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Racovita RC, Ciuca MD, Catana D, Comanescu C, Ciocirlan O. Microemulsions of Nonionic Surfactant with Water and Various Homologous Esters: Preparation, Phase Transitions, Physical Property Measurements, and Application for Extraction of Tricyclic Antidepressant Drugs from Aqueous Media. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2311. [PMID: 37630897 PMCID: PMC10458553 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Microemulsions are nanocolloidal systems composed of water, an oil, and a surfactant, sometimes with an additional co-surfactant, which have found a wide range of practical applications, including the extractive removal of contaminants from polluted water. In this study, microemulsion systems, including a nonionic surfactant (Brij 30), water, and esters selected from two homologous series of C1-C6 alkyl acetates and ethyl C1-C4 carboxylates, respectively, were prepared by the surfactant titration method. Phase transitions leading to the formation of Winsor II and Winsor IV microemulsions were observed and phase diagrams were constructed. The dependences of phase transitions on the salinity and pH and the addition of isopropanol as a co-surfactant were also investigated. Some physical properties, namely density, refractive index, electrical conductivity, dynamic viscosity, and particle size, were measured for a selection of Winsor IV microemulsions, providing further insight into some other phase transitions occurring in the monophasic domains of phase diagrams. Finally, Winsor II microemulsions were tested as extraction solvents for the removal of four tricyclic antidepressant drugs from aqueous media. Propyl acetate/Brij 30/H2O microemulsions provided the best extraction yields (>90%), the highest Nernst distribution coefficients (~40-88), and a large volumetric ratio of almost 3 between the recovered purified water and the resulting microemulsion extract. Increasing the ionic strength (salinity) or the pH of the aqueous antidepressant solutions led to an improvement in extraction efficiencies, approaching 100%. These results could be extrapolated to other classes of pharmaceutical contaminants and suggest ester- and nonionic surfactant-based microemulsions are a promising tool for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu C. Racovita
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu St., District 1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (M.D.C.); (D.C.); (O.C.)
| | - Maria D. Ciuca
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu St., District 1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (M.D.C.); (D.C.); (O.C.)
| | - Daniela Catana
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu St., District 1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (M.D.C.); (D.C.); (O.C.)
| | - Cezar Comanescu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu St., District 1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (M.D.C.); (D.C.); (O.C.)
- National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 405 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Oana Ciocirlan
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu St., District 1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (M.D.C.); (D.C.); (O.C.)
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Mladenović MZ, Ristić MN, Bogdanović AI, Ristić NR, Boylan F, Radulović NS. Wax Composition of Serbian Dianthus spp. (Caryophyllaceae): Identification of New Metabolites and Chemotaxonomic Implications. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112094. [PMID: 37299073 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although ethnopharmacologically renowned, wax constituents of Dianthus species were sporadically studied. A combination of GC-MS analysis, synthesis, and chemical transformations enabled the identification of 275 constituents of diethyl-ether washings of aerial parts and/or flowers of six Dianthus taxa (Dianthus carthusianorum, D. deltoides, D. giganteus subsp. banaticus, D. integer subsp. minutiflorus, D. petraeus, and D. superbus) and one Petrorhagia taxon (P. prolifera) from Serbia. Seventeen of these constituents (nonacosyl benzoate, additional 12 benzoates with anteiso-branched 1-alkanols, eicosyl tiglate, triacontane-14,16-dione, dotriacontane-14,16-dione, and tetratriacontane-16,18-dione) and two additional synthesized eicosyl esters (angelate and senecioate) represent completely new compounds. The structures of the tentatively identified β-ketones were confirmed by analysis of the mass fragmentation of the corresponding pyrazoles and silyl enol ethers obtained by transformations of crude extracts and extract fractions. Silylation allowed the identification of 114 additional constituents, including a completely new natural product (30-methylhentriacontan-1-ol). The results obtained by multivariate statistical analyses showed that the chemical profile of Dianthus taxa's surface waxes is subject to both genetic and ecological factors, whereas the latter seemingly takes a more important role for the studied Dianthus samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Z Mladenović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Milenko N Ristić
- Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, University of Priština, Lole Ribara 29, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
| | - Andrija I Bogdanović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Novica R Ristić
- Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, University of Priština, Lole Ribara 29, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
| | - Fabio Boylan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute, and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niko S Radulović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000 Niš, Serbia
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Scott S, Cahoon EB, Busta L. Variation on a theme: the structures and biosynthesis of specialized fatty acid natural products in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:954-965. [PMID: 35749584 PMCID: PMC9546235 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants are able to construct lineage-specific natural products from a wide array of their core metabolic pathways. Considerable progress has been made toward documenting and understanding, for example, phenylpropanoid natural products derived from phosphoenolpyruvate via the shikimate pathway, terpenoid compounds built using isopentyl pyrophosphate, and alkaloids generated by the extensive modification of amino acids. By comparison, natural products derived from fatty acids have received little attention, except for unusual fatty acids in seed oils and jasmonate-like oxylipins. However, scattered but numerous reports show that plants are able to generate many structurally diverse compounds from fatty acids, including some with highly elaborate and unique structural features that have novel bioproduct functionalities. Furthermore, although recent work has shed light on multiple new fatty acid natural product biosynthesis pathways and products in diverse plant species, these discoveries have not been reviewed. The aims of this work, therefore, are to (i) review and systematize our current knowledge of the structures and biosynthesis of fatty acid-derived natural products that are not seed oils or jasmonate-type oxylipins, specifically, polyacetylenic, very-long-chain, and aromatic fatty acid-derived natural products, and (ii) suggest priorities for future investigative steps that will bring our knowledge of fatty acid-derived natural products closer to the levels of knowledge that we have attained for other phytochemical classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Scott
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Minnesota DuluthDuluth55812MNUSA
| | - Edgar B. Cahoon
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Nebraska LincolnLincoln68588NEUSA
- Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of Nebraska LincolnLincoln68588NEUSA
| | - Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Minnesota DuluthDuluth55812MNUSA
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A co-opted steroid synthesis gene, maintained in sorghum but not maize, is associated with a divergence in leaf wax chemistry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2022982118. [PMID: 33723068 PMCID: PMC8000359 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022982118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtually all above-ground plant surfaces, such as leaf and stem exteriors, are covered in a cuticle: a wax-infused polyester. This waxy biocomposite is the largest interface between Earth’s biosphere and atmosphere. Its chemical composition is not only highly tuned to mediate nonstomatal water loss, but it also self-assembles to produce superhydrophobic surfaces, protects against UV radiation, and contains bioactive compounds that help resist microbial attack. Developing fundamental knowledge of waxy biocomposites, particularly those on crop species, is a prerequisite for an understanding of their structure–function relationships. Here, we uncover a likely genetic basis for the presence and absence, respectively, of triterpenoids in the leaf waxes of sorghum and maize—compounds previously associated with creating heat-tolerant cuticular water barriers. Virtually all land plants are coated in a cuticle, a waxy polyester that prevents nonstomatal water loss and is important for heat and drought tolerance. Here, we describe a likely genetic basis for a divergence in cuticular wax chemistry between Sorghum bicolor, a drought tolerant crop widely cultivated in hot climates, and its close relative Zea mays (maize). Combining chemical analyses, heterologous expression, and comparative genomics, we reveal that: 1) sorghum and maize leaf waxes are similar at the juvenile stage but, after the juvenile-to-adult transition, sorghum leaf waxes are rich in triterpenoids that are absent from maize; 2) biosynthesis of the majority of sorghum leaf triterpenoids is mediated by a gene that maize and sorghum both inherited from a common ancestor but that is only functionally maintained in sorghum; and 3) sorghum leaf triterpenoids accumulate in a spatial pattern that was previously shown to strengthen the cuticle and decrease water loss at high temperatures. These findings uncover the possibility for resurrection of a cuticular triterpenoid-synthesizing gene in maize that could create a more heat-tolerant water barrier on the plant’s leaf surfaces. They also provide a fundamental understanding of sorghum leaf waxes that will inform efforts to divert surface carbon to intracellular storage for bioenergy and bioproduct innovations.
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Dong Y, Sonawane P, Cohen H, Polturak G, Feldberg L, Avivi SH, Rogachev I, Aharoni A. High mass resolution, spatial metabolite mapping enhances the current plant gene and pathway discovery toolbox. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1986-2002. [PMID: 32654288 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding when and where metabolites accumulate provides important cues to the gene function. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) enables in situ temporal and spatial measurement of a large assortment of metabolites, providing mapping information regarding their cellular distribution. To describe the current state and technical advances using MSI in plant sciences, we employed MSI to demonstrate its significant contribution to the study of plant specialised metabolism. We show that coupling MSI with: (1) RNA interference (RNAi), (2) virus induced gene silencing (VIGS), (3) agroinfiltration or (4) samples derived from plant natural variation provides great opportunities to understand the accurate gene-metabolite relationship and discover novel gene-associated metabolites. This was exemplified in three plant species (i.e. tomato, tobacco and wheat) by mapping the distribution of metabolites possessing a range of polarities. In particular, we demonstrated that MSI is able to spatially map an entire metabolic pathway, including intermediates and final products, in the intricate biosynthetic route to tomato fruit steroidal glycoalkaloids. We therefore envisage MSI as a key component of the metabolome analysis arsenal employed in plant gene discovery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Dong
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
| | - Prashant Sonawane
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
| | - Guy Polturak
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
| | - Liron Feldberg
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 7410001, Israel
| | - Shelly Hen Avivi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
| | - Ilana Rogachev
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
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Xiao Y, Li X, Yao L, Xu D, Li Y, Zhang X, Li Z, Xiao Q, Ni Y, Guo Y. Chemical profiles of cuticular waxes on various organs of Sorghum bicolor and their antifungal activities. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:596-604. [PMID: 32846395 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum bicolor is widely cultivated in arid and semi-arid areas. This paper reports the chemical profiles of cuticular waxes on adaxial and abaxial sides of common leaf, flag leaf, sheath and stem from six sorghum cultivars and the variations of leaf cuticular waxes at seedling, jointing and filling stages. Then, the bioassay of leaf and sheath wax were evaluated against Penicillium sp and Alternaria alternata. The six sorghum cultivars had similar wax profiles. In total, eight wax compounds were identified, including fatty acids, aldehydes, primary alcohols, alkanes, secondary alcohols, ketones, sterols and minor triterpenoids. Leaf wax coverage increased from 2.2 to 3.1 μg/cm2 at seedling stages to 6.5-14.0 μg/cm2 at jointing and filling stages, respectively. The relative abundance of primary alcohols decreased from 51 to 62% at seedling stage to 17-33% at jointing stage whereas alkanes increased from 5-9% to 19-33%. Leaf was dominated with alkanes (28.4%) and aldehydes (28.4%), sheath with acids (42.8%), and stem with aldehydes (80.8%). Epicuticular wax of leaf and sheath contained higher proportions of alkanes whereas the intracuticular waxes contained higher proportions of sterols. The leaf wax improved the growth of Penicillium but reduced that of A. alternaria, whereas sheath wax reduced the growth of Penicillium but unchanged A. alternaria. The detailed sorghum wax profiles improve our understanding of the physiological roles of these waxes and their diversified potential usages in industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Luhua Yao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daixiang Xu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qainlin Xiao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Ni
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanjun Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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Vráblová M, Vrábl D, Sokolová B, Marková D, Hronková M. A modified method for enzymatic isolation of and subsequent wax extraction from Arabidopsis thaliana leaf cuticle. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:129. [PMID: 32973915 PMCID: PMC7507672 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plant cuticle represents one of the major adaptations of vascular plants to terrestrial life. Cuticular permeability and chemical composition differ among species. Arabidopsis thaliana is a widely used model for biochemical and molecular genetic studies in plants. However, attempts to isolate the intact cuticle from fresh leaves of Arabidopsis have failed so far. The goal of this study was to optimise an enzymatic method for cuticle isolation of species with a thin cuticle and to test it on several A. thaliana wild types and mutants. RESULTS We developed a method for isolation of thin cuticles that allows reducing the isolation time, the separation of abaxial and adaxial cuticles, and avoids formation of wrinkles. Optical microscopy was used for studying cuticle intactness and scanning electron microscopy for visualisation of external and internal cuticle structures after isolation. Wax extracts were analysed by GC-MS. Isolation of intact cuticle was successful for all tested plants. The wax compositions (very-long-chained fatty acids, alcohols and alkanes) of intact leaves and isolated cuticles of wild type Col-0 were compared. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the optimised enzymatic method is suitable for the isolation of A. thaliana adaxial and abaxial cuticles. The isolated cuticles are suitable for microscopic observation. Analysis of wax composition revealed some discrepancies between isolated cuticles and intact leaves with a higher yield of wax in isolated cuticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vráblová
- VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Institute of Environmental Technology, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Vrábl
- VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Institute of Environmental Technology, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- University of Ostrava, Faculty of Science, Chittussiho 10, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Sokolová
- VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Institute of Environmental Technology, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Marková
- VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Institute of Environmental Technology, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Hronková
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branisovska 1760, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Camacho-Coronel X, Molina-Torres J, Heil M. Sequestration of Exogenous Volatiles by Plant Cuticular Waxes as a Mechanism of Passive Associational Resistance: A Proof of Concept. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:121. [PMID: 32158455 PMCID: PMC7052286 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Numerous plant-derived volatile organic compounds (VOCs) induce the expression of resistance-related genes and thereby cause an "associational resistance" in neighbouring plants. However, VOCs can also be sequestered by plant cuticular waxes. In case that they maintain their biological activity, such sequestered VOCs could generate a "passive" associational resistance that is independent of any gene expression in the receiver. As a proof of concept, we used major components of the cuticular wax layers of the tree, Parkinsonia praecox, and conidia of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, a fungal pathogen that has not been reported to infect P. praecox. Wax layers were re-constituted on glass slides and exposed to each of 20 pure VOCs for 1 d and then to ambient air for 1 d or 15 d. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses showed that all 20 VOCs were sequestered by the re-constituted wax layers. Exposure to 18 of the VOCs significantly inhibited the germination of C. lindemuthianum conidia on these wax layers after 1 day of exposure to ambient air. Four of the VOCs: 4Z-heptenol, farnesene, limonene, and 2E-decenal, inhibited germination rates to less than 25% of the controls. After 15 d, all VOCs were still detectable, although at strongly reduced concentrations, and no significant inhibition of conidial germination could be detected anymore. Exogenous VOCs can be sequestered by the components of plant cuticular waxes and maintain their biological activity, at least over a certain time span: an effect that could generate a transient "passive associational resistance" to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xicotencatl Camacho-Coronel
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Irapuato, México
| | - Jorge Molina-Torres
- Laboratorio de Fitobioquímica, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Irapuato, México
| | - Martin Heil
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Irapuato, México
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Lykholat YV, Khromykh NO, Pirko YV, Alexeyeva AA, Pastukhova NL, Blume YB. Epicuticular Wax Composition of Leaves of Tilia L. Trees as a Marker of Adaptation to the Climatic Conditions of the Steppe Dnieper. CYTOL GENET+ 2018. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452718050067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Navarro Gallón SM, Elejalde-Palmett C, Daudu D, Liesecke F, Jullien F, Papon N, Dugé de Bernonville T, Courdavault V, Lanoue A, Oudin A, Glévarec G, Pichon O, Clastre M, St-Pierre B, Atehortùa L, Yoshikawa N, Giglioli-Guivarc'h N, Besseau S. Virus-induced gene silencing of the two squalene synthase isoforms of apple tree (Malus × domestica L.) negatively impacts phytosterol biosynthesis, plastid pigmentation and leaf growth. PLANTA 2017; 246:45-60. [PMID: 28349256 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The use of a VIGS approach to silence the newly characterized apple tree SQS isoforms points out the biological function of phytosterols in plastid pigmentation and leaf development. Triterpenoids are beneficial health compounds highly accumulated in apple; however, their metabolic regulation is poorly understood. Squalene synthase (SQS) is a key branch point enzyme involved in both phytosterol and triterpene biosynthesis. In this study, two SQS isoforms were identified in apple tree genome. Both isoforms are located at the endoplasmic reticulum surface and were demonstrated to be functional SQS enzymes using an in vitro activity assay. MdSQS1 and MdSQS2 display specificities in their expression profiles with respect to plant organs and environmental constraints. This indicates a possible preferential involvement of each isoform in phytosterol and/or triterpene metabolic pathways as further argued using RNAseq meta-transcriptomic analyses. Finally, a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) approach was used to silence MdSQS1 and MdSQS2. The concomitant down-regulation of both MdSQS isoforms strongly affected phytosterol synthesis without alteration in triterpene accumulation, since triterpene-specific oxidosqualene synthases were found to be up-regulated to compensate metabolic flux reduction. Phytosterol deficiencies in silenced plants clearly disturbed chloroplast pigmentation and led to abnormal development impacting leaf division rather than elongation or differentiation. In conclusion, beyond the characterization of two SQS isoforms in apple tree, this work brings clues for a specific involvement of each isoform in phytosterol and triterpene pathways and emphasizes the biological function of phytosterols in development and chloroplast integrity. Our report also opens the door to metabolism studies in Malus domestica using the apple latent spherical virus-based VIGS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Navarro Gallón
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologıa, Sede de Investigacion Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Carolina Elejalde-Palmett
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Dimitri Daudu
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Franziska Liesecke
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Frédéric Jullien
- EA3061 Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales appliquées aux plantes aromatiques et médicinales, Université Jean Monnet de Saint Etienne, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Nicolas Papon
- EA3142 Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | | | - Vincent Courdavault
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Arnaud Lanoue
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Audrey Oudin
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Gaëlle Glévarec
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Olivier Pichon
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Marc Clastre
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Benoit St-Pierre
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Lucia Atehortùa
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologıa, Sede de Investigacion Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | | | - Sébastien Besseau
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France.
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