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Özdilek Ü. Art Value Creation and Destruction. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2023; 57:796-839. [PMID: 36593339 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-022-09748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
I present a theory of creative and destructive value state referring to abstract art. Value is a probabilistic state held as a mixture of its expectation and information forces that coexist in a give-and-take relationship. Expectations are driven by the disclosure of novel information about the value state of various events of desire. Each bit of accumulated information contributes to the improvement of perception up to a threshold level, beyond which begin conscious states. The desire to disclose a value state triggers a triadic system of evaluation which uses concepts, observables and approaches. While the triadic valuation mechanisms can be used to assess various commodities, the scope of this work is limited to the case of artworks, in particular abstract paintings. I assume that art value is basically mediated by the interplay between these value state mechanisms of creation and destruction. Expectations in artwork develop attraction by challenging its contemplator to evaluate (predict) its meaning. Once the relevant information, corresponding to its creative expectations, is acquired (and conditioned), emotional states of indifference, disinterest and desensitization develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ünsal Özdilek
- Business School, Department of Strategy, Social and Environmental Responsibility, University of Quebec, 315, Ste-Catherine Est, Québec, H3C 3P8, Montreal, Canada.
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Li BJ, Lee HM. Exploring the effects of habituation and scent in first-person 360-degree videos on consumption behavior. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8353. [PMID: 37221377 PMCID: PMC10205731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although immersive virtual environments can influence food-related thoughts, emotions and behavior, the influence of repeated exposure to food cues in such environments has rarely been explored. This study seeks to understand if habituation, a decrease in one's physiological and behavioral response that results from repeated simulation, can take place while repeatedly watching 360-degrees of food being consumed. The influence of scent as an olfactory cue is further explored, based on past research on embodied cognition. In Study One (n = 42), participants who viewed 30 repetitions of someone eating an M&M ate significantly fewer M&Ms than those who viewed three repetitions. Study Two (n = 114) used a 2 (behavior: eating M&M/inserting a coin) × 2 (repetitions: 3/30) between-subjects experiment to confirm that results from Study One were due to habituation of the consumption video, finding that there were only significant differences between repetitions in the M&M condition. Finally, Study Three (n = 161) comprised a 2 (repetition: 3/30) × 2 (scent: present/absent) between-subjects experiment. Participants in the 30-repetition condition and those in the scent-present condition ate significantly fewer M&Ms respectively, but no interaction effects were found. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Li
- Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University, WKWSCI Building #03-17, 31 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637718, Singapore.
| | - Hui Min Lee
- Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University, WKWSCI Building #03-17, 31 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637718, Singapore
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Abstract
From the very earliest days of public cinema (moving pictures), there has been consideration about how odors and scents might influence the viewer's experience. While initially this was primarily a concern with how to eliminate the malodor of the cinema-goers themselves, in more recent times, there have been a number of well-publicized attempts to add synchronized pleasant (and, on occasion, also unpleasant) scents to "enhance" the cinema experience. While early solutions such as AromaRama and Smell-O-Vision were beset by technical challenges, low-tech scratch and sniff (Odorama) and, more recently, Edible Cinema-type solutions (where the audience get to consume flavourful, and often aromatic, morsels in time with the events on screen) have proved somewhat more successful. Nevertheless, there are a number of key psychological factors that will likely inhibit the uptake of scented cinema in the future, even should the technical and financial issues (associated with retrofitting cinemas, and providing the appropriate fragrances) one day be satisfactorily resolved. These include the phenomenon of "inattentional anosmia" as well as the "fundamental misattribution error," whereby people (who are, by-and-large, visually-dominant) tend to attribute their enjoyment to the action seen on screen, rather than to smell, and hence are unlikely to pay a premium for the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Spence
- Crossmodal Research Laboratory, Oxford
University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Douglas SM, Hawkins GM, Berlin KS, Crouter SE, Epstein LH, Thomas JG, Raynor HA. Rationale and protocol for translating basic habituation research into family-based childhood obesity treatment: Families becoming healthy together study. Contemp Clin Trials 2020; 98:106153. [PMID: 32950645 PMCID: PMC7686119 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2020.106153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This publication describes the rationale and protocol, including design, aims, intervention, and measures, of Families Becoming Healthy Together, a randomized clinical trial examining the effect of a limited RED (non-nutrient-dense, energy-dense) food variety prescription delivered within an 18-month family-based behavioral obesity treatment (FBT) on body mass index (BMI) and habituation rate to RED foods. One hundred fifty-six children (ages: 8-12 y; BMI: ≥ 85th percentile-for-age) and a caregiver (BMI: ≥ 25 kg/m2), both with overweight or obesity, will be randomized to one of two, interventions: FBT or FBT + Variety. All participants will receive 29 sessions of FBT and be prescribed the Traffic Light Diet (1000-1500 kcal/day, ≤ 2 RED food servings/day), and a physical activity goal (≥ 60 min/day [child] or 150 min/week [adult] of moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA)). FBT + Variety will also identify two RED foods, a dinner entrée and snack food, and develop meal plans that reduce variety of RED foods by regularly consuming these foods and limiting consumption of other RED foods. Measures of anthropometrics, dietary intake, habituation of salivary response to food cues, and physical activity will be assessed at 0, 6, 12, and 18-months. This study translates a line of basic behavioral research examining how dietary variety influences habituation into a dietary prescription that will be tested within an efficacy trial. It is hypothesized that a novel, limited dietary variety prescription within FBT should promote a faster food habituation rate, reducing energy intake and amplifying long-term weight loss in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve M Douglas
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Grace M Hawkins
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | | | - Scott E Crouter
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - John G Thomas
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital/Brown Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Hollie A Raynor
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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Tonkin SS, Hawk LW. Preliminary Evaluations of Habituation of Operant Responding for Sensory Stimuli in Humans. Behav Processes 2020; 178:104159. [PMID: 32504763 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that repetitive reinforcers wane in their ability to maintain operant behavior in a manner consistent with habituation. Weaker reinforcers, including sensory stimuli common in human work, may be most impacted by repetition. The present research examined within-session operant responding patterns for visual stimuli in humans from two experiments assessing multiple characteristics of habituation. In Experiment 1, declines in reinforced responding were assessed and stimulus specificity was evaluated to test habituation's contribution to these declines. Seventy-three participants completed two visits, both including a reinforcement paradigm using pictures. With repetition, operant responding declined. The stimulus specificity manipulation did not enhance responding, suggesting that habituation did not contribute to response declines. Several methodological concerns may have contributed to the absence of a stimulus specificity effect. Experiment 2 assessed a separate habituation characteristic, rate of stimulation, to address these methodological concerns and further evaluate habituation. Twenty-eight participants completed the reinforcement paradigm over three visits. Decline in responding was partially supported, but the rate of stimulation did not alter declines. In sum, habituation's contribution to within-session declines for sensory reinforcers was not evident in either experiment. These results suggest that assessment of habituation of sensory reinforcers in humans may require parametric evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Tonkin
- Department of Psychology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 204 Park Hall, North Campus, Buffalo, NY, 14260-4110, USA
| | - Larry W Hawk
- Department of Psychology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 204 Park Hall, North Campus, Buffalo, NY, 14260-4110, USA.
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Can attention be taught? Interspecific attention by dogs ( Canis familiaris ) performing obedience tasks. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Boutelle KN, Bouton ME. Implications of learning theory for developing programs to decrease overeating. Appetite 2015; 93:62-74. [PMID: 25998235 PMCID: PMC4654402 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Childhood obesity is associated with medical and psychological comorbidities, and interventions targeting overeating could be pragmatic and have a significant impact on weight. Calorically dense foods are easily available, variable, and tasty which allows for effective opportunities to learn to associate behaviors and cues in the environment with food through fundamental conditioning processes, resulting in measurable psychological and physiological food cue reactivity in vulnerable children. Basic research suggests that initial learning is difficult to erase, and that it is vulnerable to a number of phenomena that will allow the original learning to re-emerge after it is suppressed or replaced. These processes may help explain why it may be difficult to change food cue reactivity and overeating over the long term. Extinction theory may be used to develop effective cue-exposure treatments to decrease food cue reactivity through inhibitory learning, although these processes are complex and require an integral understanding of the theory and individual differences. Additionally, learning theory can be used to develop other interventions that may prove to be useful. Through an integration of learning theory, basic and translational research, it may be possible to develop interventions that can decrease the urges to overeat, and improve the weight status of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri N Boutelle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Mark E Bouton
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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Television viewing and food intake during television viewing in normal-weight, overweight and obese 9- to 11-year-old Canadian children: a cross-sectional analysis. J Nutr Sci 2015; 4:e8. [PMID: 26090104 PMCID: PMC4463011 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2014.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear if children of different weight status differ in their nutritional habits while watching television. The objective of the present paper was to determine if children who are overweight or obese differ in their frequency of consumption of six food items while watching television compared with their normal-weight counterparts. A cross-sectional study of 550 children (57·1 % female; mean age = 10 years) from Ottawa, Canada was conducted. Children's weight status was categorised using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention cut-points. Questionnaires were used to determine the number of hours of television watching per day and the frequency of consumption of six types of foods while watching television. Overweight/obese children watched more television per day than normal-weight children (3·3 v. 2·7 h, respectively; P = 0·001). Obese children consumed fast food and fruits/vegetables more frequently while watching television than normal-weight or overweight children (P < 0·05). Children who watched more than 4 h of television per d had higher odds (OR 3·21; 95% CI 1·14, 9·03; P = 0·03) of being obese, independent of several covariates, but not independent of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. The finding that both television watching and the frequency of consumption of some food items during television watching are higher in children who are obese is concerning. While the nature of the present study does not allow for the determination of causal pathways, future research should investigate these weight-status differences to identify potential areas of intervention.
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Hagenmuller F, Rössler W, Wittwer A, Haker H. Juicy lemons for measuring basic empathic resonance. Psychiatry Res 2014; 219:391-6. [PMID: 24953424 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Watch or even think of someone biting into a juicy lemon and your saliva will flow. This is a phenomenon of resonance, best described by the Perception-Action Model, where a physiological state in a person is activated through observation of this state in another. Within a broad framework of empathy, including manifold abilities depending on the Perception-Action link, resonance has been proposed as one physiological substrate for empathy. Using 49 healthy subjects, we developed a standardized salivation paradigm to assess empathic resonance at the autonomic level. Our results showed that this physiological resonance correlated positively with self-reported empathic concern. The salivation test, delivered an objective and continuous measure, was simple to implement in terms of setup and instruction, and could not easily be unintentionally biased or intentionally manipulated by participants. Therefore, these advantages make such a test a useful tool for assessing empathy-related abilities in psychiatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Hagenmuller
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, PO Box 1930, 8021 Zurich, Switzerland; Collegium Helveticum, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Wulf Rössler
- Collegium Helveticum, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amrei Wittwer
- Collegium Helveticum, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helene Haker
- Collegium Helveticum, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Occurrence of habituation during repeated food exposure via the olfactory and gustatory systems. Eat Behav 2014; 15:331-3. [PMID: 24854829 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Greater exposure to an orosensory cue could increase habituation rate. This investigation examined salivary habituation during 10 lemon juice trials providing exposure via olfactory, gustatory, and combined systems. METHODS Healthy, normal-weight, unrestrained females (age = 20.7 ± 2.7 year, body mass index [BMI] = 22.2 ± 1.5 kg/m(2), 70.0% white) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions: olfactory (SMELL: n = 8), gustatory (TASTE: n = 10), or olfactory+gustatory (SMELL+TASTE: n = 9). All conditions completed 12, 2-minute, trials (trials 1-2: water [baseline]; trials 3-12: lemon juice), in which salivation was measured. In conditions with taste exposure, 0.05 ml of the stimulus was placed on the tongue. In conditions with smell exposure, 4.0 g of the stimulus was held 0.5 in from the nose. Salivation was measured using dental rolls and mean salivation of every two trials was the dependent variable. RESULTS A mixed-factor ANCOVA, controlling for baseline differences between the conditions in lemon juice hedonics, found a significant (p < 0.05) interaction of condition x trial. SMELL+TASTE significantly (p < 0.05) increased salivation from baseline to lemon juice exposure, and decreased salivation by the last two mean trials. TASTE had a significant (p < 0.05) increase in salivation from baseline to lemon juice, with no decrease. CONCLUSION Repeated exposure to an orosensory cue by combined olfactory and gustatory systems produced a faster habituation rate than exposure by the gustatory system alone. Thus, food cues that combine exposure to the olfactory and gustatory systems may enhance satiation.
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Simons M, Chinapaw MJM, van de Bovenkamp M, de Boer MR, Seidell JC, Brug J, de Vet E. Active video games as a tool to prevent excessive weight gain in adolescents: rationale, design and methods of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:275. [PMID: 24661535 PMCID: PMC3987926 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive body weight, low physical activity and excessive sedentary time in youth are major public health concerns. A new generation of video games, the ones that require physical activity to play the games –i.e. active games- may be a promising alternative to traditional non-active games to promote physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviors in youth. The aim of this manuscript is to describe the design of a study evaluating the effects of a family oriented active game intervention, incorporating several motivational elements, on anthropometrics and health behaviors in adolescents. Methods/Design The study is a randomized controlled trial (RCT), with non-active gaming adolescents aged 12 – 16 years old randomly allocated to a ten month intervention (receiving active games, as well as an encouragement to play) or a waiting-list control group (receiving active games after the intervention period). Primary outcomes are adolescents’ measured BMI-SDS (SDS = adjusted for mean standard deviation score), waist circumference-SDS, hip circumference and sum of skinfolds. Secondary outcomes are adolescents’ self-reported time spent playing active and non-active games, other sedentary activities and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. In addition, a process evaluation is conducted, assessing the sustainability of the active games, enjoyment, perceived competence, perceived barriers for active game play, game context, injuries from active game play, activity replacement and intention to continue playing the active games. Discussion This is the first adequately powered RCT including normal weight adolescents, evaluating a reasonably long period of provision of and exposure to active games. Next, strong elements are the incorporating motivational elements for active game play and a comprehensive process evaluation. This trial will provide evidence regarding the potential contribution of active games in prevention of excessive weight gain in adolescents. Trial registration Dutch Trial register NTR3228.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Simons
- Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Lyons EJ, Tate DF, Ward DS, Wang X. Energy intake and expenditure during sedentary screen time and motion-controlled video gaming. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:234-9. [PMID: 22760571 PMCID: PMC3396440 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.028423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Television watching and playing of video games (VGs) are associated with higher energy intakes. Motion-controlled video games (MC) may be a healthier alternative to sedentary screen-based activities because of higher energy expenditures, but little is known about the effects of these games on energy intakes. OBJECTIVE Energy intake, expenditure, and surplus (intake - expenditure) were compared during sedentary (television and VG) and active (MC) screen-time use. DESIGN Young adults (n = 120; 60 women) were randomly assigned to the following 3 groups: television watching, playing traditional VGs, or playing MCs for 1 h while snacks and beverages were provided. Energy intakes, energy expenditures, and appetites were measured. RESULTS Intakes across these 3 groups showed a trend toward a significant difference (P = 0.065). The energy expenditure (P < 0.001) was higher, and the energy surplus (P = 0.038) was lower, in MC than in television or VG groups. All conditions produced a mean (±SD) energy surplus as follows: 638 ± 408 kcal in television, 655 ± 533 kcal in VG, and 376 ± 487 kcal in MC groups. The OR for consuming ≥500 kcal in the television compared with the MC group was 3.2 (95% CI: 1.2, 8.4). Secondary analyses, in which the 2 sedentary conditions were collapsed, showed an intake that was 178 kcal (95% CI: 8, 349 kcal) lower in the MC condition than in the sedentary groups (television and VG). CONCLUSION MCs may be a healthier alternative to sedentary screen time because of a lower energy surplus, but the playing of these games still resulted in a positive energy balance. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01523795.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Lyons
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.
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Aspen VA, Stein RI, Wilfley DE. An exploration of salivation patterns in normal weight and obese children. Appetite 2011; 58:539-42. [PMID: 22172456 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether children's changes in salivary habituation to food vary based on weight status and/or allocating attention to a task. Children (31 non-overweight and 26 obese, ages 9-12 year) were presented with nine trials of a food stimulus and either listened to an audiobook (attention-demanding) or white noise (no-attention control). The salivary pattern differed significantly by weight status but not by condition or a condition by weight status interaction. This is the first study of salivary habituation in obese children; findings dovetail with an emerging set of evidence that obese individuals display distinctive biological responses to food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana A Aspen
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Slow rates of habituation predict greater zBMI gains over 12 months in lean children. Eat Behav 2011; 12:214-8. [PMID: 21741020 PMCID: PMC3134830 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Slow rates of habituation are cross-sectionally related to greater energy intake and body weight. The present study is designed to assess whether slow rates of habituation are prospectively related to zBMI change over a 12 month period in 66 lean 8-12 year-old children, and whether the rate of habituation is a stable behavioral phenotype. Results showed that slower rates of habituation predicted greater zBMI change, controlling for child sex, age, initial zBMI, dietary awareness and minority status. In addition, the rate of habituation was stable over the year of observation. These data suggest that slow rates of habituation may be a risk factor for weight gain and the development of obesity. Future research is needed to understand the mechanism for this effect, and assess whether the habituation phenotype interacts with other behavioral phenotypes, such as food reinforcement, to influence increases in zBMI.
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SPENCE CHARLES. MOUTH-WATERING: THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND COGNITIVE FACTORS ON SALIVATION AND GUSTATORY/FLAVOR PERCEPTION. J Texture Stud 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4603.2011.00299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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A laboratory-based study of mood and binge eating behavior in overweight children. Eat Behav 2011; 12:37-43. [PMID: 21184971 PMCID: PMC3038342 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Associations between negative mood and binge eating in the laboratory are well-established in adults, but such data are limited in youth. We investigated the relation between mood and binge eating in children using a laboratory feeding paradigm. METHOD Overweight girls, aged 6-12 years, with (BE; n=23) and without (control, CON; n=23) reported objective and/or subjective binge eating underwent both sad and neutral mood inductions, followed by multi-item buffet meals. RESULTS The Group × Mood Condition interaction for overall energy intake was non-significant. However, BE girls consumed more energy from fat in the sad condition as compared to the neutral condition. Baseline mood predicted BE girls' likelihood of reporting loss of control during the sad condition test meal. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that emotional eating episodes in children reporting aberrant eating may be characterized by the experience of loss of control, rather than the consumption of objectively large amounts of food. Interventions focused on affect regulation may minimize the adverse consequences of pediatric binge eating.
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Abstract
Research has shown that animals and humans habituate on a variety of behavioral and physiological responses to repeated presentations of food cues, and habituation is related to amount of food consumed and cessation of eating. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of experimental paradigms used to study habituation, integrate a theoretical approach to habituation to food based on memory and associative conditioning models, and review research on factors that influence habituation. Individual differences in habituation as they relate to obesity and eating disorders are reviewed, along with research on how individual differences in memory can influence habituation. Other associative conditioning approaches to ingestive behavior are reviewed, as well as how habituation provides novel approaches to preventing or treating obesity. Finally, new directions for habituation research are presented. Habituation provides a novel theoretical framework from which to understand factors that regulate ingestive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214-3000, USA.
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Abstract
Eating represents a choice among many alternative behaviors. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of how food reinforcement and behavioral choice theory are related to eating and to show how this theoretical approach may help organize research on eating from molecular genetics through treatment and prevention of obesity. Special emphasis is placed on how food reinforcement and behavioral choice theory are relevant to understanding excess energy intake and obesity and how they provide a framework for examining factors that may influence eating and are outside of those that may regulate energy homeostasis. Methods to measure food reinforcement are reviewed, along with factors that influence the reinforcing value of eating. Contributions of neuroscience and genetics to the study of food reinforcement are illustrated by using the example of dopamine. Implications of food reinforcement for obesity and positive energy balance are explored, with suggestions for novel approaches to obesity treatment based on the synthesis of behavioral and pharmacological approaches to food reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214-3000, USA.
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Temple JL, Giacomelli AM, Roemmich JN, Epstein. LH. Overweight children habituate slower than non-overweight children to food. Physiol Behav 2007; 91:250-4. [PMID: 17459429 PMCID: PMC1963489 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that physiological and behavioral responses habituate to food stimuli and recover when novel stimuli are presented. In addition, physiological responses in obese adults habituate slower to repeated food stimuli than those in non-obese individuals, which is related to greater energy intake. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that instrumental responding in overweight children habituates slower to food cues than in their non-overweight peers. Children were provided the opportunity to work for access to cheeseburger for 10 2-min trials, followed by French fries for 3 2-min trials. Results showed that children who had a body mass index (BMI) at or above the 85th BMI percentile (at risk for overweight; n=17) habituated slower than those with a BMI percentile less than the 85th BMI percentile (non-overweight; n=17). Response recovery to French fries did not differ between groups. Overweight children consumed significantly more grams of food and more energy than non-overweight children. When taken together, these data show that habituation may be an important individual difference characteristic that differentiates overweight from non-overweight children. Implications of this for prevention and treatment of obesity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Temple
- University at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - April M. Giacomelli
- University at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - James N. Roemmich
- University at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Leonard H. Epstein.
- University at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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Temple JL, Giacomelli AM, Kent KM, Roemmich JN, Epstein LH. Television watching increases motivated responding for food and energy intake in children. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85:355-61. [PMID: 17284729 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.2.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sedentary activities, such as watching television, may disrupt habituation to food cues, thereby increasing motivation to eat and energy intake. OBJECTIVE These experiments were designed to examine the effect of television watching on habituation of ingestive behavior in children. DESIGN In experiment 1, all children worked for access to cheeseburgers in trials 1-7 (habituating stimulus). In trials 8-10, children in the control group continued to work for cheeseburgers without any dishabituating stimuli, whereas children in the other groups received either a novel food (French fries) or television as dishabituating stimuli. Responding for food and amount of food eaten were measured. In experiment 2, all children had access to 1000 kcal of a preferred snack food. One group watched a continuous television show, and the control groups either watched no television or watched a repeated segment of a television show, which controls for the television stimulus but requires reduced allocation of attention. RESULTS In experiment 1, both the novel food and the television watching groups reinstated responding for food (P = 0.009) and increased the amount of energy earned (P = 0.018) above the level of the control subjects. In experiment 2, the continuous television group spent more time eating (P < 0.0001) and consumed more energy than the no television and the repeated segment groups (P = 0.007). CONCLUSION These experiments show that television watching can dishabituate eating or disrupt the development of habituation, which may provide a mechanism for increased energy intake associated with watching television.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Temple
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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Temple JL, Kent KM, Giacomelli AM, Paluch RA, Roemmich JN, Epstein LH. Habituation and recovery of salivation and motivated responding for food in children. Appetite 2006; 46:280-4. [PMID: 16624446 PMCID: PMC2219697 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2006.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Revised: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 01/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Salivary responses habituate to repeated presentations of food cues, and these responses recover when new food stimuli are presented. Research suggests that within-session changes in motivated responding for food may also habituate, and motivated responding may, therefore, recover when new foods are presented. The purpose of this study was to evaluate similarities in the pattern of salivation and motivated responding for a cheeseburger stimulus in children, followed by either a novel stimulus (French fries) or another cheeseburger trial. The order of the task (salivation or motivation) was counterbalanced over days. Salivation and motivated responding for cheeseburger were reliably reduced over seven trials, and responses recovered after presentation of French fries on trial 8. Random regression models showed a significant relationship between the rate of change in motivated responding and salivation. These results provide additional support for similarities in processes that regulate salivation and motivated responding for food and strengthen support for the hypothesis that changes in motivated responding can be understood by habituation theory.
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Yadon CA, Wilson DA. The role of metabotropic glutamate receptors and cortical adaptation in habituation of odor-guided behavior. Learn Mem 2006; 12:601-5. [PMID: 16322361 PMCID: PMC1356178 DOI: 10.1101/lm.41405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Decreases in behavioral investigation of novel stimuli over time may be mediated by a variety of factors including changes in attention, internal state, and motivation. Sensory cortical adaptation, a decrease in sensory cortical responsiveness over prolonged stimulation, may also play a role. In olfaction, metabotropic glutamate receptors on cortical afferent pre-synaptic terminals have been shown to underlie both cortical sensory adaptation and habituation of odor-evoked reflexes. The present experiment examined whether blockade of sensory cortical adaptation through bilateral infusion of the group III metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist cyclopropyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine (CPPG) into the anterior piriform cortex could reduce habituation of a more complex odor-driven behavior such as investigation of a scented object or a conspecific. The results demonstrate that time spent investigating a scented jar, or a conspecific, decreases over the course of a continuous 10 minute trial. Acute infusion of CPPG bilaterally into the anterior piriform cortex significantly enhanced the time spent investigating the scented jar compared to investigation time in control rats, without affecting overall behavioral activity levels. Infusions into the brain outside of the piriform cortex were without effect. CPPG infusion into the piriform cortex also produced an enhancement of time spent investigating a conspecific, although this effect was not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly A Yadon
- Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, 73019, USA
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