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Sanders KM, Drumm BT, Cobine CA, Baker SA. Ca 2+ dynamics in interstitial cells: foundational mechanisms for the motor patterns in the gastrointestinal tract. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:329-398. [PMID: 37561138 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00036.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract displays multiple motor patterns that move nutrients and wastes through the body. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) provide the forces necessary for GI motility, but interstitial cells, electrically coupled to SMCs, tune SMC excitability, transduce inputs from enteric motor neurons, and generate pacemaker activity that underlies major motor patterns, such as peristalsis and segmentation. The interstitial cells regulating SMCs are interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and PDGF receptor (PDGFR)α+ cells. Together these cells form the SIP syncytium. ICC and PDGFRα+ cells express signature Ca2+-dependent conductances: ICC express Ca2+-activated Cl- channels, encoded by Ano1, that generate inward current, and PDGFRα+ cells express Ca2+-activated K+ channels, encoded by Kcnn3, that generate outward current. The open probabilities of interstitial cell conductances are controlled by Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum. The resulting Ca2+ transients occur spontaneously in a stochastic manner. Ca2+ transients in ICC induce spontaneous transient inward currents and spontaneous transient depolarizations (STDs). Neurotransmission increases or decreases Ca2+ transients, and the resulting depolarizing or hyperpolarizing responses conduct to other cells in the SIP syncytium. In pacemaker ICC, STDs activate voltage-dependent Ca2+ influx, which initiates a cluster of Ca2+ transients and sustains activation of ANO1 channels and depolarization during slow waves. Regulation of GI motility has traditionally been described as neurogenic and myogenic. Recent advances in understanding Ca2+ handling mechanisms in interstitial cells and how these mechanisms influence motor patterns of the GI tract suggest that the term "myogenic" should be replaced by the term "SIPgenic," as this review discusses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
| | - Bernard T Drumm
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk, Ireland
| | - Caroline A Cobine
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk, Ireland
| | - Salah A Baker
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
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2
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Sanders KM, Santana LF, Baker SA. Interstitial cells of Cajal - pacemakers of the gastrointestinal tract. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37997170 DOI: 10.1113/jp284745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) organs display spontaneous, non-neurogenic electrical, and mechanical rhythmicity that underlies fundamental motility patterns, such as peristalsis and segmentation. Electrical rhythmicity (aka slow waves) results from pacemaker activity generated by interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). ICC express a unique set of ionic conductances and Ca2+ handling mechanisms that generate and actively propagate slow waves. GI smooth muscle cells lack these conductances. Slow waves propagate actively within ICC networks and conduct electrotonically to smooth muscle cells via gap junctions. Slow waves depolarize smooth muscle cells and activate voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (predominantly CaV1.2), causing Ca2+ influx and excitation-contraction coupling. The main conductances responsible for pacemaker activity in ICC are ANO1, a Ca2+ -activated Cl- conductance, and CaV3.2. The pacemaker cycle, as currently understood, begins with spontaneous, localized Ca2+ release events in ICC that activate spontaneous transient inward currents due to activation of ANO1 channels. Depolarization activates CaV 3.2 channels, causing the upstroke depolarization phase of slow waves. The upstroke is transient and followed by a long-duration plateau phase that can last for several seconds. The plateau phase results from Ca2+ -induced Ca2+ release and a temporal cluster of localized Ca2+ transients in ICC that sustains activation of ANO1 channels and clamps membrane potential near the equilibrium potential for Cl- ions. The plateau phase ends, and repolarization occurs, when Ca2+ stores are depleted, Ca2+ release ceases and ANO1 channels deactivate. This review summarizes key mechanisms responsible for electrical rhythmicity in gastrointestinal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - L Fernando Santana
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Salah A Baker
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
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Werner CM, Willing LB, Goudsward HJ, McBride AR, Stella SL, Holmes GM. Plasticity of colonic enteric nervous system following spinal cord injury in male and female rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2023; 35:e14646. [PMID: 37480186 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurogenic bowel is a dysmotility disorder following spinal cord injury (SCI) that negatively impacts quality of life, social integration, and physical health. Colonic transit is directly modulated by the enteric nervous system. Interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICC) distributed throughout the small intestine and colon serve as specialized pacemaker cells, generating rhythmic electrical slow waves within intestinal smooth muscle, or serve as an interface between smooth muscle cells and enteric motor neurons of the myenteric plexus. Interstitial Cells of Cajal loss has been reported for other preclinical models of dysmotility, and our previous experimental SCI study provided evidence of reduced excitatory and inhibitory enteric neuronal count and smooth muscle neural control. METHODS Immunohistochemistry for the ICC-specific marker c-Kit was utilized to examine neuromuscular remodeling of the distal colon in male and female rats with experimental SCI. KEY RESULTS Myenteric plexus ICC (ICC-MP) exhibited increased cell counts 3 days following SCI in male rats, but did not significantly increase in females until 3 weeks after SCI. On average, ICC-MP total primary arborization length increased significantly in male rats at 3-day, 3-week, and 6-week time points, whereas in females, this increase occurred most frequently at 6 weeks post-SCI. Conversely, circular muscle ICC (ICC-CM) did not demonstrate post-SCI changes. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES These data demonstrate resiliency of the ICC-MP in neurogenic bowel following SCI, unlike seen in other related disease states. This plasticity underscores the need to further understand neuromuscular changes driving colonic dysmotility after SCI in order to advance therapeutic targets for neurogenic bowel treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Werner
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisa B Willing
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hannah J Goudsward
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amanda R McBride
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Salvatore L Stella
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gregory M Holmes
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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López-Pingarrón L, Almeida H, Soria-Aznar M, Reyes-Gonzales MC, Rodríguez-Moratinos AB, Muñoz-Hoyos A, García JJ. Interstitial Cells of Cajal and Enteric Nervous System in Gastrointestinal and Neurological Pathology, Relation to Oxidative Stress. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:3552-3572. [PMID: 37185756 PMCID: PMC10136929 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45040232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is organized into two plexuses-submucosal and myenteric-which regulate smooth muscle contraction, secretion, and blood flow along the gastrointestinal tract under the influence of the rest of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are mainly located in the submucosa between the two muscle layers and at the intramuscular level. They communicate with neurons of the enteric nerve plexuses and smooth muscle fibers and generate slow waves that contribute to the control of gastrointestinal motility. They are also involved in enteric neurotransmission and exhibit mechanoreceptor activity. A close relationship appears to exist between oxidative stress and gastrointestinal diseases, in which ICCs can play a prominent role. Thus, gastrointestinal motility disorders in patients with neurological diseases may have a common ENS and central nervous system (CNS) nexus. In fact, the deleterious effects of free radicals could affect the fine interactions between ICCs and the ENS, as well as between the ENS and the CNS. In this review, we discuss possible disturbances in enteric neurotransmission and ICC function that may cause anomalous motility in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura López-Pingarrón
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Henrique Almeida
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto University, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Porto University, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital-CUF Porto, 4100-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marisol Soria-Aznar
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marcos C Reyes-Gonzales
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Muñoz-Hoyos
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Joaquín J García
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Javan-Khoshkholgh A, Sassoon JC, Behbodikhah J, Dai W, Alemu S, Quadri S, Singh M, Savinova OV, Farajidavar A. Recording and analysis of slow waves of the small intestine of mice with heart failure. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2023; 35:e14514. [PMID: 36480434 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in heart failure (HF) patients are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We hypothesized that HF reduces bioelectrical activity underlying peristalsis. In this study, we aimed to establish a method to capture and analyze slow waves (SW) in the small intestine in mice with HF. METHODS We established a model of HF secondary to coronary artery disease in mice overexpressing tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) in endothelial cells. The myoelectric activity was recorded from the small intestine in live animals under anesthesia. The low- and high-frequency components of SW were isolated in MATLAB and compared between the control (n = 12) and eTNAP groups (n = 8). C-kit-positive interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and Pgp9.5-positive myenteric neurons were detected by immunofluorescence. Myenteric ganglia were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. RESULTS SW activity was successfully captured in vivo, with both high- and low-frequency components. Low-frequency component of SW was not different between endothelial TNAP (eTNAP) and control mice (mean[95% CI]: 0.032[0.025-0.039] vs. 0.040[0.028-0.052]). High-frequency component of SW showed a reduction eTNAP mice relative to controls (0.221[0.140-0.302] vs. 0.394[0.295-0.489], p < 0.01). Dysrhythmia was also apparent upon visual review of signals. The density of ICC and neuronal networks remained the same between the two groups. No significant reduction in the size of myenteric ganglia of eTNAP mice was observed. CONCLUSIONS A method to acquire SW activity from small intestines in vivo and isolate low- and high-frequency components was established. The results indicate that HF might be associated with reduced high-frequency SW activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Javan-Khoshkholgh
- Department of Materials Science and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joseph C Sassoon
- College of Engineering and Computing Sciences, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer Behbodikhah
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Wenchen Dai
- College of Engineering and Computing Sciences, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Senayt Alemu
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Saad Quadri
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Mohnish Singh
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Olga V Savinova
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Aydin Farajidavar
- College of Engineering and Computing Sciences, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
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Wang Y, Jiang H, Wang L, Gan H, Xiao X, Huang L, Li W, Li Z. Luteolin ameliorates loperamide-induced functional constipation in mice. Braz J Med Biol Res 2023; 56:e12466. [PMID: 36722660 PMCID: PMC9883005 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2023e12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional constipation (FC) is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders characterized by hard stools and infrequent bowel movements, which is associated with dysfunction of the enteric nervous system and intestinal motility. Luteolin, a naturally occurring flavone, was reported to possess potential pharmacological activities on intestinal inflammation and nerve injury. This study aimed to explore the role of luteolin and its functional mechanism in loperamide-induced FC mice. Our results showed that luteolin treatment reversed the reduction in defecation frequency, fecal water content, and intestinal transit ratio, and the elevation in transit time of FC models. Consistently, luteolin increased the thickness of the muscular layer and lessened colonic histopathological injury induced by loperamide. Furthermore, we revealed that luteolin treatment increased the expression of neuronal protein HuC/D and the levels of intestinal motility-related biomarkers, including substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and acetylcholine (ACh), as well as interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) biomarker KIT proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase (C-Kit), and anoctamin-1 (ANO1), implying that luteolin mediated enhancement of colonic function and contributed to the anti-intestinal dysmotility against loperamide-induced FC. Additionally, luteolin decreased the upregulation of aquaporin (AQP)-3, AQP-4, and AQP-8 in the colon of FC mice. In summary, our data showed that luteolin might be an attractive option for developing FC-relieving medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Wang
- College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huiping Gan
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinchun Xiao
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liangwu Huang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenxin Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zongrun Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
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Li J, Bai J, Tuerdi N, Liu K. Long non-coding RNA MEG3 promotes tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in interstitial cells of cajal via targeting the microRNA-21 /I-kappa-B-kinase beta axis. Bioengineered 2022; 13:8676-8688. [PMID: 35322738 PMCID: PMC9161977 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2054501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICC) plays a critical role in the peristaltic contractions of the gastrointestinal and urinary tract. The dysfunction and loss of ICC contributes to hypokinetic disease, such as gallstoneand ureteropelvic junction obstruction . In the present study, we identified the underlying driving molecular signals of oxidative stress and apoptosis in ICC. ICC was isolated from small intestine of Balb/c mice, and stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). MTT and flow cytometry were performed to assess cell viability, apoptosis, and the level of reactive oxygen species in ICC, respectively. The level of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in cells were measured to assess oxidative stress. The expression of inflammatory factors (interleukin, IL-1 and IL-6) and apoptosis-related proteins were detected by western blot. We observed that TNF-αinduced inflammation, oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in ICC. By using quantitative real-time PCR , we verified that the expression of long non-coding RNAMEG3 was elevated by TNF-α in ICC. Silencing MEG3 reversed inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosisin TNF-α-treated ICC. Subsequently, we confirmed that MEG3 sponged cytoprotective miR-21 to upregulate the expression of I-kappa-B-kinase beta (IKKB) and activate the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway. Both miR-21 overexpression and IKKB knockdown reduced TNF-α-induced above symptoms in ICC. Taken together, we can conclude that MEG3 mediates inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis in TNF-α-treated ICC via the miR-21/IKKB-NF-κB axis. The study improves our understanding of the molecular mechanism of ICC reduction related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Pediatric Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Junbo Bai
- Department of Pediatric Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Nafeisha Tuerdi
- Department of Pediatric Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Kaifang Liu
- Department of Pediatric Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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Xu S, Zhai J, Xu K, Zuo X, Wu C, Lin T, Zeng L. M1 macrophages-derived exosomes miR-34c-5p regulates interstitial cells of Cajal through targeting SCF. J Biosci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-021-00212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Interstitial Cells of Cajal: Potential Targets for Functional Dyspepsia Treatment Using Medicinal Natural Products. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:9952691. [PMID: 34306162 PMCID: PMC8263244 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9952691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia (FD) remains uncertain, but the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), pacemakers that regulate gastrointestinal motility, are garnering attention as key modulators and therapeutic targets in FD. This review comprehensively discusses the involvement of ICCs in the pharmacologic actions of FD and as therapeutic targets for herbal products for FD. Methods A search of the literature was performed using PubMed by pairing “interstitial cells of Cajal” with “medicinal plant, herbal medicine, phytotherapy, flavonoids, or traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).” Results From the 55 articles screened in the initial survey, 34 articles met our study criteria. The search results showed that herbal products can directly depolarize ICCs to generate pacemaker potentials and increase the expression of c-kit and stem cell factors, helping to repair ICCs. Under certain pathological conditions, medicinal plants also protect ICCs from oxidative stress and/or inflammation-induced impairment. Two representative herbal decoctions (Banhasasim-tang, 半夏泻心汤, and Yukgunja-tang, 六君子汤) have been shown to modulate ICC functions by both clinical and preclinical data. Conclusion This review strongly indicates the potential of herbal products to target ICCs and suggests that further ICC-based studies would be promising for the development of FD treatment agents.
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Fu BB, Zhao JN, Wu SD, Fan Y. Cholesterol gallstones: Focusing on the role of interstitial Cajal-like cells. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:3498-3505. [PMID: 34046450 PMCID: PMC8130069 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i15.3498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol gallstone (CG) is a common, frequent biliary system disease in China, with a complex and multifactorial etiology. Declined gallbladder motility reportedly contributes to CG pathogenesis. Furthermore, interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICLCs) are reportedly present in human and guinea pig gallbladder tissue. ICLCs potentially contribute to the regulation of gallbladder motility, and aberrant conditions involving the loss of ICLCs and/or a reduction in its pacing potential and reactivity to cholecystokinin may promote CG pathogenesis. This review discusses the association between ICLCs and CG pathogenesis and provides a basis for further studies on the functions of ICLCs and the etiologies of CG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei-Bei Fu
- Department of Health Management, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jian-Nan Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shuo-Dong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ying Fan
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
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Chen X, Meng X, Zhang H, Feng C, Wang B, Li N, Abdullahi KM, Wu X, Yang J, Li Z, Jiao C, Wei J, Xiong X, Fu K, Yu L, Besner GE, Feng J. Intestinal proinflammatory macrophages induce a phenotypic switch in interstitial cells of Cajal. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:6443-6456. [PMID: 32809970 DOI: 10.1172/jci126584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are pacemaker cells in the intestine, and their function can be compromised by loss of C-KIT expression. Macrophage activation has been identified in intestine affected by Hirschsprung disease-associated enterocolitis (HAEC). In this study, we examined proinflammatory macrophage activation and explored the mechanisms by which it downregulates C-KIT expression in ICCs in colon affected by HAEC. We found that macrophage activation and TNF-α production were dramatically increased in the proximal dilated colon of HAEC patients and 3-week-old Ednrb-/- mice. Moreover, ICCs lost their C-KIT+ phenotype in the dilated colon, resulting in damaged pacemaker function and intestinal dysmotility. However, macrophage depletion or TNF-α neutralization led to recovery of ICC phenotype and restored their pacemaker function. In isolated ICCs, TNF-α-mediated phosphorylation of p65 induced overexpression of microRNA-221 (miR-221), resulting in suppression of C-KIT expression and pacemaker currents. We also identified a TNF-α/NF-κB/miR-221 pathway that downregulated C-KIT expression in ICCs in the colon affected by HAEC. These findings suggest the important roles of proinflammatory macrophage activation in a phenotypic switch of ICCs, representing a promising therapeutic target for HAEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyong Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; and
| | - Xinyao Meng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; and
| | - Hongyi Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; and
| | - Chenzhao Feng
- Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; and
| | | | - Xiaojuan Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; and
| | - Jixin Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; and
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; and
| | - Chunlei Jiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; and
| | - Jia Wei
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; and
| | - Xiaofeng Xiong
- Department of Neonatal Surgery, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kang Fu
- Department of Neonatal Surgery, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Neonatal Surgery, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gail E Besner
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Center for Perinatal Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jiexiong Feng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; and
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12
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Gastric smooth muscle cells manifest an abnormal phenotype in Parkinson's disease rats with gastric dysmotility. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 381:217-227. [PMID: 32424507 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gastroparesis is a common symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) and whether any change occurs in gastric smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of PD patients is unclear. We previously reported that rats with bilateral substantia nigra lesions induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), referred to as 6-OHDA rats, manifest typical gastroparesis. In the present study, we further investigate the underlying mechanism. By means of an organ bath system and an implantable radiotelemetry system, both a weakened contractile force of gastric circular smooth muscle and gastric myoelectric activity were detected in the 6-OHDA rats and phasic and tonic contractions elicited by carbachol or high concentration of potassium were significantly reduced in gastric circular muscle strips. A thickened smooth muscle layer was observed under a light microscope and an ultrastructure of hypertrophic SMCs, with increased caveolae and decreased dense bodies, was observed under transmission electron microscope. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein expression levels of contractile markers (myosin light chain 20, myosin heavy chain 11 and α-smooth muscle actin) and the transcription factor serum response factor (SRF) were significantly decreased, while the TNFα and IL-1β content was increased in the 6-OHDA rats. These results suggest that the decreased contractile force in 6-OHDA rats may be associated with the phenotypic abnormality observed in SMCs, which is due to downregulated contractile proteins induced by decreased SRF expression in the inflammatory muscular microenvironment.
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Fintl C, Lindberg R, McL Press C. Myenteric networks of interstitial cells of Cajal are reduced in horses with inflammatory bowel disease. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:298-304. [PMID: 31397916 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a well-recognised but poorly understood disease complex in the horse. Clinical signs may vary but often include weight loss, diarrhoea and colic. The effect this disease process may have on the gastrointestinal pacemaker cells (the interstitial cells of Cajal), enteric neurons and glial cells has not been previously evaluated in the horse. OBJECTIVES To compare the density of the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), enteric neurons and glial cells in horses with IBD to those of normal horses using immunohistochemical markers. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective, quantitative immunohistochemical study. METHODS Ileal samples were collected during post-mortem examinations from 14 horses with a clinical and histopathological diagnosis of IBD and from eight normal controls. All horses were Standardbreds 1-15 years of age. Six of the IBD cases had eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EG) while the remaining eight had granulomatous enteritis (GE). Tissue sections were labelled with anti-CD117 (c-Kit), anti-TMEM16 (TMEM16), anti-protein gene product (PGP9.5) and anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) using standard immunohistochemical labelling techniques. Image analysis was performed to quantify the presence of ICC (CD117, TMEM16) as well as neuronal (PGP9.5) and enteroglial (GFAP) networks. RESULTS Interstitial cells of Cajal networks were significantly reduced in the myenteric plexus (MP) region in IBD horses compared with the controls for both markers (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the density of the neuronal or glial cell markers between the two groups (P>0.05). MAIN LIMITATIONS The number of horses included in the study. CONCLUSIONS Disruption to ICC networks may contribute to the clinical signs of colic in some horses with IBD. Further studies are needed to establish the pathophysiological mechanisms involved and the functional effects of the reduced ICC networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fintl
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - R Lindberg
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C McL Press
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Targeting IL-17A Improves the Dysmotility of the Small Intestine and Alleviates the Injury of the Interstitial Cells of Cajal during Sepsis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1475729. [PMID: 31531179 PMCID: PMC6721283 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1475729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal dysmotility is a frequent complication during sepsis and plays an important role in the development of secondary infections and multiple organ failure. However, the central mechanisms underlying this process have not been well elucidated. Currently, effective therapies are still lacking for the treatment of sepsis-induced intestinal dysmotility. In this study, we found that the activation of IL-17 signaling within the muscularis propria might be associated with dysmotility of the small intestine during polymicrobial sepsis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that targeting IL-17A partially rescued the motility of the small intestine and alleviated interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) injury during sepsis. The blockade of IL-17A suppressed the dominant sepsis-induced infiltration of M1-polarized macrophages into the muscularis. Additionally, impaired ICC survival may be associated with the oxidative stress injury induced by dominant infiltration of M1-polarized macrophages. Our findings reveal the important role of the IL-17 signaling pathway in the small intestine during sepsis and provide clues for developing a novel therapeutic strategy for treating gastrointestinal dysmotility during sepsis.
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Li S, Hu X, Tian R, Guo Y, Chen J, Li Z, Zhao X, Kuang L, Ran D, Zhao H, Zhang X, Wang J, Xia L, Yue J, Yao G, Fu Q, Shi H. RNA-Seq-based transcriptomic profiling of primary interstitial cells of Cajal in response to bovine viral diarrhea virus infection. Vet Res Commun 2019; 43:143-153. [PMID: 31102142 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-019-09754-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infections with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) contribute significantly to health-related economic losses in the beef and dairy industries and are widespread throughout the world. Severe acute BVDV infection is characterized by a gastrointestinal (GI) inflammatory response. The mechanism of inflammatory lesions caused by BVDV remains unknown. The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) network plays a pivotal role as a pacemaker in the generation of electrical slow waves for GI motility, and it is crucial for the reception of regulatory inputs from the enteric nervous system. The present study investigated whether ICC were a good model for studying GI inflammatory lesions caused by BVDV infection. Primary ICC were isolated from the duodenum of Merino sheep. The presence of BVDV was detected in ICC grown for five passages after BVDV infection, indicating that BVDV successfully replicated in ICC. After infection with BVDV strain TC, the cell proliferation proceeded slowly or declined. Morphological changes, including swelling, dissolution, and formation of vacuoles in the ICC were observed, indicating quantitative, morphological and functional changes in the cells. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed to investigate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in BVDV-infected ICC and explore the molecular mechanism of underlying quantitative, morphological and functional changes of ICC. Eight hundred six genes were differentially expressed after BVDV infection, of which 538 genes were upregulated and 268 genes were downregulated. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses showed that the 806 DEGs were significantly enriched in 27 pathways, including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, interleukin (IL)-17 signaling and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. The DEGs and raw files of high-throughput sequencing of this study were submitted to the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (accession number GSE122344). Finally, 21 DEGs were randomly selected, and the relative repression levels of these genes were tested using the quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to validate the RNA-Seq results. The results showed that the related expression levels of 21 DEGs were similar to RNA-Seq. This study is the first to establish a new infection model for investigating GI inflammatory lesions induced by BVDV infection. RNA-Seq-based transcriptomic profiling can provide a basis for study on BVDV-associated inflammatory lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xinyan Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ruixin Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yanting Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Junzhen Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xinyan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ling Kuang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Duoliang Ran
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hongqiong Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jinquan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lining Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jianbo Yue
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gang Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Huijun Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China.
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16
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Lu C, Lu H, Huang X, Liu S, Zang J, Li Y, Chen J, Xu W. Colonic Transit Disorder Mediated by Downregulation of Interstitial Cells of Cajal/Anoctamin-1 in Dextran Sodium Sulfate-induced Colitis Mice. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 25:316-331. [PMID: 30982243 PMCID: PMC6474700 DOI: 10.5056/jnm18173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and their special calcium-activated chloride channel, anoctamin-1 (ANO1) play pivotal roles in regulating colonic transit. This study is designed to investigate the role of ICC and the ANO1 channel in colonic transit disorder in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-treated colitis mice. Methods Colonic transit experiment, colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs), smooth muscle spontaneous contractile experiments, intracellular electrical recordings, western blotting analysis, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were applied in this study. Results The mRNA and protein expressions of c-KIT and ANO1 channels were significantly decreased in the colons of DSS-colitis mice. The colonic artificial fecal-pellet transit experiment in vitro was significantly delayed in DSS-colitis mice. The CMMCs and smooth muscle spontaneous contractions were significantly decreased by 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB), an ANO1 channel blocker, and NG-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase activity, in DSS-colitis mice compared with that of control mice. Intracellular electrical recordings showed that the amplitude of NPPB-induced hyperpolarization was more positive in DSS-colitis mice. The electric field stimulation-elicited nitric-dependent slow inhibitory junctional potentials were also more positive in DSS-colitis mice than those of control mice. Conclusion The results suggest that colonic transit disorder is mediated via downregulation of the nitric oxide/ICC/ANO1 signalling pathway in DSS-colitis mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongli Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaohua Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, South Renji Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyu Zang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujia Li
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxie Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Sanders KM, Ward SM. Nitric oxide and its role as a non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory neurotransmitter in the gastrointestinal tract. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:212-227. [PMID: 30063800 PMCID: PMC6295421 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
NO is a neurotransmitter released from enteric inhibitory neurons and responsible for modulating gastrointestinal (GI) motor behaviour. Enteric neurons express nNOS (NOS1) that associates with membranes of nerve varicosities. NO released from neurons binds to soluble guanylate cyclase in post-junctional cells to generate cGMP. cGMP-dependent protein kinase type 1 (PKG1) is a major mediator but perhaps not the only pathway involved in cGMP-mediated effects in GI muscles based on gene deletion studies. NOS1+ neurons form close contacts with smooth muscle cells (SMCs), interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and PDGFRα+ cells, and these cells are electrically coupled (SIP syncytium). Cell-specific gene deletion studies have shown that nitrergic responses are due to mechanisms in SMCs and ICC. Controversy exists about the ion channels and other post-junctional mechanisms that mediate nitrergic responses in GI muscles. Reduced nNOS expression in enteric inhibitory motor neurons and/or reduced connectivity between nNOS+ neurons and the SIP syncytium appear to be responsible for motor defects that develop in diabetes. An overproduction of NO in some inflammatory conditions also impairs normal GI motor activity. This review summarizes recent findings regarding the role of NO as an enteric inhibitory neurotransmitter. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Nitric Oxide 20 Years from the 1998 Nobel Prize. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.2/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell BiologyUniversity of Nevada, Reno, School of MedicineRenoNVUSA
| | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell BiologyUniversity of Nevada, Reno, School of MedicineRenoNVUSA
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Sanders KM. Spontaneous Electrical Activity and Rhythmicity in Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscles. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1124:3-46. [PMID: 31183821 PMCID: PMC7035145 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-5895-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract has multifold tasks of ingesting, processing, and assimilating nutrients and disposing of wastes at appropriate times. These tasks are facilitated by several stereotypical motor patterns that build upon the intrinsic rhythmicity of the smooth muscles that generate phasic contractions in many regions of the gut. Phasic contractions result from a cyclical depolarization/repolarization cycle, known as electrical slow waves, which result from intrinsic pacemaker activity. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are electrically coupled to smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and generate and propagate pacemaker activity and slow waves. The mechanism of slow waves is dependent upon specialized conductances expressed by pacemaker ICC. The primary conductances responsible for slow waves in mice are Ano1, Ca2+-activated Cl- channels (CaCCs), and CaV3.2, T-type, voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores in ICC appears to be the initiator of pacemaker depolarizations, activation of T-type current provides voltage-dependent Ca2+ entry into ICC, as slow waves propagate through ICC networks, and Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release and activation of Ano1 in ICC amplifies slow wave depolarizations. Slow waves conduct to coupled SMCs, and depolarization elicited by these events enhances the open-probability of L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, promotes Ca2+ entry, and initiates contraction. Phasic contractions timed by the occurrence of slow waves provide the basis for motility patterns such as gastric peristalsis and segmentation. This chapter discusses the properties of ICC and proposed mechanism of electrical rhythmicity in GI muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA.
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Lu C, Huang X, Lu HL, Liu SH, Zang JY, Li YJ, Chen J, Xu WX. Different distributions of interstitial cells of Cajal and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α positive cells in colonic smooth muscle cell/interstitial cell of Cajal/platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α positive cell syncytium in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:4989-5004. [PMID: 30510374 PMCID: PMC6262248 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i44.4989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the distribution and function of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α positive (PDGFRα+) cells in the proximal and distal colon.
METHODS The comparison of colonic transit in the proximal and distal ends was performed by colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs). The tension of the colonic smooth muscle was examined by smooth muscle spontaneous contractile experiments with both ends of the smooth muscle strip tied with a silk thread. Intracellular recordings were used to assess electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced inhibitory junction potentials (IJP) on the colonic smooth muscle. Western blot analysis was used to examine the expression levels of ICCs and PDGFRα in the colonic smooth muscle.
RESULTS Treatment with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) significantly increased the CMMC frequency and spontaneous contractions, especially in the proximal colon, while treatment with MRS2500 increased only distal CMMC activity and smooth muscle contractions. Both CMMCs and spontaneous contractions were markedly inhibited by NPPB, especially in the proximal colon. Accordingly, CyPPA sharply inhibited the distal contraction of both CMMCs and spontaneous contractions. Additionally, the amplitude of stimulation-induced nitric oxide (NO)/ICC-dependent slow IJPs (sIJPs) by intracellular recordings from the smooth muscles in the proximal colon was larger than that in the distal colon, while the amplitude of electric field stimulation-induced purinergic/PDGFRα-dependent fast IJPs (fIJPs) in the distal colon was larger than that in the proximal colon. Consistently, protein expression levels of c-Kit and anoctamin-1 (ANO1) in the proximal colon were much higher, while protein expression levels of PDGFRα and small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel 3 (SK3) in the distal colon were much higher.
CONCLUSION The ICCs are mainly distributed in the proximal colon and there are more PDGFRα+ cells are in the distal colon, which generates a pressure gradient between the two ends of the colon to propel the feces to the anus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lu
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xu Huang
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hong-Li Lu
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shao-Hua Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ren Ji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201112, China
| | - Jing-Yu Zang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yu-Jia Li
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wen-Xie Xu
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China
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Zhu Y, Jiang H, Chen Z, Lu B, Li J, Peng Y, Shen X. The genetic association between iNOS and eNOS polymorphisms and gastric cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:2497-2507. [PMID: 29765229 PMCID: PMC5939909 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s161925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective There are a number of susceptible factors for an increased risk of gastric cancer. Nitric oxide (NO) is considered to be associated with the development of a range of cancers. In particular, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) are known to play a central role in the production of NO. Published studies relating to the association between eNOS rs1799983, rs2070744, and iNOS rs2297518 polymorphisms and the risk of gastric cancer risk are conflicting and inconclusive and require further analysis. Materials and methods This study involved a meta-analysis of case–control studies relating to eNOS rs1799983, rs2070744, and iNOS rs2297518 polymorphisms published prior to January 2018. Literature searches were carried out in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library databases, and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate the strength of association based on genotype data. Results A total of 1,356 cases and 1,791 controls were included from nine case–control studies involving eNOS rs1799983 (G894T), rs2070744 (T-786C), and iNOS rs2297518 (C150T) polymorphisms. Data analysis indicated that iNOS rs2297518 was a risk factor for Helicobacter pylorus-positive gastric cancer when compared with H. pylorus-negative gastric cancer (p=0.003, OR [95% CI] =2.19 [1.31–3.66]). In addition, the allelic, dominant, and recessive models of eNOS rs2070744 were significantly associated with a risk of gastric cancer (allelic model: p<0.00001, OR [95% CI] =0.23 [0.16–0.34]; dominant model: p<0.00001, OR [95% CI] =0.25 [0.15–0.42]; recessive model: p<0.00001, OR [95% CI] =0.16 [0.08–0.30]). No association was identified between eNOS rs1799983 and the risk of gastric cancer (p>0.05). Conclusion iNOS rs2297518 and eNOS rs2070744 polymorphisms may represent susceptible factors for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Honggang Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiheng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bohao Lu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Peng
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuning Shen
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Electroacupuncture at ST-36 Protects Interstitial Cells of Cajal via Sustaining Heme Oxygenase-1 Positive M2 Macrophages in the Stomach of Diabetic Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:3987134. [PMID: 29854081 PMCID: PMC5944261 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3987134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Electroacupuncture (EA) at ST-36 has been reported to improve delayed gastric emptying and protect the networks of ICC in diabetic models. However, the mechanisms of the effects of EA are still unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the HO-1 positive M2 macrophages participate in the protective effects of EA for the ICC networks. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice were randomized into five groups: the normal control group, diabetic group (DM), diabetic mice with sham EA group (SEA), diabetic mice with low frequency EA group (LEA), and diabetic mice with high frequency EA group (HEA). ICC network changes were detected by Ano1 immunostaining. F4/80 and HO-1 costaining was used to measure HO-1 positive macrophage expression. Western blot and PCR methods were applied to monitor HO-1, IL-10, and macrophage markers, respectively. The serum MDA levels were detected by a commercial kit. Results This study presents the following results: (1) Compared with the control group, ICC networks were severely disrupted in the DM group, but no obvious changes were found in the LEA and HEA groups. (2) Many HO-1 positive macrophages could be observed in the LEA and HEA groups, and the expression of HO-1 was also markedly upregulated. (3) The IL-10 expression was obviously upregulated in the LEA and HEA groups. (4) The serum MDA levels were decreased in the real EA group. (5) When compared to the DM group, the expression of CD163 and Arg-1 was increased in the LEA and HEA groups, but the iNOS expression was decreased. Conclusion The protective effects of EA on the networks of ICC may rely on the HO-1 positive macrophages to mediate anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress effects.
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Zeng L, Li K, Wei H, Hu J, Jiao L, Yu S, Xiong Y. A Novel EphA2 Inhibitor Exerts Beneficial Effects in PI-IBS in Vivo and in Vitro Models via Nrf2 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:272. [PMID: 29662452 PMCID: PMC5890185 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Though the detailed pathological mechanism of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) remains unclear, accumulating evidence indicates that oxidative stress and inflammation are implicated in the process of PI-IBS. Oxidative stress and inflammation are regulated by Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathways, respectively. EphA2, a member of Eph receptor family, promotes oxidative stress and inflammatory responses via regulation of Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathways in various types of human diseases. Understanding the mechanisms by which EphA2 regulate oxidative stress and inflammation in PI-IBS is important for the development of new strategies to treat PI-IBS. However, the effects of ALW-II-41-27, a novel EphA2 inhibitor on PI-IBS and the underlying molecular mechanisms have never been studied. In the present study, we showed that ALW-II-41-27 decreased gastrointestinal motility and abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) scores, markedly reduced the levels of oxidative stress markers [4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), protein carbonyl, and 8-hydroxy-2-de-axyguanine (8-OHdG)] and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, and ICAM-1), and remarkably increased the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) in serum and colon of Trichinella spiralis-infected mice. Moreover, ALW-II-41-27 was effective in suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation in LPS-treated NCM460 colonic cells. Treatment of ALW-II-41-27 reversed the activation of NF-κB and inactivation of Nrf2 in LPS-treated NCM460 cells. Importantly, these protective effects of ALW-II-41-27 were partially inhibited by EphA2 KO and abolished by EphA2 overexpression. In conclusion, EphA2 may represent a promising therapeutic target for patients with PI-IBS and ALW-II-41-27 might function as a novel therapeutic agent for PI-IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kaixue Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingjing Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lu Jiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaoyong Yu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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Kaji N, Nakayama S, Horiguchi K, Iino S, Ozaki H, Hori M. Disruption of the pacemaker activity of interstitial cells of Cajal via nitric oxide contributes to postoperative ileus. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30. [PMID: 29542843 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) serve as intestinal pacemakers. Postoperative ileus (POI) is a gastrointestinal motility disorder that occurs following abdominal surgery, which is caused by inflammation-induced dysfunction of smooth muscles and enteric neurons. However, the participation of ICC in POI is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the functional changes of ICC in a mouse model of POI. METHODS Intestinal manipulation (IM) was performed to induce POI. At 24 h or 48 h after IM, the field potential of the intestinal tunica muscularis was investigated. Tissues were also examined by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopic analysis. KEY RESULTS Gastrointestinal transit was significantly decreased with intestinal tunica muscularis inflammation at 24 h after IM, which was ameliorated at 48 h after IM. The generation and propagation of pacemaker potentials were disrupted at 24 h after IM and recovered to the control level at 48 h after IM. ICC networks, detected by c-Kit immunoreactivity, were remarkably disrupted at 24 h after IM. Electron microscopic analysis revealed abnormal vacuoles in the ICC cytoplasm. Interestingly, the ICC networks recovered at 48 h after IM. Administration of aminoguanidine, an inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, suppressed the disruption of ICC networks. Ileal smooth muscle tissue cultured in the presence of nitric oxide donor, showed disrupted ICC networks. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES The generation and propagation of pacemaker potentials by ICC are disrupted via nitric oxide after IM, and this disruption may contribute to POI. When inflammation is ameliorated, ICC can recover their pacemaker function.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kaji
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Nakayama
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - K Horiguchi
- Division of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - S Iino
- Division of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - H Ozaki
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Hori
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Radu BM, Banciu A, Banciu DD, Radu M, Cretoiu D, Cretoiu SM. Calcium Signaling in Interstitial Cells: Focus on Telocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020397. [PMID: 28208829 PMCID: PMC5343932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we describe the current knowledge on calcium signaling pathways in interstitial cells with a special focus on interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICLCs), and telocytes. In detail, we present the generation of Ca2+ oscillations, the inositol triphosphate (IP3)/Ca2+ signaling pathway and modulation exerted by cytokines and vasoactive agents on calcium signaling in interstitial cells. We discuss the physiology and alterations of calcium signaling in interstitial cells, and in particular in telocytes. We describe the physiological contribution of calcium signaling in interstitial cells to the pacemaking activity (e.g., intestinal, urinary, uterine or vascular pacemaking activity) and to the reproductive function. We also present the pathological contribution of calcium signaling in interstitial cells to the aortic valve calcification or intestinal inflammation. Moreover, we summarize the current knowledge of the role played by calcium signaling in telocytes in the uterine, cardiac and urinary physiology, and also in various pathologies, including immune response, uterine and cardiac pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Mihaela Radu
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, Verona 37134, Italy.
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, Bucharest 050095, Romania.
| | - Adela Banciu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, Bucharest 050095, Romania.
- Research Beyond Limits, Dimitrie Cantemir 15, Bucharest 040234, Romania.
- Engineering Faculty, Constantin Brancusi University, Calea Eroilor 30, Targu Jiu 210135, Romania.
| | - Daniel Dumitru Banciu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, Bucharest 050095, Romania.
- Research Beyond Limits, Dimitrie Cantemir 15, Bucharest 040234, Romania.
| | - Mihai Radu
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, Verona 37134, Italy.
- Department of Life and Environmental Physics, Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Reactorului 30, P.O. Box MG-6, Magurele 077125, Romania.
| | - Dragos Cretoiu
- Division of Cell Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania.
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest 050096, Romania.
| | - Sanda Maria Cretoiu
- Division of Cell Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania.
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest 050096, Romania.
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