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Hesami Z, Sabzehali F, Khorsand B, Alipour S, Sadeghi A, Asri N, Pazienza V, Houri H. Microbiota as a state-of-the-art approach in precision medicine for pancreatic cancer management: A comprehensive systematic review. iScience 2025; 28:112314. [PMID: 40276756 PMCID: PMC12019022 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2025.112314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2024] [Revised: 12/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that harnessing the microbiome holds promise for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the management of pancreatic cancer (PC). This study aims to systematically summarize the microbial markers associated with PC and assess their potential application in clinical outcome. Forty-one studies were included to assess the associations between microbial markers and PC. Among these, 13 were developed prediction models related to the microbiome in which the highest diagnostic and prognostic model belong to blood and intratumor markers, respectively. Notably, findings that utilize microbiotas from various body sites were elucidated, demonstrating their importance as unique signatures in biomarker discovery for diverse clinical applications. This review provides unique perspectives on overcoming challenges in PC by highlighting potential microbial-related markers as non-invasive approaches. Further clinical studies should evaluate the utility and accuracy of key indicators in the microbiome as a personalized tool for managing PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Hesami
- Student Research Committee, Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fattaneh Sabzehali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Khorsand
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Samira Alipour
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Sadeghi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Asri
- Celiac Disease and Gluten Related Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Valerio Pazienza
- Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Hamidreza Houri
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Xia YM, Zhang MX, Ma XY, Tan LL, Li T, Wu J, Li MA, Zhao WJ, Qiao CM, Jia XB, Shen YQ, Cui C. Intranasal Transplantation of Microbiota Derived from Parkinson's Disease Mice Induced Astrocyte Activation and Neurodegenerative Pathology from Nose to Brain. Brain Sci 2025; 15:433. [PMID: 40426604 PMCID: PMC12109703 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci15050433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2025] [Revised: 04/16/2025] [Accepted: 04/22/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by early-onset olfactory dysfunction preceding motor symptoms, yet its mechanisms remain elusive. Based on the studies on microbiota-gut-brain axis, the microbiota-nose-brain axis might be involved in the pathogenesis of PD. However relative studies are rare. METHODS By consecutive 14-days intranasally transplanting bacteria, we established mice models exhibiting nasal microbiota dysbiosis (NMD), including animal group received intranasal drops of fecal bacterial suspension from normal mice (NB group) and animal group received intranasal drops of fecal bacterial suspension from PD mice (PB group), with animals that only received anesthesia used as the control group. Then we analyzed the nasal microbiota composition via 16S rRNA sequencing, evaluated the olfactory and motor functions through behavioral experiments, including buried food test, open field test, pole descent test, and traction test. The neuropathology in olfactory-related and PD-related brain regions, including olfactory bulb, pyriform cortex, hippocampus, substantia nigra and striatum, was also detected by western blotting, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical experiments using the antibodies of NeuN, TH and GFAP. RESULTS 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that PB mice were primarily characterized by an increase in bacteria associated with inflammation and PD. Behavioral assessments revealed that mice with NMD demonstrated impairments in the buried food test and pole descent test, indicative of olfactory and motor dysfunction. By detecting NeuN and GFAP expression, we identified neuronal loss and astrocytes activation in olfactory-related brain regions and adjacent structures, including the olfactory bulb, pyriform cortex, hippocampus, substantia nigra and striatum of both NMD groups, which may contribute to the observed functional disorders. Notably, animals exposed to PD-derived bacteria exhibited more pronounced changes in nasal bacteria, with more severe neuropathology. CONCLUSIONS We present evidence supporting the microbiota-nose-brain axis, and the NMD-induced astrocyte activation and neurodegenerative pathology along the olfactory pathway may serve as a link between nose and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Meng Xia
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.-M.X.); (M.-X.Z.); (X.-Y.M.); (L.-L.T.); (T.L.); (J.W.); (M.-A.L.); (W.-J.Z.); (C.-M.Q.); (X.-B.J.); (Y.-Q.S.)
- MOE Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Gut Microbiota and Chronic Diseases, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mei-Xuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.-M.X.); (M.-X.Z.); (X.-Y.M.); (L.-L.T.); (T.L.); (J.W.); (M.-A.L.); (W.-J.Z.); (C.-M.Q.); (X.-B.J.); (Y.-Q.S.)
- MOE Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Gut Microbiota and Chronic Diseases, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Ma
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.-M.X.); (M.-X.Z.); (X.-Y.M.); (L.-L.T.); (T.L.); (J.W.); (M.-A.L.); (W.-J.Z.); (C.-M.Q.); (X.-B.J.); (Y.-Q.S.)
- MOE Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Gut Microbiota and Chronic Diseases, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lu-Lu Tan
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.-M.X.); (M.-X.Z.); (X.-Y.M.); (L.-L.T.); (T.L.); (J.W.); (M.-A.L.); (W.-J.Z.); (C.-M.Q.); (X.-B.J.); (Y.-Q.S.)
- MOE Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Gut Microbiota and Chronic Diseases, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ting Li
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.-M.X.); (M.-X.Z.); (X.-Y.M.); (L.-L.T.); (T.L.); (J.W.); (M.-A.L.); (W.-J.Z.); (C.-M.Q.); (X.-B.J.); (Y.-Q.S.)
- MOE Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Gut Microbiota and Chronic Diseases, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.-M.X.); (M.-X.Z.); (X.-Y.M.); (L.-L.T.); (T.L.); (J.W.); (M.-A.L.); (W.-J.Z.); (C.-M.Q.); (X.-B.J.); (Y.-Q.S.)
- MOE Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Gut Microbiota and Chronic Diseases, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ming-An Li
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.-M.X.); (M.-X.Z.); (X.-Y.M.); (L.-L.T.); (T.L.); (J.W.); (M.-A.L.); (W.-J.Z.); (C.-M.Q.); (X.-B.J.); (Y.-Q.S.)
- MOE Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Gut Microbiota and Chronic Diseases, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei-Jiang Zhao
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.-M.X.); (M.-X.Z.); (X.-Y.M.); (L.-L.T.); (T.L.); (J.W.); (M.-A.L.); (W.-J.Z.); (C.-M.Q.); (X.-B.J.); (Y.-Q.S.)
- MOE Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Gut Microbiota and Chronic Diseases, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chen-Meng Qiao
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.-M.X.); (M.-X.Z.); (X.-Y.M.); (L.-L.T.); (T.L.); (J.W.); (M.-A.L.); (W.-J.Z.); (C.-M.Q.); (X.-B.J.); (Y.-Q.S.)
- MOE Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Gut Microbiota and Chronic Diseases, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xue-Bing Jia
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.-M.X.); (M.-X.Z.); (X.-Y.M.); (L.-L.T.); (T.L.); (J.W.); (M.-A.L.); (W.-J.Z.); (C.-M.Q.); (X.-B.J.); (Y.-Q.S.)
- MOE Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Gut Microbiota and Chronic Diseases, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yan-Qin Shen
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.-M.X.); (M.-X.Z.); (X.-Y.M.); (L.-L.T.); (T.L.); (J.W.); (M.-A.L.); (W.-J.Z.); (C.-M.Q.); (X.-B.J.); (Y.-Q.S.)
- MOE Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Gut Microbiota and Chronic Diseases, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chun Cui
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.-M.X.); (M.-X.Z.); (X.-Y.M.); (L.-L.T.); (T.L.); (J.W.); (M.-A.L.); (W.-J.Z.); (C.-M.Q.); (X.-B.J.); (Y.-Q.S.)
- MOE Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Gut Microbiota and Chronic Diseases, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Song H, Zou J, Sun Z, Pu Y, Qi W, Sun L, Li Q, Yuan C, Wang X, Gao X, Zheng Y. Nasal microbiome in relation to olfactory dysfunction and cognitive decline in older adults. Transl Psychiatry 2025; 15:122. [PMID: 40185726 PMCID: PMC11971419 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-025-03346-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2025] [Accepted: 03/24/2025] [Indexed: 04/07/2025] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has highlighted that olfactory dysfunction, a common feature of aging, is increasingly linked to cognitive decline in older adults. However, research on the underlying mechanism, particularly the role of nasal microbiome, remains limited. In this study, we investigated the associations between olfactory function, the nasal microbiome, and cognition among 510 older adults with an average age of 77.9 years. Olfactory function was assessed using the brief Chinese Smell Identification Test, and cognitive assessments were conducted via the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Revised Hasegawa Dementia Scale. Nasal microbiome profiles were generated through 16S RNA gene sequencing. We observed that olfactory dysfunction (i.e., hyposmia) was associated with a higher richness of nasal bacteria, and such observation was replicated in an external dataset. A total of 18 nasal bacterial genera were identified to be associated with olfactory function, with eight genera such as Acidovorax and Morganella being enriched in the hyposmic group. A composite microbial index of nasal olfactory function significantly improved the reclassification accuracy of traditional risk model in distinguishing hyposmic from normosmic participants (P = 0.008). Furthermore, participants with a nasal biotype dominated by Corynebacterium had a lower prevalence of mild cognitive impairment compared to those dominated by Dolosigranulum or Moraxella. Our findings suggested that the nasal microbiome may play a role in the association of olfactory function with cognition in older adults, providing new insights into the microbial mechanisms underlying hyposmia and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Song
- State Key Laboratory of Genetics and Development of Complex Phenotypes, Human Phenome Institute, and School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zou
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Institute of Nutrition, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonghan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Genetics and Development of Complex Phenotypes, Human Phenome Institute, and School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanni Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetics and Development of Complex Phenotypes, Human Phenome Institute, and School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetics and Development of Complex Phenotypes, Human Phenome Institute, and School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Institute of Nutrition, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Li
- Songjiang Research Institute, Songjiang Hospital, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emotions and Affective Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changzheng Yuan
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Institute of Nutrition, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetics and Development of Complex Phenotypes, Human Phenome Institute, and School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Vásquez-Pérez JM, González-Guevara E, Gutiérrez-Buenabad D, Martínez-Gopar PE, Martinez-Lazcano JC, Cárdenas G. Is Nasal Dysbiosis a Required Component for Neuroinflammation in Major Depressive Disorder? Mol Neurobiol 2025; 62:2459-2469. [PMID: 39120823 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04375-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Human microbiota is known to influence immune and cerebral responses by direct and/or indirect mechanisms, including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis signaling, activation of neural afferent circuits to the brain, and by altering the peripheral immune responses (cellular and humoral immune function, circulatory inflammatory cells, and the production of several inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species). The inflammatory responses in the nasal mucosa (rhinitis) or paranasal sinuses (chronic rhinosinusitis) are dual conditions related with a greater risk for developing depression. In the nasal cavity, anatomic components of the olfactive function are in direct contact with the CNS through the olfactory receptors, neurons, and axons that end in the olfactory bulb and the entorhinal cortex. Local microbiome alterations (dysbiosis) are linked to transepithelial translocation of microorganisms and their metabolites, which disrupts the epithelial barrier and favors vascular permeability, increasing the levels of several inflammatory molecules (both cytokines and non-cytokine mediators: extracellular vesicles (exosomes) and neuropeptides), triggering local inflammation (rhinitis) and the spread of these components into the central nervous system (neuroinflammation). In this review, we discuss the role of microbiota-related immunity in conditions affecting the nasal mucosa (chronic rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis) and their relevance in major depressive disorders, focusing on the few mechanisms known to be involved and providing some hypothetical proposals on the pathophysiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Manuel Vásquez-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Neurogénesis, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de La Fuente Muñiz, 14370, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Programa de Posgrado Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Edith González-Guevara
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, 14269, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Diana Gutiérrez-Buenabad
- Laboratorio de Neurogénesis, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de La Fuente Muñiz, 14370, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Programa de Posgrado Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Pablo Eliasib Martínez-Gopar
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, 14269, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Sede Sur, 14330, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Martinez-Lazcano
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, 14269, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Graciela Cárdenas
- Departamento de Neurología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Insurgentes Sur 3877, La Fama, Tlalpan, 14269, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
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Białoń MN, Górka DHNOZD, Górka MM. The brain-gut axis: communication mechanisms and the role of the microbiome as a neuroprotective factor in the development of neurodegenerative diseases: A literature overview. AIMS Neurosci 2024; 11:289-311. [PMID: 39431278 PMCID: PMC11486619 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2024019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 10/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The study of the brain-gut axis and its impact on cognitive function and in the development of neurodegenerative diseases is a very timely topic of interest to researchers. This review summarizes information on the basic mechanisms of gut-brain communication. We then discuss the roles of the gut microbiome as a neuroprotective factor in neurodegeneration. The gut microbiota is extremely important in maintaining the body's homeostasis, shaping the human immune system and the proper functioning of the brain. The intestinal microflora affects the processes of neuroplasticity, synaptogenesis, and neuronal regeneration. This review aims to explain changes in the composition of the bacterial population of the intestinal microflora among patients with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Abnormalities in gut microflora composition are also noted in stress, depression, or autism spectrum development. New observations on psychobiotic supplementation in alleviating the symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mgr Natalia Białoń
- Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Department of Sports Medicine and Physiology of Physical Exercise, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 12 Medyków St., 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Dr Hab N O Zdr Dariusz Górka
- Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Department of Sports Medicine and Physiology of Physical Exercise, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 12 Medyków St., 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mgr Mikołaj Górka
- Center for Experimental Medicine of the Silesian Medical University in Katowice, 4 Medyków St., 40-752 Katowice, Poland
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Jameie M, Ahli B, Ghadir S, Azami M, Amanollahi M, Ebadi R, Rafati A, Naser Moghadasi A. The hidden link: How oral and respiratory microbiomes affect multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2024; 88:105742. [PMID: 38964239 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2024.105742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive research has explored the role of gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the impact of microbial communities in the oral cavity and respiratory tract on MS is an emerging area of investigation. PURPOSE We aimed to review the current literature related to the nasal, oral, and lung microbiota in people with MS (PwMS). METHODS We conducted a narrative review of clinical and preclinical original studies on PubMed that explored the relationship between the bacterial or viral composition of the nasal, lung, and oral microbiota and MS. Additionally, to find relevant studies not retrieved initially, we also searched for references in related review papers, as well as the references cited within the included studies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Thirteen studies were meticulously reviewed in three sections; oral microbiota (n = 8), nasal microbiota (n = 3), and lung microbiota (n = 2), highlighting considerable alterations in the oral and respiratory microbiome of PwMS compared to healthy controls (HCs). Genera like Aggregatibacter and Streptococcus were less abundant in the oral microbiota of PwMS compared to HCs, while Staphylococcus, Leptotrichia, Fusobacterium, and Bacteroides showed increased abundance in PwMS. Additionally, the presence of specific bacteria, including Streptococcus sanguinis, within the oral microbiota was suggested to influence Epstein-Barr virus reactivation, a well-established risk factor for MS. Studies related to the nasal microbiome indicated elevated levels of specific Staphylococcus aureus toxins, as well as nasal glial cell infection with human herpes virus (HHV)-6 in PwMS. Emerging research on lung microbiome in animal models demonstrated that manipulating the lung microbiome towards lipopolysaccharide-producing bacteria might suppress MS symptoms. These findings open avenues for potential therapeutic strategies. However, further research is crucial to fully understand the complex interactions between the microbiome and MS. This will help identify the most effective timing, bacterial strains, and modulation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika Jameie
- Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Ahli
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Ghadir
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mobin Azami
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mobina Amanollahi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ebadi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Rafati
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Jiang YR, Liu RJ, Tang J, Li MQ, Zhang DK, Pei ZQ, Fan SH, Xu RC, Huang HZ, Lin JZ. The health benefits of dietary polyphenols on pediatric intestinal diseases: Mechanism of action, clinical evidence and future research progress. Phytother Res 2024; 38:3782-3800. [PMID: 38839050 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Pediatric intestinal development is immature, vulnerable to external influences and produce a variety of intestinal diseases. At present, breakthroughs have been made in the treatment of pediatric intestinal diseases, but there are still many challenges, such as toxic side effects, drug resistance, and the lack of more effective treatments and specific drugs. In recent years, dietary polyphenols derived from plants have become a research hotspot in the treatment of pediatric intestinal diseases due to their outstanding pharmacological activities such, as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant and regulation of intestinal flora. This article reviewed the mechanism of action and clinical evidence of dietary polyphenols in the treatment of pediatric intestinal diseases, and discussed the influence of physiological characteristics of children on the efficacy of polyphenols, and finally prospected the new dosage forms of polyphenols in pediatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Rou Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ren-Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng-Qi Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Nursing Vocational College, Chengdu, China
| | - Ding-Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Innovative Re-development of Famous Classical Formulas, Tianfu TCM Innovation Harbour, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhao-Qing Pei
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Innovative Re-development of Famous Classical Formulas, Tianfu TCM Innovation Harbour, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - San-Hu Fan
- Sanajon Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu, China
| | - Run-Chun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao-Zhou Huang
- State key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Meishan Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun-Zhi Lin
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
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Zhu K, Jin Y, Zhao Y, He A, Wang R, Cao C. Proteomic scrutiny of nasal microbiomes: implications for the clinic. Expert Rev Proteomics 2024; 21:169-179. [PMID: 38420723 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2024.2323983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The nasal cavity is the initial site of the human respiratory tract and is one of the habitats where microorganisms colonize. The findings from a growing number of studies have shown that the nasal microbiome is an important factor for human disease and health. 16S rRNA sequencing and metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) are the most commonly used means of microbiome evaluation. Among them, 16S rRNA sequencing is the primary method used in previous studies of nasal microbiomes. However, neither 16S rRNA sequencing nor mNGS can be used to analyze the genes specifically expressed by nasal microorganisms and their functions. This problem can be addressed by proteomic analysis of the nasal microbiome. AREAS COVERED In this review, we summarize current advances in research on the nasal microbiome, introduce the methods for proteomic evaluation of the nasal microbiome, and focus on the important roles of proteomic evaluation of the nasal microbiome in the diagnosis and treatment of related diseases. EXPERT OPINION The detection method for microbiome-expressed proteins is known as metaproteomics. Metaproteomic analysis can help us dig deeper into the nasal microbiomes and provide new targets and ideas for clinical diagnosis and treatment of many nasal dysbiosis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Ningbo, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Ningbo, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Ningbo, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Andong He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Ningbo, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chao Cao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Ningbo, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Liu X, Tong X, Zou L, Ju Y, Liu M, Han M, Lu H, Yang H, Wang J, Zong Y, Liu W, Xu X, Jin X, Xiao L, Jia H, Guo R, Zhang T. A genome-wide association study reveals the relationship between human genetic variation and the nasal microbiome. Commun Biol 2024; 7:139. [PMID: 38291185 PMCID: PMC10828421 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05822-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The nasal cavity harbors diverse microbiota that contributes to human health and respiratory diseases. However, whether and to what extent the host genome shapes the nasal microbiome remains largely unknown. Here, by dissecting the human genome and nasal metagenome data from 1401 healthy individuals, we demonstrated that the top three host genetic principal components strongly correlated with the nasal microbiota diversity and composition. The genetic association analyses identified 63 genome-wide significant loci affecting the nasal microbial taxa and functions, of which 2 loci reached study-wide significance (p < 1.7 × 10-10): rs73268759 within CAMK2A associated with genus Actinomyces and family Actinomycetaceae; and rs35211877 near POM121L12 with Gemella asaccharolytica. In addition to respiratory-related diseases, the associated loci are mainly implicated in cardiometabolic or neuropsychiatric diseases. Functional analysis showed the associated genes were most significantly expressed in the nasal airway epithelium tissue and enriched in the calcium signaling and hippo signaling pathway. Further observational correlation and Mendelian randomization analyses consistently suggested the causal effects of Serratia grimesii and Yokenella regensburgei on cardiometabolic biomarkers (cystine, glutamic acid, and creatine). This study suggested that the host genome plays an important role in shaping the nasal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Liu
- BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin Tong
- BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | | | - Yanmei Ju
- BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | | | - Mo Han
- BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Haorong Lu
- China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jian Wang
- BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yang Zong
- BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | | | - Xun Xu
- BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Xin Jin
- BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Liang Xiao
- BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Detection and Intervention of Human Intestinal Microbiome, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Huijue Jia
- Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Liu K, Guo Q, Ding Y, Luo L, Huang J, Zhang Q. Alterations in nasal microbiota of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024; 137:162-171. [PMID: 37482646 PMCID: PMC10798702 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Links between alterations in gut microbiota composition and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have previously been reported. This study aimed to examine the microbiota in the nasal cavity of ALS. METHODS Sixty-six ALS patients and 40 healthy caregivers who live in close proximity with patients were enrolled. High throughput metagenomic sequencing of the 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) gene V3-V4 region of nasal microbiota was used to characterize the alpha and beta diversity and relative abundance of bacterial taxa, predict function, and conduct correlation analysis between specific taxa and clinical features. RESULTS The nasal microbiome of ALS patients showed lower alpha diversity than that of corresponding healthy family members. Genera Gaiella , Sphingomonas , Polaribacter _1, Lachnospiraceae _NK4A136_group, Klebsiella , and Alistipes were differentially enriched in ALS patients compared to controls. Nasal microbiota composition in ALS patients significantly differed from that in healthy subjects (unweighted UniFrac P = 0.001), while Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis indicated that Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes dominated healthy nasal communities at the phylum level, whereas Actinobacteria was the predominant phylum and Thermoleophilia was the predominant class in ALS patients. Genus Faecalibacterium and Alistipes were positively correlated with ALS functional rating scale revised (ALSFRS-R; rs = 0.349, P = 0.020 and rs = 0.393, P = 0.008), while Prevotella -9 and Bacteroides operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were positively associated with lung function (FVC) in ALS patients ( rs = 0.304, P = 0.045, and rs = 0.300, P = 0.048, respectively). Prevotella -1 was positively correlated with white blood cell counts (WBC, rs = 0.347, P = 0.021), neutrophil percentage (Neu%, rs = 0.428, P = 0.004), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR, rs = 0.411, P = 0.006), but negatively correlated with lymphocyte percentage (Lym%, rs = -0.408, P = 0.006). In contrast, Streptococcus was negatively associated with Neu% ( rs = -0.445, P = 0.003) and NLR ( rs = -0.436, P = 0.003), while positively associated with Lym% ( rs = 0.437, P = 0.003). No significant differences in nasal microbiota richness and evenness were detected among the severe and mild ALS patients. CONCLUSIONS ALS is accompanied by altered nasal microbial community composition and diversity. The findings presented here highlight the need to understand how dysbiosis of nasal microbiota may contribute to the development of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiong Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350212, China
| | - Qifu Guo
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
- Department of Neurology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350212, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
- Department of Neurology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350212, China
| | - Li Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350212, China
| | - Jianchai Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350212, China
| | - Qijie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
- Department of Neurology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350212, China
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Zhou X, Kumar P, Bhuyan DJ, Jensen SO, Roberts TL, Münch GW. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease: A Potential Role of Nose-Picking in Pathogen Entry via the Olfactory System? Biomolecules 2023; 13:1568. [PMID: 38002250 PMCID: PMC10669446 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory impairment. Many possible factors might contribute to the development of AD, including amyloid peptide and tau deposition, but more recent evidence suggests that neuroinflammation may also play an-at least partial-role in its pathogenesis. In recent years, emerging research has explored the possible involvement of external, invading pathogens in starting or accelerating the neuroinflammatory processes in AD. In this narrative review, we advance the hypothesis that neuroinflammation in AD might be partially caused by viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens entering the brain through the nose and the olfactory system. The olfactory system represents a plausible route for pathogen entry, given its direct anatomical connection to the brain and its involvement in the early stages of AD. We discuss the potential mechanisms through which pathogens may exploit the olfactory pathway to initiate neuroinflammation, one of them being accidental exposure of the olfactory mucosa to hands contaminated with soil and feces when picking one's nose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhou
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (X.Z.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Paayal Kumar
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia;
| | - Deep J. Bhuyan
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (X.Z.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Slade O. Jensen
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (S.O.J.); (T.L.R.)
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Tara L. Roberts
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (S.O.J.); (T.L.R.)
- Oncology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Gerald W. Münch
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (X.Z.); (D.J.B.)
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia;
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Zhang X, Wang M, Liu Z, Wang Y, Chen L, Guo J, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Yu C, Bie T, Yu Y, Guan B. Transnasal-brain delivery of nanomedicines for neurodegenerative diseases. FRONTIERS IN DRUG DELIVERY 2023; 3. [DOI: 10.3389/fddev.2023.1247162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) have become a serious global health problem as the population ages. Traditionally, treatment strategies for NDs have included oral and intravenous administration; however, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) can prevent drugs from reaching the brain, rendering the treatment incomplete and the effect unsatisfactory. Additionally, the prolonged or excessive use of drugs that can cross the BBB can damage liver and kidney function. Recent studies have shown that nose-to-brain drug delivery can noninvasively bypass the BBB, allowing drugs to enter the brain through the olfactory or trigeminal nerve pathways; additionally, nanoparticle carriers can enhance drug delivery. This review introduces drug carrier nanoparticles for nose-to-brain delivery systems, compares the advantages and disadvantages of different nanoparticles, and discusses the factors influencing nose-to-brain nanomedicine delivery and enhancement strategies. We also summarize nose-to-brain delivery and nanomedicines for treating NDs, the current challenges of this approach, and the future promise of nanomedicine-based ND treatment.
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Gioacchini FM, Ferlito S, Ralli M, Scarpa A, La Mantia I, Re M, Romani L, Di Stadio A. Nasal Microbiota and Neuroinflammation: Relationship between Nasal Flora and Multiple Sclerosis Onset/Progression. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12122043. [PMID: 36556408 PMCID: PMC9788357 DOI: 10.3390/life12122043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of nasal microbiota in contributing to neuroinflammation is gradually emerging. Multiple sclerosis and chronic rhinosinusitis share important clinical and epidemiological similarities, and the hypothetical connection among these two pathological entities should be carefully investigated. This editorial is based on a review of available literature on this topic. The main international databases were searched using the following keywords: neuroinflammation, nasal microbiota, multiple sclerosis, chronic rhino-sinusal disorders, chronic sinusitis. Four fully-consistent articles that investigated nasal microbiota alteration and/or chronic rhinosinusitis presence in subjects affected by multiple sclerosis were identified. Overall, these studies showed a significant connection between nasal microbiota dysbiosis and the presence of multiple sclerosis. New specific studies to analyze the nasal microbiota and its metabolism in patients affected by multiple sclerosis should be performed. In fact, a series of treatments able to change this flora could improve the rhino-sinusal state with consequent reduction of recurrent episodes of neuro-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Maria Gioacchini
- ENT Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ferlito
- GF Ingrassia Department, Otolaryngology, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Ralli
- Organ of Sense Department, University La Sapienza of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Alfonso Scarpa
- Otolaryngology Department, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Ignazio La Mantia
- GF Ingrassia Department, Otolaryngology, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Re
- ENT Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Microbiology Department, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Arianna Di Stadio
- GF Ingrassia Department, Otolaryngology, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: or
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The Interplay between Gut Microbiota and Parkinson's Disease: Implications on Diagnosis and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012289. [PMID: 36293176 PMCID: PMC9603886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The bidirectional interaction between the gut microbiota (GM) and the Central Nervous System, the so-called gut microbiota brain axis (GMBA), deeply affects brain function and has an important impact on the development of neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson’s disease (PD), gastrointestinal symptoms often precede the onset of motor and non-motor manifestations, and alterations in the GM composition accompany disease pathogenesis. Several studies have been conducted to unravel the role of dysbiosis and intestinal permeability in PD onset and progression, but the therapeutic and diagnostic applications of GM modifying approaches remain to be fully elucidated. After a brief introduction on the involvement of GMBA in the disease, we present evidence for GM alterations and leaky gut in PD patients. According to these data, we then review the potential of GM-based signatures to serve as disease biomarkers and we highlight the emerging role of probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, dietary interventions, and fecal microbiota transplantation as supportive therapeutic approaches in PD. Finally, we analyze the mutual influence between commonly prescribed PD medications and gut-microbiota, and we offer insights on the involvement also of nasal and oral microbiota in PD pathology, thus providing a comprehensive and up-to-date overview on the role of microbial features in disease diagnosis and treatment.
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