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Zhang G, Hu J, Li A, Zhang H, Guo Z, Li X, You Z, Wang Y, Jing Z. Ginsenoside Rg5 inhibits glioblastoma by activating ferroptosis via NR3C1/HSPB1/NCOA4. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155631. [PMID: 38640858 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The utilization of Chinese medicine as an adjunctive therapy for cancer has recently gained significant attention. Ferroptosis, a newly regulated cell death process depending on the ferrous ions, has been proved to be participated in glioma stem cells inactivation. PURPOSE We aim to study whether ginsenoside Rg5 exerted inhibitory effects on crucial aspects of glioma stem cells, including cell viability, tumor initiation, invasion, self-renewal ability, neurosphere formation, and stemness. METHODS Through comprehensive sequencing analysis, we identified a compelling association between ginsenoside Rg5 and the ferroptosis pathway, which was further validated through subsequent experiments demonstrating its ability to activate this pathway. RESULTS To elucidate the precise molecular targets affected by ginsenoside Rg5 in gliomas, we conducted an intersection analysis between differentially expressed genes obtained from sequencing and a database-predicted list of transcription factors and potential targets of ginsenoside Rg5. This rigorous approach led us to unequivocally confirm NR3C1 (Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 3 Group C Member 1) as a direct target of ginsenoside Rg5, a finding consistently supported by subsequent experimental investigations. Moreover, we uncovered NR3C1's capacity to transcriptionally regulate ferroptosis -related genes HSPB1 and NCOA4. Strikingly, ginsenoside Rg5 induced notable alterations in the expression levels of both HSPB1 (Heat Shock Protein Family B Member 1) and NCOA4 (Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 4). Finally, our intracranial xenograft assays served to reaffirm the inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg5 on the malignant progression of glioblastoma. CONCLUSION These collective findings strongly suggest that ginsenoside Rg5 hampers glioblastoma progression by activating ferroptosis through NR3C1, which subsequently modulates HSPB1 and NCOA4. Importantly, this novel therapeutic direction holds promise for advancing the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Jinpeng Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Ao Li
- Emergency department, Liaoning Provincial People Hospital, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Haiying Zhang
- International Education College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 79 Chongshan East Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110042, China
| | - Zhengting Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xinqiao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Zinan You
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Department of Radiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, PR China.
| | - Zhitao Jing
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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Li Z, Li Y, Liu C, Gu Y, Han G. Research progress of the mechanisms and applications of ginsenosides in promoting bone formation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155604. [PMID: 38614042 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone deficiency-related diseases caused by various factors have disrupted the normal function of the skeleton and imposed a heavy burden globally, urgently requiring potential new treatments. The multi-faceted role of compounds like ginsenosides and their interaction with the bone microenvironment, particularly osteoblasts can promote bone formation and exhibit anti-inflammatory, vascular remodeling, and antibacterial properties, holding potential value in the treatment of bone deficiency-related diseases and bone tissue engineering. PURPOSE This review summarizes the interaction between ginsenosides and osteoblasts and the bone microenvironment in bone formation, including vascular remodeling and immune regulation, as well as their therapeutic potential and toxicity in the broad treatment applications of bone deficiency-related diseases and bone tissue engineering, to provide novel insights and treatment strategies. METHODS The literature focusing on the mechanisms and applications of ginsenosides in promoting bone formation before March 2024 was searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct databases. Keywords such as "phytochemicals", "ginsenosides", "biomaterials", "bone", "diseases", "bone formation", "microenvironment", "bone tissue engineering", "rheumatoid arthritis", "periodontitis", "osteoarthritis", "osteoporosis", "fracture", "toxicology", "pharmacology", and combinations of these keywords were used. RESULTS Ginsenoside monomers regulate signaling pathways such as WNT/β-catenin, FGF, and BMP/TGF-β, stimulating osteoblast generation and differentiation. It exerts angiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects by regulating the bone surrounding microenvironment through signaling such as WNT/β-catenin, NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and Notch. It shows therapeutic effects and biological safety in the treatment of bone deficiency-related diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, periodontitis, osteoporosis, and fractures, and bone tissue engineering by promoting osteogenesis and improving the microenvironment of bone formation. CONCLUSION The functions of ginsenosides are diverse and promising in treating bone deficiency-related diseases and bone tissue engineering. Moreover, potential exists in regulating the bone microenvironment, modifying biomaterials, and treating inflammatory-related bone diseases and dental material applications. However, the mechanisms and effects of some ginsenoside monomers are still unclear, and the lack of clinical research limits their clinical application. Further exploration and evaluation of the potential of ginsenosides in these areas are expected to provide more effective methods for treating bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Li
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Chaoran Liu
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Yuqing Gu
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Guanghong Han
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China.
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Deng L, Tian W, Luo L. Application of natural products in regulating ferroptosis in human diseases. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155384. [PMID: 38547620 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ferroptosis is a type of cell death caused by excessive iron-induced peroxidation. It has been found to be involved in a variety of diseases, and natural products can be used to target ferroptosis in treatments. Natural products are biologically active compounds extracted or synthesized from nature. It is an important resource for the discovery of skeletons with a high degree of structural diversity and a wide range of bioactivities, which can be developed directly or used as a starting point for the optimization of new drugs. PURPOSE In this review, we aim to discuss the interactions between natural products and ferroptosis in the treatment of human diseases. METHODS Literature was searched in Pubmed, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases for the 11-year period from 2012 to 2023 using the search terms "natural products", "ferroptosis", "human disease", "neurodegenerative disease", "cardiovascular disease", and "cancer". RESULTS In this research, the roles of natural products and ferroptosis were investigated. We suggest that natural products, such as terpenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, and saponins, can be used in therapeutic applications for human diseases, as well as in ferroptosis. Additionally, the main mechanisms of ferroptosis were summarized and discussed. Furthermore, we propose that natural products can be utilized to enhance the sensitivity of cancer cells to ferroptosis, thus helping to overcome drug resistance and inhibit metastasis. Moreover, natural products have the potential to modulate the expression levels of ferroptosis-related factors. Finally, the future directions of this field were highlighted. CONCLUSION The potential of natural products which focus on ferroptosis to treat human illnesses, particularly cancer, is very encouraging for human wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Deng
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen Tian
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Lianxiang Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, Guangdong, China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang 524023, Guangdong, China
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Ma Y, Zhao Y, Luo M, Jiang Q, Liu S, Jia Q, Bai Z, Wu F, Xie J. Advancements and challenges in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic research on the traditional Chinese medicine saponins: a comprehensive review. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1393409. [PMID: 38774213 PMCID: PMC11106373 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1393409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent research on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) saponin pharmacokinetics has revealed transformative breakthroughs and challenges. The multicomponent nature of TCM makes it difficult to select representative indicators for pharmacokinetic studies. The clinical application of saponins is limited by their low bioavailability and short half-life, resulting in fluctuating plasma concentrations. Future directions should focus on novel saponin compounds utilizing colon-specific delivery and osmotic pump systems to enhance oral bioavailability. Optimizing drug combinations, such as ginsenosides with aspirin, shows therapeutic potential. Rigorous clinical validation is essential for practical applications. This review emphasizes a transformative era in saponin research, highlighting the need for clinical validation. TCM saponin pharmacokinetics, guided by traditional principles, are in development, utilizing multidisciplinary approaches for a comprehensive understanding. This research provides a theoretical basis for new clinical drugs and supports rational clinical medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yongxia Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Mingxia Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qin Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Sha Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qi Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhixun Bai
- Organ Transplant Center, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Faming Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Zhang M, Niu H, Li Q, Jiao L, Li H, Wu W. Active Compounds of Panax ginseng in the Improvement of Alzheimer's Disease and Application of Spatial Metabolomics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 17:38. [PMID: 38256872 PMCID: PMC10818864 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (P. ginseng) is one of the more common traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). It contains numerous chemical components and exhibits a range of pharmacological effects. An enormous burden is placed on people's health and life by Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative condition. Recent research has shown that P. ginseng's chemical constituents, particularly ginsenosides, have a significant beneficial impact on the prevention and management of neurological disorders. To understand the current status of research on P. ginseng to improve AD, this paper discusses the composition of P. ginseng, its mechanism of action, and its clinical application. The pathogenesis of AD includes amyloid beta protein (Aβ) generation and aggregation, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, oxidant stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial damage, and neurotransmitter and gut microbiota disorders. This review presents the key molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of the active ingredients in P. ginseng involved in improving AD from the perspective of AD pathogenesis. A P. ginseng-related signaling pathway network was constructed to provide effective targets for the treatment of AD. In addition, the application of spatial metabolomics techniques in studying P. ginseng and AD is discussed. In summary, this paper discusses research perspectives for the study of P. ginseng in the treatment of AD, including a systematic and in-depth review of the mechanisms of action of the active substances in P. ginseng, and evaluates the feasibility of applying spatial metabolomics in the study of AD pathogenesis and pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hui Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (M.Z.); (H.N.); (Q.L.); (L.J.)
| | - Wei Wu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (M.Z.); (H.N.); (Q.L.); (L.J.)
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Li CJ, Zhai RR, Zhu XY, Guo ZF, Yang H. Discovery of effective combination from Renshen-Fuzi herbal pair against heart failure by spectrum-effect relationship analysis and zebrafish models. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 317:116832. [PMID: 37352946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional herbal pair Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma (roots and rhizomes of Panax ginseng C.A. Mey, Renshen in Chinese) and Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata (lateral roots of Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux, Fuzi in Chinese), composition of two traditional Chinese medicinal herbs, has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine formula, in which Shenfu decoction has been used clinically in China for the treatment of heart failure at present. AIM OF THE STUDY Although the ginsenosides and aconite alkaloids have been proven as the essential bioactive components in Renshen-Fuzi herbal pair, the exact composition of effective components to combat heart failure are still unclear. Therefore, spectrum-effect relationship analysis was performed to reveal its effective combination for anti-heart failure effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS Firstly, the chemical constituents of Renshen-Fuzi herbal pair were identified using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF MS). The 39 major compounds in Renshen-Fuzi with five different compatibility ratios were simultaneously quantified using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QQQ MS/MS). Subsequently, zebrafish models induced by verapamil hydrochloride were constructed and four heart failure-related indexes were selected for pharmacodynamic evaluation of Renshen-Fuzi. To analyze the spectrum-effect relationships, partial least squares regression (PLSR) models were established among the contents of 39 compounds in Renshen-Fuzi with each pharmacodynamic index. According to the contribution of each compound to the whole efficacy, 12 compounds were finally screened out as the effective combination. RESULTS A total of 157 chemical compounds of Renshen-Fuzi herbal pair were identified, in which 39 components were simultaneously determined. The pharmacological effects indicated that Renshen-Fuzi with 1:2 ratio exhibited the best effect based on zebrafish model, which could improve cardiac output and blood flow velocity and inhibit pericardial enlargement and venous blood stasis significantly. A combination of 9 ginsenosides and 3 aconite alkaloids based on a component-efficacy modeling by PLSR was screened, and exerted approximately equivalent pharmacological effects compared with Renshen-Fuzi herbal pair. CONCLUSIONS Our findings elucidated the effective combination of Renshen-Fuzi herbal pair that has been used in clinic for the treatment of heart failure, which could also promote the pharmacological research and quality control of their formula such as Shenfu decoction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Rong-Rong Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zi-Fan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Wang Y, Han Q, Zhang S, Xing X, Sun X. New perspective on the immunomodulatory activity of ginsenosides: Focus on effective therapies for post-COVID-19. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115154. [PMID: 37454595 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 700 million confirmed cases of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) have been reported globally, and 10-60% of patients are expected to exhibit "post-COVID-19 symptoms," which will continue to affect human life and health. In the absence of safer, more specific drugs, current multiple immunotherapies have failed to achieve satisfactory efficacy. Ginseng, a traditional Chinese medicine, is often used as an immunomodulator and has been used in COVID-19 treatment as a tonic to increase blood oxygen saturation. Ginsenosides are the main active components of ginseng. In this review, we summarize the multiple ways in which ginsenosides affect post-COVID-19 symptoms, including inhibition of lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor signaling, modulation of chemokine receptors and inflammasome activation, induction of macrophage polarization, effects on Toll-like receptors, nuclear factor kappa-B, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, lymphocytes, intestinal flora, and epigenetic regulation. Ginsenosides affect virus-mediated tissue damage, local or systemic inflammation, immune modulation, and other links, thus alleviating respiratory and pulmonary symptoms, reducing the cardiac burden, protecting the nervous system, and providing new ideas for the rehabilitation of patients with post-COVID-19 symptoms. Furthermore, we analyzed its role in strengthening body resistance to eliminate pathogenic factors from the perspective of ginseng-epidemic disease and highlighted the challenges in clinical applications. However, the benefit of ginsenosides in modulating organismal imbalance post-COVID-19 needs to be further evaluated to better validate the pharmacological mechanisms associated with their traditional efficacy and to determine their role in individualized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Qin Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Shuxia Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China.
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China.
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Yun E, Kwon BS, Kim J, Lee A. Ginsenoside Rg3 attenuates pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting endothelial to mesenchymal transition. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2023; 27:159-170. [PMID: 37554358 PMCID: PMC10405771 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2023.2244549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive and chronic lung disease characterized by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and fibroblast proliferation. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) serves as a source of fibroblasts and contributes to PF progression. Ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3), a steroidal saponin extracted from ginseng, is known to have pharmacological effects on vascular diseases. We have previously demonstrated that Rg3 inhibits EndMT and prevents endothelial dysfunction. Thus, we hypothesized that Rg3 may be a potential therapeutic agent for PF-targeting EndMT. EndMT occurs in the lung tissue of a bleomycin-induced PF mouse model, which was confirmed by co-staining of endothelial and mesenchymal markers in the pulmonary vasculature and changes in the expression of these markers. Rg3 administration decreased EndMT and suppressed PF development. We also examined the effect of Rg3 in an in vitro EndMT model induced by co-treatment with TGF-β2 and IL-1β. Rg3 treatment alleviated the characteristics of EndMT such as spindle-shaped morphological changes, EndMT marker expression changes, Dil-Ac-LDL uptake and migratory properties. In addition, we demonstrated the mechanism by which Rg3 inhibits EndMT by regulating the Smad2/3 signaling pathway. Collectively, Rg3 can be a potential therapeutic agent for PF using the EndMT inhibition strategy, furthermore, it can be considered Rg3 as a therapeutic candidate for various EndMT-associated vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsik Yun
- Division of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Su Kwon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongmin Kim
- Division of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
- Research Institute for Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Aram Lee
- Division of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
- Research Institute for Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
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Cai C, Weng Y, Wang X, Wu Y, Li Y, Wang P, Zeng C, Yang Z, Jia B, Tang L, Chen L. Single-cell RNA landscape of cell heterogeneity and immune microenvironment in ligation-induced vascular remodeling in rat. Atherosclerosis 2023; 377:1-11. [PMID: 37343431 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Vascular remodeling is a common pathological basis for cardiovascular diseases. Although both immune and non-immune cells have been suggested to contribute to this process, the complex cellular heterogeneity and intercellular interactions remain largely uncharacterized. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we simulated early and late vascular remodeling by ligating the rat carotid artery for 1 week and 4 weeks, respectively. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we characterized gene expression signatures and driver signals of major cell types involved in vascular remodeling. Focused analysis revealed a novel sub-population of Selenbp1hi smooth muscle cells (SMCs) associated with vascular remodeling. Results of intercellular communication analyses predicted several ligand-receptor pairs between immune cells with SMCs and endothelial cells (ECs), implicating SMCs apoptosis and repair, ECs aging and inflammatory responses. CONCLUSIONS We present a comprehensive single-cell atlas of vascular cells in early and late stages of ligated rat carotid artery, providing valuable insights into the understanding of the initiation and progression of vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Fujian Heart Medical Center, Fujian Institute of Coronary Heart Disease, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Yingzheng Weng
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310013, China; Department of Medicine, The Second College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Xihao Wang
- Department of Medicine, The Second College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Yonghui Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Ya Li
- Department of Cardiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Peipei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Chunlai Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Zhouxin Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Bingbing Jia
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310013, China.
| | - Lijiang Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310013, China.
| | - Lianglong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Fujian Heart Medical Center, Fujian Institute of Coronary Heart Disease, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
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Tang BL, Liu Y, Zhang JL, Lu ML, Wang HX. Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension by inhibiting endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and inflammation by regulating CCN1. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114920. [PMID: 37216706 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic obstructive disease characterized by vascular remodeling. Studies have confirmed that ginsenoside Rg1 can improve pulmonary hypertension to a certain extent, but the potential mechanism by which it improves hypoxia-induced PAH remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on hypoxia-induced PAH. The results showed that hypoxia promoted inflammation, EndMT, and vascular remodeling, which were accompanied by decreased CCN1 levels and increased p-NFκB p65, TGF-β1, and p-Smad 2/3 levels. Treatment with ginsenoside Rg1, recombinant CCN1, BAY-11-7082, and SB-431542 could prevent hypoxia-induced vascular remodeling, reduce the expression of the hypoxia-induced inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β, inhibit the expression of the mesenchymal markers α-SMA and Vimentin and restore the expression of the endothelial markers CD31 and VE-cadherin to improve hypoxia-induced EndMT, which may be associated with the upregulation of CCN1 protein expression and downregulation of p-NFκB p65, TGF-β1, and p-Smad 2/3 in rats and cells. siRNA CCN1 transfection increased the expression of p-NFκB p65, TGF-β1, and p-Smad 2/3 and accelerated the occurrence and development of inflammation and EndMT after hypoxia. In summary, our study indicated that hypoxia-induced EndMT and inflammation play a role in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH). Ginsenoside Rg1 treatment could reverse hypoxia-induced EndMT and inflammation by regulating CCN1 and has potential value in the prevention and treatment of HPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Lin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Jing-Liang Zhang
- Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Mei-Li Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Hong-Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China.
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11
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How ginseng regulates autophagy: Insights from multistep process. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114139. [PMID: 36580724 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although autophagy is a recognized contributor to the pathogenesis of human diseases, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are the only two FDA-approved autophagy inhibitors to date. Emerging evidence has revealed the potential therapeutic benefits of various extracts and active compounds isolated from ginseng, especially ginsenosides and their derivatives, by mediating autophagy. Mechanistically, active components from ginseng mediate key regulators in the multistep processes of autophagy, namely, initiation, autophagosome biogenesis and cargo degradation. AIM OF REVIEW To date, a review that systematically described the relationship between ginseng and autophagy is still lacking. Breakthroughs in finding the key players in ginseng-autophagy regulation will be a promising research area, and will provide positive insights into the development of new drugs based on ginseng and autophagy. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Here, we comprehensively summarized the critical roles of ginseng-regulated autophagy in treating diseases, including cancers, neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, and neurotoxicity. The dual effects of the autophagy response in certain diseases are worthy of note; thus, we highlight the complex impacts of both ginseng-induced and ginseng-inhibited autophagy. Moreover, autophagy and apoptosis are controlled by multiple common upstream signals, cross-regulate each other and affect certain diseases, especially cancers. Therefore, this review also discusses the cross-signal transduction pathways underlying the molecular mechanisms and interaction between ginseng-regulated autophagy and apoptosis.
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Zhao F, Lu M, Wang H. Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction by suppressing the formation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species through the calpain-1 pathway. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:144-154. [PMID: 36644390 PMCID: PMC9834019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As the major pathophysiological feature of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is vital for the occurrence of cardiovascular complications. The activation of calpain-1 mediates the production of endothelial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impairs nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, resulting in vascular endothelial dysfunction (VED). Ginsenoside Rg1 is thought to against endothelial cell dysfunction, but the potential mechanism of CIH-induced VED remains unclear. Methods C57BL/6 mice and human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) were exposed to CIH following knockout or overexpression of calpain-1. The effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on VED, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the expression levels of calpain-1, PP2A and p-eNOS were detected both in vivo and in vitro. Results CIH promoted VED, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction accompanied by enhanced levels of calpain-1 and PP2A and reduced levels of p-eNOS in mice and cellular levels. Ginsenoside Rg1, calpain-1 knockout, OKA, NAC and TEMPOL treatment protected against CIH-induced VED, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which is likely concomitant with the downregulated protein expression of calpain-1 and PP2A and the upregulation of p-eNOS in mice and cellular levels. Calpain-1 overexpression increased the expression of PP2A, reduced the level of p-eNOS, and accelerated the occurrence and development of VED, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in HCAECs exposed to CIH. Moreover, scavengers of O2 • -, H2O2, complex Ⅰ or mitoKATP abolished CIH-induced impairment in endothelial-dependent relaxation. Conclusion Ginsenoside Rg1 may alleviate CIH-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction by suppressing the formation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species through the calpain-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meili Lu
- Corresponding authors. Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China.
| | - Hongxin Wang
- Corresponding authors. Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China.
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13
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Xu H, He Y, Hong T, Bi C, Li J, Xia M. Piezo1 in vascular remodeling of atherosclerosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension: A potential therapeutic target. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1021540. [PMID: 36247424 PMCID: PMC9557227 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1021540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular remodeling (VR) is a structural and functional change of blood vessels to adapt to the changes of internal and external environment. It is one of the common pathological features of many vascular proliferative diseases. The process of VR is mainly manifested in the changes of vascular wall structure and function, including intimal hyperplasia, thickening or thinning of media, fibrosis of adventitia, etc. These changes are also the pathological basis of aging and various cardiovascular diseases. Mechanical force is the basis of cardiovascular biomechanics, and the newly discovered mechanical sensitive ion channel Piezo1 is widely distributed in the whole cardiovascular system. Studies have confirmed that Piezo1, a mechanically sensitive ion channel, plays an important role in cardiovascular remodeling diseases. This article reviews the molecular mechanism of Piezo1 in atherosclerosis, hypertension and pulmonary hypertension, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the further study of vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xu
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yu He
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian, China
| | - Tianying Hong
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Cong Bi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Jing Li
| | - Mingfeng Xia
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Mingfeng Xia
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Yu T, Zhang YX, Liu XJ, Chen DQ, Wang DD, Zhu GQ, Gao Q. Investigation of the pharmacological effect and mechanism of mountain-cultivated ginseng and garden ginseng in cardiovascular diseases based on network pharmacology and zebrafish experiments. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:920979. [PMID: 36120313 PMCID: PMC9474728 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.920979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey) is a kind of perennial herb of the Panax genus in the Araliaceae family. The secondary metabolites of mountain-cultivated ginseng (MCG) and garden ginseng (GG) vary greatly due to their different growth environments. To date, the differences in their pharmacological effects on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and their clinical applications remain unclear. To distinguish between the components of MCG and GG, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) was performed. Next, the relationship between the expression of metabolites and the categories of the sample were analyzed using supervised partial least squares discriminant analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. A network-based pharmacology approach was developed and applied to determine the underlying mechanism of different metabolites in CVD. In the present study, the role of MCG and GG in angiogenesis and their protective effects on damaged blood vessels in a vascular injury model of zebrafish were investigated. Using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS, 11 different metabolites between MCG and GG were identified. In addition, 149 common target genes associated with the metabolites and CVD were obtained; these targets were related to tumor protein P53, proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src, human ubiquitin-52 amino acid fusion protein, ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a, polyubiquitin B, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1, vascular endothelial growth factor A, glycose synthase kinase-3B, and coagulation factor II and were associated with the regulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt signaling pathway, the tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, and the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) signaling pathway, which play important roles in the curative effect in CVD treatment. Both types of ginseng can promote the growth of the subintestinal vessel plexus and protect injured intersegmental vessels through the HIF-1α/vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, MCG has a stronger impact than GG. This is the first time metabolomics and network pharmacology methods were combined to study the difference between MCG and GG on CVDs, which provides a significant theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of CVD with two kinds of ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Xin Zhang
- SPH XingLing Sci&Tech. Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Juan Liu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Qing Chen
- Shanghai SPH Shenxiang Health Medicine Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- SPH XingLing Sci&Tech. Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Qin Zhu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- SPH XingLing Sci&Tech. Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- SPH XingLing Sci&Tech. Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Gao,
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Wang H, Wu Z, Liu Y, Wang M, Stalin A, Guo S, Li J, Wu C, Zhang J, Tan Y, Huang Z, Lu S, Fan X, Wu J. A novel strategy to reveal clinical advantages and molecular mechanism of aidi injection in the treatment of pancreatic cancer based on network meta-analysis and network pharmacology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 285:114852. [PMID: 34838619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pancreatic cancer is a common malignancy worldwide due to its poor prognosis and high mortality rate. It is clinically proven that the combination of chemotherapeutic drugs and Traditional Chinese Medicine injections (TCMIs) significantly improves the therapeutic effect. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the efficacy and clinical benefits of TCMIs in combination with chemotherapy in the treatment of pancreatic cancer and to explore the mechanism of clinical advantage of Aidi injection. METHODS Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were searched in databases by NMA before December 29, 2020. WinBUGS 1.4, Stata 14.0, and R 4.0.4 software were used for calculations. All results were expressed as odds ratios and 95% credible intervals. Through the network pharmacology method, the chemical components and their targets, as well as the disease targets were further analyzed. And then, biological experiments were integrated to verify the results of network pharmacology analysis. (PROSPERO ID: CRD42021283559). RESULTS A total of 33 RCTs with 8 TCMIs and 2011 patients were included. The results of NMA showed that Aidi injection can significantly improve the clinical efficacy (OR = 0.34, 95%CI: 0.16-0.74), and the clinical advantage was that it can significantly alleviate the leukopenia and thrombocytopenia caused by chemotherapy (OR = 5.65, 95%CI: 1.18-28.13). A total of 23 chemical compounds and 280 potential targets for Aidi injection were obtained from the online databases. Among them, there were 22 compounds, 50 targets and 211 signaling pathways closely related to leukopenia. Five genes were predicted to be core targets of ADI in alleviating leukopenia, and 2 of them (TP53 and VEGFA) were confirmed by biological experiments as regulatory targets of ADI in the treatment of PC. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, TCMIs in combination with chemotherapy, can improve clinical efficacy and safety in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. However, the overall evidence base is low, and large samples with multi-center RCTs are still needed to support further research findings. Aidi injection can alleviate leukopenia mainly by intervening in oxidative stress, regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis, and regulating the inflammatory response. The combined application of NMA, network pharmacology, and biological experiments provides a reference for clinical evaluation and mechanism of action exploration of other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojia Wang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Zhishan Wu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yingying Liu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Antony Stalin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Siyu Guo
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jialin Li
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jingyuan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yingying Tan
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Zhihong Huang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xiaotian Fan
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jiarui Wu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Pu Z, Lu J, Yang X. Emerging Roles of Circular RNAs in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Dysfunction. Front Genet 2022; 12:749296. [PMID: 35126447 PMCID: PMC8807483 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.749296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the major pathophysiological basis of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) constitute the main structure of vasculature and play important roles in maintaining vascular tone and blood pressure. Many biological processes and cellular signaling events involved in atherosclerogenesis have been shown to converge on deregulating VSMC functions. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying dysfunctional VSMC in atherosclerosis are still poorly defined. Recent evidence revealed that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are closely related to diseases such as degenerative diseases, tumor, congenital diseases, endocrine diseases and cardiovascular diseases. Several studies demonstrated that circRNAs (e.g., circACTA2, Circ-SATB2, circDiaph3, circ_0020397, circTET3, circCCDC66) played critical roles in the regulation of VSMC proliferation, migration, invasion, and contractile-to-synthetic phenotype transformation by sponging microRNAs (e.g., miR-548f-5p, miR-939, miR-148a-5p, miR-138, miR-351-5p, miR-342-3p). This review describes recent progress in the profiling of circRNAs by transcriptome analysis in VSMCs and their molecular functions in regulating VSMC proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jingbo Lu
- *Correspondence: Jingbo Lu, ; Xiaohan Yang,
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Apatinib and Ginsenoside-Rb1 Synergetically Control the Growth of Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:3833489. [PMID: 35069931 PMCID: PMC8776476 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3833489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Apatinib is an anticancer drug known to inhibit the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) through regulating tyrosine kinases. Drug resistance and reduced activity in various cancers is the matter of great concern; thus, researchers opt to use combination of the two or more drugs. So far, its gynergetic anticancer role with a traditional Chinese drug Ginsenoside-Rb1 (G-Rb1) has not been studied in cancers including hypopharyngeal carcinoma. Objective The current study is aimed at investigating the anticancer synergetic effects of G-Rb1 and apatinib in hypopharyngeal carcinoma. Methods The synergetic effects of both drugs on cell proliferation, wound healing and cell migration, and cell apoptosis were studied in hypopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Furthermore, the xenograft rat model was generated, and tumor inhibition was monitored after treating rats with both drugs as mono- and combination therapy. In addition, protein expression and localization were performed by western blotting and immunofluorescent staining, respectively. Results The analyses of the data showed that combination therapy of apatinib and G-Rb1 significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and wound healing capability of hypopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Moreover, the glycolysis rate of the cells in the combination therapy (apatinib and G-Rb1) group was significantly decreased as compared to that in the monotherapy group or no treatment group, suggesting that the glycolysis inhibition led to the inhibition of tumor growth. Moreover, the combination therapy on xenograft rats dramatically reduced the tumor size. Furthermore, combination therapy also exhibited an increased count of CD3+ and CD4+ T cells, as well as the ratio between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Conclusion Interestingly, a combination of apatinib and G-Rb1 induced more tumor cell apoptosis and reduced cell proliferation than the individual drug treatment and promote antitumor immunity by enhancing immunomodulatory molecules. Thus, we believe that this study could serve as a valuable platform to assess the synergetic anticancer effects of the herbal as well as synthetic medicines.
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Zhang H, Hu C, Xue J, Jin D, Tian L, Zhao D, Li X, Qi W. Ginseng in vascular dysfunction: A review of therapeutic potentials and molecular mechanisms. Phytother Res 2022; 36:857-872. [PMID: 35026867 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction can lead to a variety of fatal diseases, including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Although a large number of studies have reported the therapeutic effects of natural compounds on vascular-related diseases, ginseng is still the focus of research. Ginseng and its active substances have bioactive effects against different diseases with vascular dysfunction. In this review, we summarized the key molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of ginseng, its different active ingredients or formula in the prevention and treatment of vascular-related diseases, including cardiac-cerebral vascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes complications, and cancer. Moreover, the bidirectional roles of ginseng in promoting or inhibiting angiogenesis have been highlighted. We systematically teased out the relationship between ginseng and vascular dysfunction, which could provide a basis for the clinical application of ginseng in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, China
| | - Jiaojiao Xue
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Di Jin
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Lulu Tian
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Wenxiu Qi
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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Panossian A, Abdelfatah S, Efferth T. Network Pharmacology of Ginseng (Part II): The Differential Effects of Red Ginseng and Ginsenoside Rg5 in Cancer and Heart Diseases as Determined by Transcriptomics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14101010. [PMID: 34681234 PMCID: PMC8540751 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. is an adaptogenic plant traditionally used to enhance mental and physical capacities in cases of weakness, exhaustion, tiredness, or loss of concentration, and during recovery. According to ancient records, red ginseng root preparations enhance longevity with long-term intake. Recent pharmacokinetic studies of ginsenosides in humans and our in vitro study in neuronal cells suggest that ginsenosides are effective when their levels in blood is low—at concentrations from 10−6 to 10−18 M. In the present study, we compared the effects of red ginseng root preparation HRG80TM(HRG) at concentrations from 0.01 to 10,000 ng/mL with effects of white ginseng (WG) and purified ginsenosides Rb1, Rg3, Rg5 and Rk1 on gene expression in isolated hippocampal neurons. The aim of this study was to predict the effects of differently expressed genes on cellular and physiological functions in organismal disorders and diseases. Gene expression profiling was performed by transcriptome-wide mRNA microarray analyses in murine HT22 cells after treatment with ginseng preparations. Ingenuity pathway downstream/upstream analysis (IPA) was performed with datasets of significantly up- or downregulated genes, and expected effects on cellular function and disease were identified by IPA software. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1 have substantially varied effects on gene expression profiles (signatures) and are different from signatures of HRG and WG. Furthermore, the signature of HRG is changed significantly with dilution from 10,000 to 0.01 ng/mL. Network pharmacological analyses of gene expression profiles showed that HRG exhibits predictable positive effects in neuroinflammation, senescence, apoptosis, and immune response, suggesting beneficial soft-acting effects in cancer, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems diseases and disorders in a wide range of low concentrations in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Abdelfatah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099 Mainz, Germany;
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (T.E.)
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