Information entropy-based classification of triterpenoids and steroids from Ganoderma

Sterols Content of Fruiting Bodies of Medicinal Artist's Bracket Mushroom Ganoderma applanatum (Agaricomycetes) Collected in Armenia

The qualitative analysis of hexane extracts obtained from different trama layers (WT, T1-T4) of dried fruiting bodies of medicinal bracket fungus Ganoderma applanatum collected in the Tavoush region of North-East Armenia was performed by GC-MS analysis. Three sterols [(7.22-ergostadienon, ergosterol and ergosta-14.22-diene-3-ol (3β, 5α, 22E)] have been identified. The results have shown that the content and ratio of sterols differ in analyzed trama samples. The highest amount of sterols was detected in middle parts of T2 and T3 layers, while content of sterols gradually decreased to the upper cortical (T4) and lower hymenial (T1) layers. The chromatographic profiles of identified compounds indicate that different sterols dominated in each layer: 7.22-ergostadienon in T4, ergosterol in T3, T2, and T1. The average weight loss of analyzed trama samples during six days of drying was about 40 wt.% (37.0-43.49 wt.%) of the total weight of basidiome, which decreased up to 5 wt.% in the next two days. The complete extraction of sterols lasted six days. Its further prolongation leads to stationary phase without an increase in the amount of extracted sterols.

Computing the Entropy Measures for the Line Graphs of Some Chemical Networks

Chemical Graph entropy plays a significant role to measure the complexity of chemical structures. It has explicit chemical uses in chemistry, biology, and information sciences. A molecular structure of a compound consists of many atoms. Especially, the hydrocarbons is a chemical compound that consists of carbon and hydrogen atoms. In this article, we discussed the concept of subdivision of chemical graphs and their corresponding line chemical graphs. More preciously, we discuss the properties of chemical graph entropies and then constructed the chemical structures namely triangular benzenoid, hexagonal parallelogram, and zigzag edge coronoid fused with starphene. Also, we estimated the degree-based entropies with the help of line graphs of the subdivision of above mentioned chemical graphs.

Information Entropy in Chemistry: An Overview

Basic applications of the information entropy concept to chemical objects are reviewed. These applications deal with quantifying chemical and electronic structures of molecules, signal processing, structural studies on crystals, and molecular ensembles. Recent advances in the mentioned areas make information entropy a central concept in interdisciplinary studies on digitalizing chemical reactions, chemico-information synthesis, crystal engineering, as well as digitally rethinking basic notions of structural chemistry in terms of informatics.

Classification of Congeneric and QSAR of Homologous Antileukemic S-Alkylcysteine Ketones

Based on a set of six vector properties, the partial correlation diagram is calculated for a set of 28 S-alkylcysteine diazomethyl- and chloromethyl-ketone derivatives. Those with the greatest antileukemic activity in the same class correspond to high partial correlations. A periodic classification is performed based on information entropy. The first four characteristics denote the group, and the last two indicate the period. Compounds in the same period and, especially, group present similar properties. The most active substances are situated at the bottom right. Nine classes are distinguished. The principal component analysis of the homologous compounds shows five subclasses included in the periodic classification. Linear fits of both antileukemic activities and stability are good. They are in agreement with the principal component analysis. The variables that appear in the models are those that show positive loading in the principal component analysis. The most important properties to explain the antileukemic activities (50% inhibitory concentration Molt-3 T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia minus the logarithm of 50% inhibitory concentration Nalm-6 B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia and stability k) are ACD logD, surface tension and number of violations of Lipinski’s rule of five. After leave-m-out cross-validation, the most predictive model for cysteine diazomethyl- and chloromethyl-ketone derivatives is provided.

Chemical characteristics of the fungus Ganoderma lucidum and their inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase

The chemical characteristic of a well-known folk medicine Ganoderma lucidum has been investigated by a series of chromatographic technologies, which displayed the presences of 45 lanostane type triterpenoids, including two new nor-lanostane triterpenoids (40, 41). Their structures were identified on the basis of spectroscopic data analysis (UV, IR, HRESIMS, 1D, and 2D NMR). Notably, some triterpenoids displayed moderate inhibitory effects against AChE (acetylcholinesterase) by an in vitro screened experiment. Triterpenoid 2 displayed the potent inhibitory effect with IC₅₀ 10.8 and K_i 14.95 μM (inhibition kinetic). The preliminary SAR has been discussed by the docking analyses between ganoderic acids (1, 2) and AChE.

Excessive nitrogen application dampens antioxidant capacity and grain filling in wheat as revealed by metabolic and physiological analyses

In this study, field-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was treated with normal (Nn) and excessive (Ne) levels of fertilizer N. Results showed that Ne depressed the activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase and increased the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was higher under Ne at anthesis and medium milk but similar at the early dough stage and significantly lower at the hard dough stage than that under Nn. The metabolomics analysis of the leaf responses to Ne during grain filling showed 99 metabolites that were different between Ne and Nn treatments, including phenolic and flavonoid compounds, amino acids, organic acids and lipids, which are primarily involved in ROS scavenging, N metabolism, heat stress adaptation and disease resistance. Organic carbon (C) and total N contents were affected by the Ne treatment, with lower C/N ratios developing after medium milk. Ultimately, grain yields decreased with Ne. Based on these data, compared with the normal N fertilizer treatment, we concluded that excessive N application decreased the ability to scavenge ROS, increased lipid peroxidation and caused significant metabolic changes disturbing N metabolism, secondary metabolism and lipid metabolism, which led to reduced grain filling in wheat.