 2021; 17:78-81. [PMID: 34007911 PMCID: PMC8110937 DOI: 10.1016/j.tipsro.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Breast radiotherapy accounts for a significant workload in radiotherapy departments. In 2015 it became clinical practice at the Netherlands Cancer Institute for radiation therapists (RTTs) to delineate the clinical target volume of the breast tissue (CTVbreast) and in 2017 axilla level I-II (CTVln12) according to a delineation atlas. All RTTs were trained and got individual feedback. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the variation between the CTVbreast with or without CTVln12 delineated by a trained group of radiation therapists and the clinical adjusted delineations by the radiation oncologist/physician assistant (RO/PA), in a large group of patients treated between January 2017 and June 2020. Materials and Methods 1012 computer tomography based delineations of CTVbreast and 146 of CTVln12 were collected from January 2017-June 2020. The RTT and RO/PA delineations were compared using the Dice coefficient and the 95th percentile Hausdorff Distance (95%HD). Statistical significance of the differences was tested using a Mann-Whitney test. Results Differences in CTVbreast delineations were small. A median Dice score of 1.00 for all years, where 83% of the patients had a Dice score > 0.99. For CTVln12 the magnitude of edits made by RO/PAs decreased over time, with the Dice increasing from a median of 0.87 in 2017 to 0.90 in 2020 (p = 0.031). The 95%HD decreased from a median of 0.93 cm in 2017 to 0.61 cm in 2020 (p = 0.051). Conclusions This retrospective study shows that trained dedicated RTTs are capable in delivering the same quality delineations as RO/PAs. The low variability supports the increasing role of RTTs in the contouring process, likely making it more time efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - T.M. Janssen
- Corresponding author at: Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Yi F, Park S, Moon I. High-throughput label-free cell detection and counting from diffraction patterns with deep fully convolutional neural networks. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-200328R. [PMID: 33686845 PMCID: PMC7939515 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.3.036001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is a promising technique for the study of semitransparent biological specimen such as red blood cells (RBCs). It is important and meaningful to detect and count biological cells at the single cell level in biomedical images for biomarker discovery and disease diagnostics. However, the biological cell analysis based on phase information of images is inefficient due to the complexity of numerical phase reconstruction algorithm applied to raw hologram images. New cell study methods based on diffraction pattern directly are desirable. AIM Deep fully convolutional networks (FCNs) were developed on raw hologram images directly for high-throughput label-free cell detection and counting to assist the biological cell analysis in the future. APPROACH The raw diffraction patterns of RBCs were recorded by use of DHM. Ground-truth mask images were labeled based on phase images reconstructed from RBC holograms using numerical reconstruction algorithm. A deep FCN, which is UNet, was trained on the diffraction pattern images to achieve the label-free cell detection and counting. RESULTS The implemented deep FCNs provide a promising way to high-throughput and label-free counting of RBCs with a counting accuracy of 99% at a throughput rate of greater than 288 cells per second and 200 μm × 200 μm field of view at the single cell level. Compared to convolutional neural networks, the FCNs can get much better results in terms of accuracy and throughput rate. CONCLUSIONS High-throughput label-free cell detection and counting were successfully achieved from diffraction patterns with deep FCNs. It is a promising approach for biological specimen analysis based on raw hologram directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faliu Yi
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Clinical Science, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Seonghwan Park
- Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Robotics Engineering, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkyu Moon
- Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Robotics Engineering, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Terparia S, Mir R, Tsang Y, Clark CH, Patel R. Automatic evaluation of contours in radiotherapy planning utilising conformity indices and machine learning. Phys Imaging Radiat Oncol 2020; 16:149-155. [PMID: 33458359 PMCID: PMC7807884 DOI: 10.1016/j.phro.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Peer-review of Target Volume (TV) and Organ at Risk (OAR) contours in radiotherapy planning are typically conducted visually; this can be time consuming and subject to interobserver variation. This study investigated automatic evaluation of contouring using conformity indices and supervised machine learning. METHODS A total of 393 contours from 253 Stereotactic Ablative Body Radiotherapy (SABR) benchmark cases (adrenal gland, liver, pelvic lymph node and spine), delineated by 132 clinicians from 25 centres, were visually evaluated for conformity against gold standard contours. Contours were scored as "pass" or "fail" on visual peer review and six Conformity Indices (CIs) were applied. CI values were mapped to pass/fail scores for each contour and used to train supervised machine learning models. A 5-fold cross validation method was employed to determine the predictive accuracies of each model. RESULTS The stomach structure produced models with the highest predictive accuracy overall (96% using Support Vector Machine and Ensemble models), whilst the liver GTV produced models with the lowest predictive accuracy (76% using Logistic Regression). Predictive accuracies across all models ranged from 68-96% (68-87% for TV and 71-96% for OARs). CONCLUSIONS Although a final visual review by an experienced clinician is still required, the automatic contour evaluation method could reduce the time for benchmark case reviews by identifying gross contouring errors. This method could be successfully implemented to support departmental training and the continuous assessment of outlining for clinical staff in the peer-review process, to reduce interobserver variability in contouring and improve interpretation of radiological anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Romaana Mir
- NIHR Radiotherapy Trials Quality Assurance Group, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, UK
| | - Yat Tsang
- Radiotherapy Physics, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, UK
- NIHR Radiotherapy Trials Quality Assurance Group, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, UK
| | - Catharine H Clark
- NIHR Radiotherapy Trials Quality Assurance Group, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, UK
- Radiotherapy Physics, University College London Hospital, London, UK
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
| | - Rushil Patel
- NIHR Radiotherapy Trials Quality Assurance Group, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, UK
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