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Zeng T, Yu Q, Shang J, Xu Z, Zhou L, Li W, Li J, Hu H, Zhu L, Li J, Wang C. TcbHLH14 a Jasmonate Associated MYC2-like Transcription Factor Positively Regulates Pyrethrin Biosynthesis in Tanacetum cinerariifolium. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087379. [PMID: 37108541 PMCID: PMC10138541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural pyrethrins have high application value, and are widely used as a green pesticide in crop pest prevention and control. Pyrethrins are mainly extracted from the flower heads of Tanacetum cinerariifolium; however, the natural content is low. Therefore, it is essential to understand the regulatory mechanisms underlying the synthesis of pyrethrins through identification of key transcription factors. We identified a gene encoding a MYC2-like transcription factor named TcbHLH14 from T. cinerariifolium transcriptome, which is induced by methyl jasmonate. In the present study, we evaluated the regulatory effects and mechanisms of TcbHLH14 using expression analysis, a yeast one-hybrid assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and overexpression/virus-induced gene silencing experiments. We found that TcbHLH14 can directly bind to the cis-elements of the pyrethrins synthesis genes TcAOC and TcGLIP to activate their expression. The transient overexpression of TcbHLH14 enhanced expression of the TcAOC and TcGLIP genes. Conversely, transient silencing of TcbHLH14 downregulated the expression of TcAOC and TcGLIP and reduced the content of pyrethrins. In summary, these results indicate that the potential application of TcbHLH14 in improving the germplasm resources and provide a new insight into the regulatory network of pyrethrins biosynthesis of T. cinerariifolium to further inform the development of engineering strategies for increasing pyrethrins contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qin Yu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junzhong Shang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhizhuo Xu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Li Zhou
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jinjin Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hao Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liyong Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Caiyun Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Overexpression of chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase (CDS) gene in Tagetes erecta leads to the overproduction of pyrethrin. Transgenic Res 2022; 31:625-635. [PMID: 36006545 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-022-00323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethrins are widely accepted as natural insecticides and offers several advantages of synthetic compounds, i.e., rapidity of action, bioactivity against a wide range of insects, comparatively lesser costs and the like. A significant source of pyrethrin is Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium; cultivated in restricted areas, as a result; natural pyrethrins are not produced in a large amount that would meet the ongoing global market demand. However, increasing its content and harnessing the desired molecule did not attract much attention. To enhance the production of pyrethrins in Tagetes erecta, the Chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase (CDS) gene was overexpressed under the promoter CaMV35S. Hypocotyls were used as explant for transformation, and direct regeneration was achieved on MS medium with 1.5 mg L-1 BAP and 5.0 mg L-1 GA3. Putative transgenics were screened on 10 mgL-1 hygromycin. After successful regeneration, screening and rooting process, the transgenic plants were raised inside the glass house and PCR amplification of CDS and HYG-II was used to confirm the transformation. Biochemical analysis using HPLC demonstrated the expression levels of the pyrethrin, which was approx. twenty-six fold higher than the non-transformed Tagetes plant.
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Wang S, Zhan C, Chen R, Li W, Song H, Zhao G, Wen M, Liang D, Qiao J. Achievements and perspectives of synthetic biology in botanical insecticides. J Cell Physiol 2022. [PMID: 36183373 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Botanical insecticides are the origin of all insecticidal compounds. They have been widely used to control pests in crops for a long time. Currently, the commercial production of botanical insecticides extracted from plants is limited because of insufficient raw material supply. Synthetic biology is a promising and effective approach for addressing the current problems of the production of botanical insecticides. It is an emerging biological research hotspot in the field of botanical insecticides. However, the biosynthetic pathways of many botanical insecticides are not completely elucidated. On the other hand, the cytotoxicity of botanical pesticides and low efficiency of these biosynthetic enzymes in new hosts make it still challenging for their heterologous production. In the present review, we summarized the recent developments in the heterologous production of botanical insecticides, analyzed the current challenges, and discussed the feasible production strategies, focusing on elucidating biosynthetic pathways, enzyme engineering, host engineering, and cytotoxicity engineering. Looking to the future, synthetic biology promises to further advance heterologous production of more botanical pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Zhejiang Shaoxing Research Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Chuanling Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Zhejiang Shaoxing Research Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Ruiqi Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Zhejiang Shaoxing Research Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Weiguo Li
- Zhejiang Shaoxing Research Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Hongjian Song
- Zhejiang Shaoxing Research Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Guangrong Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingzhang Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongmei Liang
- Zhejiang Shaoxing Research Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Jianjun Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Zhejiang Shaoxing Research Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing, China
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Sugisaka Y, Aoyama S, Kumagai K, Ihara M, Matsuda K. TcGLIP GDSL Lipase Substrate Specificity Co-determines the Pyrethrin Composition in Tanacetum cinerariifolium. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:8645-8652. [PMID: 35793553 PMCID: PMC9306000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural pesticides pyrethrins biosynthesized by Tanacetum cinrerariifolium are biodegradable and safer insecticides for pest insect control. TcGLIP, a GDSL lipase underpinning the ester bond formation in pyrethrins, exhibits high stereo-specificity for acyl-CoA and alcohol substrates. However, it is unknown how the enzyme recognizes the other structural features of the substrates and whether such specificity affects the product amount and composition in T. cinrerariifolium. We report here that the cysteamine moiety in (1R,3R)-chrysanthemoyl CoA and the conjugated diene moiety in (S)-pyrethrolone play key roles in the interactions with TcGLIP. CoA released from chrysanthemoyl CoA in the pyrethrin-forming reaction reduces the substrate affinity for TcGLIP by feedback inhibition. (S)-Pyrethrolone shows the highest catalytic efficiency for TcGLIP, followed by (S)-cinerolone and (S)-jasmololone, contributing, at least in part, to determine the pyrethrin compositions in T. cinerariifolium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukimi Sugisaka
- Department
of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Shiori Aoyama
- Department
of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Konoka Kumagai
- Department
of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Makoto Ihara
- Department
of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Matsuda
- Department
of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
- Agricultural
Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University, 3327-204
Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
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Wang Y, Wen J, Liu L, Chen J, Wang C, Li Z, Wang G, Pichersky E, Xu H. Engineering of tomato type VI glandular trichomes for trans-chrysanthemic acid biosynthesis, the acid moiety of natural pyrethrin insecticides. Metab Eng 2022; 72:188-199. [PMID: 35339691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glandular trichomes, known as metabolic cell factories, have been proposed as highly suitable for metabolically engineering the production of plant high-value specialized metabolites. Natural pyrethrins, found only in Dalmatian pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium), are insecticides with low mammalian toxicity and short environmental persistence. Type I pyrethrins are esters of the monoterpenoid trans-chrysanthemic acid with one of the three rethrolone-type alcohols. To test if glandular trichomes can be made to synthesize trans-chrysanthemic acid, we reconstructed its biosynthetic pathway in tomato type VI glandular trichomes, which produce large amounts of terpenoids that share the precursor dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) with this acid. This was achieved by coexpressing the trans-chrysanthemic acid pathway related genes including TcCDS encoding chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase and the fusion gene of TcADH2 encoding the alcohol dehydrogenase 2 linked with TcALDH1 encoding the aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 under the control of a newly identified type VI glandular trichome-specific metallocarboxypeptidase inhibitor promoter. Whole tomato leaves harboring type VI glandular trichomes expressing all three aformentioned genes had a concentration of total trans-chrysanthemic acid that was about 1.5-fold higher (by mole number) than the levels of β-phellandrene, the dominant monoterpene present in non-transgenic leaves, while the levels of β-phellandrene and the representative sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene in transgenic leaves were reduced by 96% and 81%, respectively. These results suggest that the tomato type VI glandular trichome is an alternative platform for the biosynthesis of trans-chrysanthemic acid by metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Jing Wen
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Lang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Chu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Zhengguo Li
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Haiyang Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
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Zeng T, Li JW, Zhou L, Xu ZZ, Li JJ, Hu H, Luo J, Zheng RR, Wang YY, Wang CY. Transcriptional Responses and GCMS Analysis for the Biosynthesis of Pyrethrins and Volatile Terpenes in Tanacetum coccineum. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313005. [PMID: 34884809 PMCID: PMC8657971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural pyrethrins have been widely used as natural pesticides due to their low mammalian toxicity and environmental friendliness. Previous studies have mainly focused on Tanacetumcinerariifolium, which contains high levels of pyrethrins and volatile terpenes that play significant roles in plant defense and pollination. However, there is little information on T. coccineum due to its lower pyrethrin content and low commercial value. In this study, we measured the transcriptome and metabolites of the leaves (L), flower buds (S1), and fully blossomed flowers (S4) of T. coccineum. The results show that the expression of pyrethrins and precursor terpene backbone genes was low in the leaves, and then rapidly increased in the S1 stage before decreasing again in the S4 stage. The results also show that pyrethrins primarily accumulated at the S4 stage. However, the content of volatile terpenes was consistently low. This perhaps suggests that, despite T. coccineum and T. cinerariifolium having similar gene expression patterns and accumulation of pyrethrins, T. coccineum attracts pollinators via its large and colorful flowers rather than via inefficient and metabolically expensive volatile terpenes, as in T. cinerariifolium. This is the first instance of de novo transcriptome sequencing reported for T. coccineum. The present results could provide insights into pyrethrin biosynthetic pathways and will be helpful for further understanding how plants balance the cost–benefit relationship between plant defense and pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Zeng
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jia-Wen Li
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
| | - Li Zhou
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
| | - Zhi-Zhuo Xu
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
| | - Jin-Jin Li
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
| | - Hao Hu
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
| | - Jing Luo
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
| | - Ri-Ru Zheng
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
| | - Cai-Yun Wang
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Matsuda K. Chemical and biological studies of natural and synthetic products for the highly selective control of pest insect species. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 86:1-11. [PMID: 34694357 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tanacetum cinerariifolium was known to produce pyrethrins, but the mechanism of pyrethrin biosynthesis was largely unclear. The author showed that the non-mevalonate and oxylipin pathways underlie biosynthesis of the acid and alcohol moieties, respectively, and a GDSL lipase joins the products of these pathways. A blend of the green leaf volatiles and (E)-β-farnesene mediates the induction of wounding responses to neighboring intact conspecies by enhancing pyrethrin biosynthesis. Plants fight against herbivores underground as well as aboveground, and, in soy pulps, some fungi produce compounds selectively modulating ion channels in insect nervous system. The author proposed that indirect defense of plants occurs where microorganisms produce defense substances in the rhizosphere. Broad-spectrum pesticides, including neonicotinoids, may affect non-target organisms. The author discovered co-factors enabling functional expression of insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). This led to understanding the mechanism of insect nAChR-neonicotinoid interactions, thus paving new avenues for controlling pests and disease vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Matsuda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara 631-8505, Japan.,Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University, Nara 631-8505, Japan
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8
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Spatial and developmental regulation of putative genes associated with the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes and pyrethrin I in Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00710-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Arroo RRJ, Bhambra AS, Hano C, Renda G, Ruparelia KC, Wang MF. Analysis of plant secondary metabolism using stable isotope-labelled precursors. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:62-68. [PMID: 32706176 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Analysis of biochemical pathways typically involves feeding a labelled precursor to an organism, and then monitoring the metabolic fate of the label. Initial studies used radioisotopes as a label and then monitored radioactivity in the metabolic products. As analytical equipment improved and became more widely available, preference shifted the use stable 'heavy' isotopes like deuterium (2 H)-, carbon-13 (13 C)- and nitrogen-15 (15 N)-atoms as labels. Incorporation of the labels could be monitored by mass spectrometry (MS), as part of a hyphenated tool kits, e.g. Liquid chromatography (LC)-MS, gas chromatography (GC)-MS, LC-MS/MS. MS offers great sensitivity but the exact location of an isotope label in a given metabolite cannot always be unambiguously established. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can also be used to pick up signals of stable isotopes, and can give information on the precise location of incorporated label in the metabolites. However, the detection limit for NMR is quite a bit higher than that for MS. OBJECTIVES A number of experiments involving feeding stable isotope-labelled precursors followed by NMR analysis of the metabolites is presented. The aim is to highlight the use of NMR analysis in identifying the precise fate of isotope labels after precursor feeding experiments. As more powerful NMR equipment becomes available, applications as described in this review may become more commonplace in pathway analysis. CONCLUSION AND PROSPECTS NMR is a widely accepted tool for chemical structure elucidation and is now increasingly used in metabolomic studies. In addition, NMR, combined with stable isotope feeding, should be considered as a tool for metabolic flux analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph R J Arroo
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Avninder S Bhambra
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Gülin Renda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, Ortahisar/Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ketan C Ruparelia
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Meng F Wang
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
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Lybrand DB, Xu H, Last RL, Pichersky E. How Plants Synthesize Pyrethrins: Safe and Biodegradable Insecticides. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:1240-1251. [PMID: 32690362 PMCID: PMC7677217 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Natural pyrethrin insecticides produced by Dalmatian pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) have low mammalian toxicity and short environmental persistence, providing an alternative to widely used synthetic agricultural insecticides that pose a threat to human health and the environment. A recent surge of interest in the use of pyrethrins as agricultural insecticides coincides with the discovery of several new genes in the pyrethrin biosynthetic pathway. Elucidation of this pathway facilitates efforts to breed improved pyrethrum varieties and to engineer plants with improved endogenous defenses or hosts for heterologous pyrethrin production. We describe the current state of knowledge related to global pyrethrum production, the pyrethrin biosynthetic pathway and its regulation, and recent efforts to engineer the pyrethrin pathway in diverse plant hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Lybrand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Haiyang Xu
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Matsui R, Takiguchi K, Kuwata N, Oki K, Takahashi K, Matsuda K, Matsuura H. Jasmonic acid is not a biosynthetic intermediate to produce the pyrethrolone moiety in pyrethrin II. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6366. [PMID: 32286354 PMCID: PMC7156398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrethrum (Tanacetumcinerariifolium) produces insecticidal compounds known as pyrethrins. Pyrethrins are esters; the acid moiety is either trans-chrysanthemic acid or pyrethric acid and the alcohol moiety of pyrethrins is either pyrethrolone, cinerolone, or jasmolone. It was generally accepted that cis-jasmone was biosynthetic intermediate to produce the alcohol moieties of pyrethrin, and the biosynthetic origin of the cis-jasmone was postulated to be jasmonic acid. However, there was no direct evidence to prove this hypothesis. In order to uncover the origin of pyrethrolone moiety in pyrethrin II, feeding experiments were performed employing deuterium- and 13C-labeled compounds as substrates, and the expected labeled compounds were analyzed using UPLC MS/MS system. It was found that the pyrethrolone moiety in pyrethrin II was derived from 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), iso-OPDA and cis-jasmone but not from methyl jasmonate and 3-oxo-2-(2′-[Z]-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-hexanoic acid. The results supported that the biosynthesis of the pyrethrolone moiety in pyrethrin II partially used part of the jasmonic acid biosynthetic pathway, but not whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Matsui
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Division of Fundamental AgriScience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Kisumi Takiguchi
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Division of Fundamental AgriScience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Naoshige Kuwata
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Division of Fundamental AgriScience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Katsunari Oki
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Division of Fundamental AgriScience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Kosaku Takahashi
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Division of Fundamental AgriScience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.,Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Applied BioScience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Matsuda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Matsuura
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Division of Fundamental AgriScience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
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Xu H, Li W, Schilmiller AL, van Eekelen H, de Vos RCH, Jongsma MA, Pichersky E. Pyrethric acid of natural pyrethrin insecticide: complete pathway elucidation and reconstitution in Nicotiana benthamiana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:751-765. [PMID: 30920667 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the natural pesticides known as pyrethrins, which are esters produced in flowers of Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Asteraceae), the monoterpenoid acyl moiety is pyrethric acid or chrysanthemic acid. We show here that pyrethric acid is produced from chrysanthemol in six steps catalyzed by four enzymes, the first five steps occurring in the trichomes covering the ovaries and the last one occurring inside the ovary tissues. Three steps involve the successive oxidation of carbon 10 (C10) to a carboxylic group by TcCHH, a cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. Two other steps involve the successive oxidation of the hydroxylated carbon 1 to give a carboxylic group by TcADH2 and TcALDH1, the same enzymes that catalyze these reactions in the formation of chrysanthemic acid. The ultimate result of the actions of these three enzymes is the formation of 10-carboxychrysanthemic acid in the trichomes. Finally, the carboxyl group at C10 is methylated by TcCCMT, a member of the SABATH methyltransferase family, to give pyrethric acid. This reaction occurs mostly in the ovaries. Expression in N. benthamiana plants of all four genes encoding aforementioned enzymes, together with TcCDS, a gene that encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of chrysanthemol, led to the production of pyrethric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Xu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Anthony L Schilmiller
- Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics Core Facility, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Henriëtte van Eekelen
- Business unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ric C H de Vos
- Business unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten A Jongsma
- Business unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Liu Y, Jing SX, Luo SH, Li SH. Non-volatile natural products in plant glandular trichomes: chemistry, biological activities and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:626-665. [PMID: 30468448 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00077h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The investigation methods, chemistry, bioactivities, and biosynthesis of non-volatile natural products involving 489 compounds in plant glandular trichomes are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- P. R. China
| | - Shu-Xi Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- P. R. China
| | - Shi-Hong Luo
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology
- Shenyang Agricultural University
- Shenyang
- P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- P. R. China
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14
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Khan S, Upadhyay S, Khan F, Tandon S, Shukla RK, Ghosh S, Gupta V, Banerjee S, Ur Rahman L. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals candidate genes for the biosynthesis of natural insecticide in Tanacetum cinerariifolium. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:54. [PMID: 28068903 PMCID: PMC5220608 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pyrethrins are monoterpenoids and consist of either a chrysanthemic acid or pyrethric acid with a rethrolone moiety. Natural pyrethrins are safe and eco-friendly while possessing strong insecticidal properties. Despite such advantages of commercial value coming with the eco-friendly tag, most enzymes/genes involved in the pyrethrin biosynthesis pathway remain unidentified and uncharacterized. Since the flowers of Tanacetum cinerariifolium are rich in major pyrethrins, next generation transcriptome sequencing was undertaken to compare the flowers and the leaves of the plant de novo to identify differentially expressed transcripts and ascertain which among them might be involved in and responsible for the differential accumulation of pyrethrins in T. cinerariifolium flowers. Results In this first tissue specific transcriptome analysis of the non-model plant T. cinerariifolium, a total of 23,200,000 and 28,500,110 high quality Illumina next generation sequence reads, with a length of 101 bp, were generated for the flower and leaf tissue respectively. After functional enrichment analysis and GO based annotation using public protein databases such as UniRef, PFAM, SMART, KEGG and NR, 4443 and 8901 unigenes were identified in the flower and leaf tissue respectively. These could be assigned to 13344 KEGG pathways and the pyrethrin biosynthesis contextualized. The 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway was involved in the biosynthesis of acid moiety of pyrethrin and this pathway predominated in the flowers as compared to the leaves. However, enzymes related to oxylipin biosynthesis were found predominantly in the leaf tissue, which suggested that major steps of pyrethrin biosynthesis occurred in the flowers. Conclusions Transcriptome comparison between the flower and leaf tissue of T. cinerariifolium provided an elaborate list of tissue specific transcripts that was useful in elucidating the differences in the expression of the biosynthetic pathways leading to differential presence of pyrethrin in the flowers. The information generated on genes, pathways and markers related to pyrethrin biosynthesis in this study will be helpful in enhancing the production of these useful compounds for value added breeding programs. Related proteome comparison to overlay our transcriptome comparison can generate more relevant information to better understand flower specific accumulation of secondary metabolites in general and pyrethrin accumulation in particular. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3409-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Khan
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Swati Upadhyay
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Feroz Khan
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Sudeep Tandon
- Process Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Shukla
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Vikrant Gupta
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Suchitra Banerjee
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Laiq Ur Rahman
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India.
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15
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Production of 3-Oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoic Acid in the Fungus Aspergillus oryzae: A Step Towards Heterologous Production of Pyrethrins in Fungi. Mol Biotechnol 2016; 58:172-8. [PMID: 26718544 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-015-9911-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pyrethrins are natural insecticides, which accumulate to high concentrations in pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) flowers. Synthetic pyrethroids are more stable, more efficacious and cheaper, but contemporary requirements for safe and environmentally friendly pesticides encourage a return to the use of natural pyrethrins, and this would be favoured by development of an efficient route to their production by microbial fermentation. The biosynthesis of pyrethrins involves ester linkage between an acid moiety (chrysanthemoyl or pyrethroyl, synthesised via the mevalonic acid pathway from glucose), and an alcohol (pyrethrolone). Pyrethrolone is generated from 3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoic acid, which originates from α-linolenic acid via the jasmonic acid biosynthetic cascade. The first four genes in this cascade, encoding lipoxygenase 2, allene-oxide synthase, allene-oxide cyclase 2 and 12-oxophytodienoic acid reductase 3, were amplified from an Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA library, cloned in a purpose-built fungal multigene expression vector and expressed in Aspergillus oryzae. HPLC-MS analysis of the transgenic fungus homogenate gave good evidence for the presence of 3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoic acid.
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16
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Sakamori K, Ono N, Ihara M, Suzuki H, Matsuura H, Tanaka K, Ohta D, Kanaya S, Matsuda K. Selective regulation of pyrethrin biosynthesis by the specific blend of wound induced volatiles in Tanacetum cinerariifolium. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1149675. [PMID: 26918634 PMCID: PMC4883863 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1149675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Natural pyrethrins are used to control household and agricultural pests, and it is of value to understand biosynthesis in Tanacetum cinerariifolium for enhanced production. We previously found that a blend of four green leaf volatiles (GLVs) and (E)-β-farnesene emitted by T. cinerariifolium seedlings enhanced gene expressions of certain biosynthetic enzymes in unwounded seedlings; however, the extent to which such a regulation facilitates pyrethrin biosynthesis remains unknown. Here we have investigated the effects of the blend of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on gene expressions of seven biosynthetic enzymes. VOC treatment resulted in enhanced chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase (CDS), chrysanthemic acid synthase (CAS), Tanacetum cinerariifolium GDSL lipase (TcGLIP) and acyl-Coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACX1) gene expressions that reached a peak at a 12 h VOC treatment, whereas the treatment minimally influenced the expressions of other biosynthetic genes. In undifferentiated Tanacetum tissues, such VOC-induced amplification of CDS, CAS, TcGLIP and ACX1 gene expressions were markedly reduced, suggesting that a high-resolution, VOC-mediated communication is an event selective to differentiated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Sakamori
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nakamachi, Nara, Japan
| | - Naoaki Ono
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Makoto Ihara
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nakamachi, Nara, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute,Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Matsuura
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Division of Applied Bioscience, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ken Tanaka
- Division of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Daisaku Ohta
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Kanaya
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Matsuda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nakamachi, Nara, Japan
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17
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Yang T, Gao L, Hu H, Stoopen G, Wang C, Jongsma MA. Chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase operates in planta as a bifunctional enzyme with chrysanthemol synthase activity. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:36325-35. [PMID: 25378387 PMCID: PMC4276892 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.623348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase (CDS) is the first pathway-specific enzyme in the biosynthesis of pyrethrins, the most widely used plant-derived pesticide. CDS catalyzes c1'-2-3 cyclopropanation reactions of two molecules of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) to yield chrysanthemyl diphosphate (CPP). Three proteins are known to catalyze this cyclopropanation reaction of terpene precursors. Two of them, phytoene and squalene synthase, are bifunctional enzymes with both prenyltransferase and terpene synthase activity. CDS, the other member, has been reported to perform only the prenyltransferase step. Here we show that the NDXXD catalytic motif of CDS, under the lower substrate conditions prevalent in plants, also catalyzes the next step, converting CPP into chrysanthemol by hydrolyzing the diphosphate moiety. The enzymatic hydrolysis reaction followed conventional Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with a Km value for CPP of 196 μm. For the chrysanthemol synthase activity, DMAPP competed with CPP as substrate. The DMAPP concentration required for half-maximal activity to produce chrysanthemol was ∼100 μm, and significant substrate inhibition was observed at elevated DMAPP concentrations. The N-terminal peptide of CDS was identified as a plastid-targeting peptide. Transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing CDS emitted chrysanthemol at a rate of 0.12-0.16 μg h(-1) g(-1) fresh weight. We propose that CDS should be renamed a chrysanthemol synthase utilizing DMAPP as substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- From Business Unit PRI-Bioscience, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands, the Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands, the Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 658, 6700 AR Wageningen, The Netherlands, and
| | - Liping Gao
- From Business Unit PRI-Bioscience, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hao Hu
- the Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Geert Stoopen
- From Business Unit PRI-Bioscience, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Caiyun Wang
- the Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Maarten A Jongsma
- From Business Unit PRI-Bioscience, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands,
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Requirement of Catalytic-Triad and Related Amino Acids for the Acyltransferase Activity ofTanacetum cinerariifoliumGDSL Lipase/Esterase TcGLIP for Ester-Bond Formation in Pyrethrin Biosynthesis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:1822-5. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Rončević S, Svedružić LP, Nemet I. Elemental Composition and Chemometric Characterization of Pyrethrum Plant Materials and Insecticidal Flower Extracts. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.845898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Ramirez AM, Yang T, Bouwmeester HJ, Jongsma MA. A trichome-specific linoleate lipoxygenase expressed during pyrethrin biosynthesis in pyrethrum. Lipids 2013; 48:1005-15. [PMID: 23893337 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3815-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The lipid precursor alcohols of pyrethrins-jasmolone, pyrethrolone and cinerolone-have been proposed as sharing parts of the oxylipin pathway with jasmonic acid. This implies that one of the first committed steps of pyrethrin biosynthesis is catalyzed by a lipoxygenase, catalyzing the hydroperoxidation of linolenic acid at position 13. Previously, we showed that the expression and activity of chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase (TcCDS), the enzyme catalyzing the first committed step in the biosynthesis of the acid moiety of pyrethrins, is trichome-specific and developmentally regulated in flowers. In the present study we characterized the expression pattern of 25 lipoxygenase EST contigs, and subsequently carried out the molecular cloning of two pyrethrum lipoxygenases, TcLOX1 and TcLOX2, that have a similar pattern to TcCDS. Only recombinant TcLOX1 catalyzed the peroxidation of the linolenic acid substrate. Just as TcCDS, TcLOX1, are exclusively expressed in trichomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the enzyme shared the highest homology with chloroplast-localized 13-type-lipoxygenases that are involved in maintaining basal levels of jasmonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldana M Ramirez
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Demissie ZA, Erland LAE, Rheault MR, Mahmoud SS. The biosynthetic origin of irregular monoterpenes in Lavandula: isolation and biochemical characterization of a novel cis-prenyl diphosphate synthase gene, lavandulyl diphosphate synthase. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:6333-41. [PMID: 23306202 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.431171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lavender essential oils are constituted predominantly of regular monoterpenes, for example linalool, 1,8-cineole, and camphor. However, they also contain irregular monoterpenes including lavandulol and lavandulyl acetate. Although the majority of genes responsible for the production of regular monoterpenes in lavenders are now known, enzymes (including lavandulyl diphosphate synthase (LPPS)) catalyzing the biosynthesis of irregular monoterpenes in these plants have not been described. Here, we report the isolation and functional characterization of a novel cis-prenyl diphosphate synthase cDNA, termed Lavandula x intermedia lavandulyl diphosphate synthase (LiLPPS), through a homology-based cloning strategy. The LiLPPS ORF, encoding for a 305-amino acid long protein, was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant protein was purified by nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid affinity chromatography. The approximately 34.5-kDa bacterially produced protein specifically catalyzed the head-to-middle condensation of two dimethylallyl diphosphate units to LPP in vitro with apparent Km and kcat values of 208 ± 12 μm and 0.1 s(-1), respectively. LiLPPS is a homodimeric enzyme with a sigmoidal saturation curve and Hill coefficient of 2.7, suggesting a positive co-operative interaction among its catalytic sites. LiLPPS could be used to modulate the production of lavandulol and its derivatives in plants through metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerihun A Demissie
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
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22
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Liu PL, Wan JN, Guo YP, Ge S, Rao GY. Adaptive evolution of the chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase gene involved in irregular monoterpene metabolism. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:214. [PMID: 23137178 PMCID: PMC3518182 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase (CDS) is a key enzyme in biosynthetic pathways producing pyrethrins and irregular monoterpenes. These compounds are confined to plants of the tribe Anthemideae of the Asteraceae, and play an important role in defending the plants against herbivorous insects. It has been proposed that the CDS genes arose from duplication of the farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDS) gene and have different function from FDSs. However, the duplication time toward the origin of CDS and the evolutionary force behind the functional divergence of the CDS gene are still unknown. RESULTS Two duplication events were detected in the evolutionary history of the FDS gene family in the Asteraceae, and the second duplication led to the origin of CDS. CDS occurred after the divergence of the tribe Mutisieae from other tribes of Asteraceae but before the birth of the Anthemideae tribe. After its origin, CDS accumulated four mutations in sites homologous to the substrate-binding and catalysis sites of FDS. Of these, two sites were involved in the binding of the nucleophilic substrate isopentenyl diphosphate in FDS. Maximum likelihood analyses showed that some sites in CDS were under positive selection and were scattered throughout primary sequences, whereas in the three-dimensional structure model they clustered in the large central cavity. CONCLUSION Positive selection associated with gene duplication played a major role in the evolution of CDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Li Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Kikuta Y, Ueda H, Takahashi M, Mitsumori T, Yamada G, Sakamori K, Takeda K, Furutani S, Nakayama K, Katsuda Y, Hatanaka A, Matsuda K. Identification and characterization of a GDSL lipase-like protein that catalyzes the ester-forming reaction for pyrethrin biosynthesis in Tanacetum cinerariifolium- a new target for plant protection. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 71:183-93. [PMID: 22385412 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.04980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Although natural insecticides pyrethrins produced by Tanacetum cinerariifolium are used worldwide to control insect pest species, little information is known of their biosynthesis. From the buds of T. cinerariifolium, we have purified a protein that is able to transfer the chrysanthemoyl group from the coenzyme A (CoA) thioester to pyrethrolone to produce pyrethrin I and have isolated cDNAs that encode the enzyme. To our surprise, the active principle was not a member of a known acyltransferase family but a member of the GDSL lipase family. The recombinant enzyme (TcGLIP) was expressed in Escherichia coli and displayed the acyltransferase reaction with high substrate specificity, recognized the absolute configurations of three asymmetric carbons and also showed esterase activity. A S40A mutation in the Block I domain reduced both acyltransferase and esterase activities, which suggested an important role of this serine residue in these two activities. The signal peptide directed the localization of TcGLIP::enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusion, as well as EGFP, to the extracellular space. High TcGLIP gene expression was observed in the leaves of mature plants and seedlings as well as in buds and flowers, a finding that was consistent with the pyrethrin I content in these parts. Expression was enhanced in response to wounding, which suggested that the enzyme plays a key role in the defense mechanism of T. cinerariifolium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Kikuta
- Dainihon Jochugiku Co., Ltd., 1-1-11 Daikoku-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0827, Japan
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Hemmerlin A, Harwood JL, Bach TJ. A raison d'être for two distinct pathways in the early steps of plant isoprenoid biosynthesis? Prog Lipid Res 2011; 51:95-148. [PMID: 22197147 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
When compared to other organisms, plants are atypical with respect to isoprenoid biosynthesis: they utilize two distinct and separately compartmentalized pathways to build up isoprene units. The co-existence of these pathways in the cytosol and in plastids might permit the synthesis of many vital compounds, being essential for a sessile organism. While substrate exchange across membranes has been shown for a variety of plant species, lack of complementation of strong phenotypes, resulting from inactivation of either the cytosolic pathway (growth and development defects) or the plastidial pathway (pigment bleaching), seems to be surprising at first sight. Hundreds of isoprenoids have been analyzed to determine their biosynthetic origins. It can be concluded that in angiosperms, under standard growth conditions, C₂₀-phytyl moieties, C₃₀-triterpenes and C₄₀-carotenoids are made nearly exclusively within compartmentalized pathways, while mixed origins are widespread for other types of isoprenoid-derived molecules. It seems likely that this coexistence is essential for the interaction of plants with their environment. A major purpose of this review is to summarize such observations, especially within an ecological and functional context and with some emphasis on regulation. This latter aspect still requires more work and present conclusions are preliminary, although some general features seem to exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Hemmerlin
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IBMP-CNRS-UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 28 Rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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Matsuda K. Pyrethrin biosynthesis and its regulation in Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 314:73-81. [PMID: 22006239 DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethrins are a natural insecticide biosynthesized by the plant pyrethrum [Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium (Current species name: Tanacetum cinerariifolium)] of the family Asteraceae. Although pyrethrins have been used to control household pests for the past century, little is known about the mechanism of biosynthesis, contrasting with intensive research on their synthetic analogs, pyrethroids. The author studied pyrethrin biosynthesis in young seedlings of C. cinerariaefolium. The results of experiments using (13)C-labeled glucose as the biosynthesis precursor indicated that the acid and alcohol moieties are biosynthesized via the 2-C-methyl-D: -erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) and oxylipin pathways, respectively. Further study on the effects of wound-induced signals in leaves showed that biosynthesis is enhanced in response to both volatile and nonvolatile signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Matsuda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Kinki University, Nakamachi, Japan.
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