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Witek K, Wydra K, Filip M. A High-Sugar Diet Consumption, Metabolism and Health Impacts with a Focus on the Development of Substance Use Disorder: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142940. [PMID: 35889898 PMCID: PMC9323357 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates are important macronutrients in human and rodent diet patterns that play a key role in crucial metabolic pathways and provide the necessary energy for proper body functioning. Sugar homeostasis and intake require complex hormonal and nervous control to proper body energy balance. Added sugar in processed food results in metabolic, cardiovascular, and nervous disorders. Epidemiological reports have shown enhanced consumption of sweet products in children and adults, especially in reproductive age and in pregnant women, which can lead to the susceptibility of offspring’s health to diseases in early life or in adulthood and proneness to mental disorders. In this review, we discuss the impacts of high-sugar diet (HSD) or sugar intake during the perinatal and/or postnatal periods on neural and behavioural disturbances as well as on the development of substance use disorder (SUD). Since several emotional behavioural disturbances are recognized as predictors of SUD, we also present how HSD enhances impulsive behaviour, stress, anxiety and depression. Apart from the influence of HSD on these mood disturbances, added sugar can render food addiction. Both food and addictive substances change the sensitivity of the brain rewarding neurotransmission signalling. The results of the collected studies could be important in assessing sugar intake, especially via maternal dietary patterns, from the clinical perspective of SUD prevention or pre-existing emotional disorders. Methodology: This narrative review focuses on the roles of a high-sugar diet (HSD) and added sugar in foods and on the impacts of glucose and fructose on the development of substance use disorder (SUD) and on the behavioural predictors of drugs abuse. The literature was reviewed by two authors independently according to the topic of the review. We searched the PubMed and Scopus databases and Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute open access scientific journals using the following keyword search strategy depending on the theme of the chapter: “high-sugar diet” OR “high-carbohydrate diet” OR “sugar” OR “glucose” OR “fructose” OR “added sugar” AND keywords. We excluded inaccessible or pay-walled articles, abstracts, conference papers, editorials, letters, commentary, and short notes. Reviews, experimental studies, and epidemiological data, published since 1990s, were searched and collected depending on the chapter structure. After the search, all duplicates are thrown out and full texts were read, and findings were rescreened. After the selection process, appropriate papers were included to present in this review.
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Melrose AJ, Bailer U, Wierenga CE, Bischoff-Grethe A, Paulus MP, Kaye WH. Amphetamine alters neural response to sucrose in healthy women. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2016; 252:19-25. [PMID: 27179312 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamine, likely via action on the brain's dopaminergic systems, induces anorectic eating behavior and blunts dopaminergic midbrain activation to rewards. Past work has hypothesized that this blunted reward responsivity is a result of increasing tonic over phasic DA activity. We sought to extend past findings to sweet taste during fMRI following single-blind administration of dextroamphetamine and placebo in 11 healthy women. We hypothesized that neural response in both limbic and cognitive sweet taste circuits would mirror past work with monetary rewards by effectively blunting sweet taste reward, and 'equalizing' it's rewarding taste with receipt of water. Behavioral results showed that amphetamine reduced self-reported hunger (supporting the existence of amphetamine anorexia) and increased self-report euphoria. In addition, region of Interest analysis revealed significant treatment by taste interactions in the middle insula and dorsal anterior cingulate confirming the 'equalizing' hypothesis in the cingulate, but unlike monetary reinforcers, the insula actually evinced enhanced separation between tastes on the amphetamine day. These results suggest a divergence from prior research using monetary reinforcers when extended to primary reinforcers, and may hint that altering dopaminergic signaling in the insula and anterior cingulate may be a target for pharmacological manipulation of appetite, and the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A James Melrose
- Eating Disorders Research and Treatment Program, UCSD Department of Psychiatry, 4510 Executive Dr., Suite 315, San Diego, CA 92121-3021, USA
| | - Ursula Bailer
- Eating Disorders Research and Treatment Program, UCSD Department of Psychiatry, 4510 Executive Dr., Suite 315, San Diego, CA 92121-3021, USA; Medical University of Vienna, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Biological Psychiatry, Waehringer Gurtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina E Wierenga
- Eating Disorders Research and Treatment Program, UCSD Department of Psychiatry, 4510 Executive Dr., Suite 315, San Diego, CA 92121-3021, USA; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Research Service, Psychiatry Service, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr., San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Amanda Bischoff-Grethe
- Eating Disorders Research and Treatment Program, UCSD Department of Psychiatry, 4510 Executive Dr., Suite 315, San Diego, CA 92121-3021, USA
| | - Martin P Paulus
- Eating Disorders Research and Treatment Program, UCSD Department of Psychiatry, 4510 Executive Dr., Suite 315, San Diego, CA 92121-3021, USA; Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S Yale Ave, Tulsa, OK 74136-3326, USA
| | - Walter H Kaye
- Eating Disorders Research and Treatment Program, UCSD Department of Psychiatry, 4510 Executive Dr., Suite 315, San Diego, CA 92121-3021, USA.
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Diet-induced obesity and diet-resistant rats: differences in the rewarding and anorectic effects of D-amphetamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3215-26. [PMID: 26047964 PMCID: PMC4536171 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3981-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Obesity is a leading public health problem worldwide. Multiple lines of evidence associate deficits in the brain reward circuit with obesity. OBJECTIVE Whether alterations in brain reward sensitivity precede or are a consequence of obesity is unknown. This study aimed to investigate both innate and obesity-induced differences in the sensitivity to the effects of an indirect dopaminergic agonist. METHODS Rats genetically prone to diet-induced obesity (DIO) and their counterpart diet-resistant (DR) were fed a chow diet, and their response to D-amphetamine on intracranial self-stimulation and food intake were assessed. The same variables were then evaluated after exposing the rats to a high-fat diet, after DIO rats selectively developed obesity. Finally, gene expression levels of dopamine receptors 1 and 2 as well as tyrosine hydroxylase were measured in reward-related brain regions. RESULTS In a pre-obesity state, DIO rats showed innate decreased sensitivity to the reward-enhancing and anorectic effects of D-amphetamine, as compared to DR rats. In a diet-induced obese state, the insensitivity to the potentiating effects of D-amphetamine on intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) threshold persisted and became more marked in DIO rats, while the anorectic effects were comparable between genotypes. Finally, innate and obesity-induced differences in the gene expression of dopamine receptors were observed. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that brain reward deficits antedate the development of obesity and worsen after obesity is fully developed, suggesting that these alterations represent vulnerability factors for its development. Moreover, our data suggests that the reward-enhancing and anorectic effects of D-amphetamine are dissociable in the context of obesity.
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Galindo LCM, Barros MDLD, Pinheiro IL, Santana RVDC, Matos RJB, Leandro CG, Souza SL, Castro RM. Neonatal serotonin reuptake inhibition reduces hypercaloric diet effects on fat mass and hypothalamic gene expression in adult rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 46:76-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuella da Luz Duarte Barros
- Master Student in Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, CAVFederal University of Pernambuco55608‐680VitóriaStoAntãoBrazil
| | - Isabeli Lins Pinheiro
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAVFederal University of Pernambuco55608‐680VitóriaStoAntãoBrazil
| | | | - Rhowena Jane Barbosa Matos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAVFederal University of Pernambuco55608‐680VitóriaStoAntãoBrazil
| | - Carol Góis Leandro
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAVFederal University of Pernambuco55608‐680VitóriaStoAntãoBrazil
| | - Sandra Lopes Souza
- Department of AnatomyFederal University of Pernambuco50670‐901RecifePEBrazil
| | - Raul Manhães Castro
- Department of NutritionFederal University of Pernambuco50670‐901RecifeBrazil
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Concurrent pharmacological modification of cannabinoid-1 and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activity affects feeding behavior and body weight in rats fed a free-choice, high-carbohydrate diet. Behav Pharmacol 2014; 25:53-60. [PMID: 24370558 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To extend preliminary studies on the effects on food intake of the combined use of cannabinoid (CB) 1 and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and antagonists, the effect of these drugs on the feeding behavior in rats maintained on a free-choice, high-carbohydrate diet was investigated over a longer period of time. Rats were fed a standard diet for 3 days and then fed with both the standard and the high-sucrose chow. After 4 days of the high-calorie diet, the following combination treatments were administered daily by an intraperitoneal injection for the next 3 days: 1 mg/kg AM 251 (a CB1 receptor antagonist) or 1 mg/kg WIN 55,212-2 (a CB1 receptor agonist) together with 3 µg/kg exendin-4 (Ex-4, a GLP-1 receptor agonist) or 160 µg/kg exendin (9-39) [Ex (9-39), a GLP-1 receptor antagonist]. The total daily caloric intake and body weight were significantly reduced in rats treated with Ex-4 and AM 251 or WIN 55,212-2 compared with either of the drugs injected alone and the saline-injected controls. Both drug combinations selectively inhibited ingestion of the high-sucrose chow. Although Ex (9-39) administration did not significantly affect food consumption, it resulted in a marked body weight gain, indicating that the GLP-1 receptor antagonist caused a positive energy balance. It is concluded that AM 251 or WIN 55,212-2 and Ex-4, injected together, exert additive, inhibitory effects on the consumption of high-sugar food.
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Wu MV, Shamy JL, Bedi G, Choi CWJ, Wall MM, Arango V, Boldrini M, Foltin RW, Hen R. Impact of social status and antidepressant treatment on neurogenesis in the baboon hippocampus. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:1861-71. [PMID: 24518288 PMCID: PMC4059894 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is critically implicated in rodent models of stress and anxiety as well as behavioral effects of antidepressants. Whereas similar factors such as psychiatric disorder and antidepressant administration are correlated with hippocampal volume in humans, the relationship between these factors and adult neurogenesis is less well understood. To better bridge the gap between rodent and human physiology, we examined the numbers of proliferating neural precursors and immature cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) as well as in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-estimated whole hippocampal volume in eight socially dominant- or subordinate-like (SL) baboons administered the antidepressant fluoxetine or vehicle. SL baboons had lower numbers of proliferating cells and immature neurons than socially dominant-like baboons. Fluoxetine treatment was associated with a larger whole hippocampal volume but surprisingly resulted in lower numbers of immature neurons. These findings are the first to indicate that adult neurogenesis in the baboon hippocampal DG may be functionally relevant in the context of social stress and mechanisms of antidepressant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody V Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jul Lea Shamy
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Mt Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gillinder Bedi
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chien-Wen J Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Division of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melanie M Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Division of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victoria Arango
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maura Boldrini
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard W Foltin
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - René Hen
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA,Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 87, Kolb Annex, Room 767, New York, NY 10032, USA, Tel: +1 212 646 774 7108, Fax: +1 212 543 5074, E-mail:
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Abstract
Comparatively few studies over the past 30 years have used pharmacological manipulations as a means of understanding processes underlying feeding behavior of nonhuman primates. In the 1970s and early 1980s, four laboratories provided data on the anorexigenic effects of a range of drugs on rhesus monkeys and baboons, and a fifth laboratory studied the effects of neuropeptides on feeding behavior of baboons. There were differences in the way anorexigenic drugs altered eating topography, and those that increased dopamine levels had greater abuse liability than those that increased serotonin levels. Studies in the 1980s and 1990s used foraging models and principles of behavioral economics to understand food-drug interactions. Experimenter-given anorexigenic drugs did not function as economic substitutes for food. Recent studies have examined the effects of a range of drugs on consumption of highly palatable food and model diet-induced obesity. Although some drugs, including stimulants, N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists, and a cannabinoid antagonist increased the latency to standard food consumption, there was little evidence for a selective effect of any drug on highly palatable food consumption. Results obtained in nonhuman primates did not always confirm those observed in rodents. Future studies looking at sex differences and social factors may provide insight into factors related to human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Foltin
- Division on Substance Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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