1
|
Boehlein SK, Pfister B, Hennen-Bierwagen TA, Liu C, Ritter M, Hannah LC, Zeeman SC, Resende MFR, Myers AM. Soluble and insoluble α-glucan synthesis in yeast by enzyme suites derived exclusively from maize endosperm. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:1456-1478. [PMID: 37339339 PMCID: PMC10517254 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms that distinguish the synthesis of semi-crystalline α-glucan polymers found in plant starch granules from the synthesis of water-soluble polymers by nonplant species are not well understood. To address this, starch biosynthetic enzymes from maize (Zea mays L.) endosperm were isolated in a reconstituted environment using yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as a test bed. Ninety strains were constructed containing unique combinations of 11 synthetic transcription units specifying maize starch synthase (SS), starch phosphorylase (PHO), starch branching enzyme (SBE), or isoamylase-type starch debranching enzyme (ISA). Soluble and insoluble branched α-glucans accumulated in varying proportions depending on the enzyme suite, with ISA function stimulating distribution into the insoluble form. Among the SS isoforms, SSIIa, SSIII, and SSIV individually supported the accumulation of glucan polymer. Neither SSI nor SSV alone produced polymers; however, synergistic effects demonstrated that both isoforms can stimulate α-glucan accumulation. PHO did not support α-glucan production by itself, but it had either positive or negative effects on polymer content depending on which SS or a combination thereof was present. The complete suite of maize enzymes generated insoluble particles resembling native starch granules in size, shape, and crystallinity. Ultrastructural analysis revealed a hierarchical assembly starting with subparticles of approximately 50 nm diameter that coalesce into discrete structures of approximately 200 nm diameter. These are assembled into semi-crystalline α-glucan superstructures up to 4 μm in length filling most of the yeast cytosol. ISA was not essential for the formation of such particles, but their abundance was increased dramatically by ISA presence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan K Boehlein
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
| | - Barbara Pfister
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Tracie A Hennen-Bierwagen
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Chun Liu
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Ritter
- Institute for Building Materials, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - L Curtis Hannah
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Marcio F R Resende
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
| | - Alan M Myers
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shoaib N, Mughal N, Liu L, Raza A, Shen L, Yu G. Site-Directed Mutations at Phosphorylation Sites in Zea mays PHO1 Reveal Modulation of Enzymatic Activity by Phosphorylation at S566 in the L80 Region. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3205. [PMID: 37765369 PMCID: PMC10536461 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Starch phosphorylase (PHO) is a pivotal enzyme within the GT35-glycogen-phosphorylase (GT; glycosyltransferases) superfamily. Despite the ongoing debate surrounding the precise role of PHO1, evidence points to its substantial influence on starch biosynthesis, supported by its gene expression profile and subcellular localization. Key to PHO1 function is the enzymatic regulation via phosphorylation; a myriad of such modification sites has been unveiled in model crops. However, the functional implications of these sites remain to be elucidated. In this study, we utilized site-directed mutagenesis on the phosphorylation sites of Zea mays PHO1, replacing serine residues with alanine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid, to discern the effects of phosphorylation. Our findings indicate that phosphorylation exerts no impact on the stability or localization of PHO1. Nonetheless, our enzymatic assays unveiled a crucial role for phosphorylation at the S566 residue within the L80 region of the PHO1 structure, suggesting a potential modulation or enhancement of PHO1 activity. These data advance our understanding of starch biosynthesis regulation and present potential targets for crop yield optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noman Shoaib
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Nishbah Mughal
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ali Raza
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Leiyang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guowu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li X, Apriyanto A, Castellanos JF, Compart J, Muntaha SN, Fettke J. Dpe2/phs1 revealed unique starch metabolism with three distinct phases characterized by different starch granule numbers per chloroplast, allowing insights into the control mechanism of granule number regulation by gene co-regulation and metabolic profiling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1039534. [PMID: 36407636 PMCID: PMC9667719 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1039534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An Arabidopsis mutant lacking both the cytosolic Disproportionating enzyme 2 (DPE2) and the plastidial glucan Phosphorylase 1 (PHS1) revealed a unique starch metabolism. Dpe2/phs1 has been reported to have only one starch granule number per chloroplast when grown under diurnal rhythm. For this study, we analyzed dpe2/phs1 in details following the mutant development, and found that it showed three distinct periods of granule numbers per chloroplast, while there was no obvious change observed in Col-0. In young plants, the starch granule number was similar to that in Col-0 at first, and then decreased significantly, down to one or no granule per chloroplast, followed by an increase in the granule number. Thus, in dpe2/phs1, control over the starch granule number is impaired, but it is not defective in starch granule initiation. The data also indicate that the granule number is not fixed, and is regulated throughout plant growth. Furthermore, the chloroplasts revealed alterations during these three periods, with a partially strong aberrant morphology in the middle phase. Interestingly, the unique metabolism was perpetuated when starch degradation was further impaired through an additional lack of Isoamylase 3 (ISA3) or Starch excess 4 (SEX4). Transcriptomic studies and metabolic profiling revealed the co-regulation of starch metabolism-related genes and a clear metabolic separation between the periods. Most senescence-induced genes were found to be up-regulated more than twice in the starch-less mature leaves. Thus, dpe2/phs1 is a unique plant material source, with which we may study starch granule number regulation to obtain a more detailed understanding.
Collapse
|
4
|
Yu G, Shoaib N, Xie Y, Liu L, Mughal N, Li Y, Huang H, Zhang N, Zhang J, Liu Y, Hu Y, Liu H, Huang Y. Comparative Study of Starch Phosphorylase Genes and Encoded Proteins in Various Monocots and Dicots with Emphasis on Maize. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094518. [PMID: 35562912 PMCID: PMC9104829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch phosphorylase (PHO) is a multimeric enzyme with two distinct isoforms: plastidial starch phosphorylase (PHO1) and cytosolic starch phosphorylase (PHO2). PHO1 specifically resides in the plastid, while PHO2 is found in the cytosol. Both play a critical role in the synthesis and degradation of starch. This study aimed to report the detailed structure, function, and evolution of genes encoding PHO1 and PHO2 and their protein ligand-binding sites in eight monocots and four dicots. "True" orthologs of PHO1 and PHO2 of Oryza sativa were identified, and the structure of the enzyme at the protein level was studied. The genes controlling PHO2 were found to be more conserved than those controlling PHO1; the variations were mainly due to the variable sequence and length of introns. Cis-regulatory elements in the promoter region of both genes were identified, and the expression pattern was analyzed. The real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction indicated that PHO2 was expressed in all tissues with a uniform pattern of transcripts, and the expression pattern of PHO1 indicates that it probably contributes to the starch biosynthesis during seed development in Zea mays. Under abscisic acid (ABA) treatment, PHO1 was found to be downregulated in Arabidopsis and Hordeum vulgare. However, we found that ABA could up-regulate the expression of both PHO1 and PHO2 within 12 h in Zea mays. In all monocots and dicots, the 3D structures were highly similar, and the ligand-binding sites were common yet fluctuating in the position of aa residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guowu Yu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.Y.); (N.S.); (Y.X.); (L.L.); (N.M.); (H.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Noman Shoaib
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.Y.); (N.S.); (Y.X.); (L.L.); (N.M.); (H.H.)
| | - Ying Xie
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.Y.); (N.S.); (Y.X.); (L.L.); (N.M.); (H.H.)
| | - Lun Liu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.Y.); (N.S.); (Y.X.); (L.L.); (N.M.); (H.H.)
| | - Nishbah Mughal
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.Y.); (N.S.); (Y.X.); (L.L.); (N.M.); (H.H.)
| | - Yangping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Huanhuan Huang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.Y.); (N.S.); (Y.X.); (L.L.); (N.M.); (H.H.)
| | - Na Zhang
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Junjie Zhang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China;
| | - Yinghong Liu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Yufeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Hanmei Liu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China;
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yubi Huang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.Y.); (N.S.); (Y.X.); (L.L.); (N.M.); (H.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (Y.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shoaib N, Liu L, Ali A, Mughal N, Yu G, Huang Y. Molecular Functions and Pathways of Plastidial Starch Phosphorylase (PHO1) in Starch Metabolism: Current and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910450. [PMID: 34638789 PMCID: PMC8509025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch phosphorylase is a member of the GT35-glycogen-phosphorylase superfamily. Glycogen phosphorylases have been researched in animals thoroughly when compared to plants. Genetic evidence signifies the integral role of plastidial starch phosphorylase (PHO1) in starch biosynthesis in model plants. The counterpart of PHO1 is PHO2, which specifically resides in cytosol and is reported to lack L80 peptide in the middle region of proteins as seen in animal and maltodextrin forms of phosphorylases. The function of this extra peptide varies among species and ranges from the substrate of proteasomes to modulate the degradation of PHO1 in Solanum tuberosum to a non-significant effect on biochemical activity in Oryza sativa and Hordeum vulgare. Various regulatory functions, e.g., phosphorylation, protein–protein interactions, and redox modulation, have been reported to affect the starch phosphorylase functions in higher plants. This review outlines the current findings on the regulation of starch phosphorylase genes and proteins with their possible role in the starch biosynthesis pathway. We highlight the gaps in present studies and elaborate on the molecular mechanisms of phosphorylase in starch metabolism. Moreover, we explore the possible role of PHO1 in crop improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noman Shoaib
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (N.S.); (L.L.); (N.M.)
| | - Lun Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (N.S.); (L.L.); (N.M.)
| | - Asif Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Nishbah Mughal
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (N.S.); (L.L.); (N.M.)
| | - Guowu Yu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (N.S.); (L.L.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (Y.H.); Tel.: +86-180-0803-9351 (G.Y.); +86-028-8629-0868 (Y.H.)
| | - Yubi Huang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (N.S.); (L.L.); (N.M.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (Y.H.); Tel.: +86-180-0803-9351 (G.Y.); +86-028-8629-0868 (Y.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tappiban P, Ying Y, Xu F, Bao J. Proteomics and Post-Translational Modifications of Starch Biosynthesis-Related Proteins in Developing Seeds of Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5901. [PMID: 34072759 PMCID: PMC8199009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a foremost staple food for approximately half the world's population. The components of rice starch, amylose, and amylopectin are synthesized by a series of enzymes, which are responsible for rice starch properties and functionality, and then affect rice cooking and eating quality. Recently, proteomics technology has been applied to the establishment of the differentially expressed starch biosynthesis-related proteins and the identification of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) target starch biosynthesis proteins as well. It is necessary to summarize the recent studies in proteomics and PTMs in rice endosperm to deepen our understanding of starch biosynthesis protein expression and regulation, which will provide useful information to rice breeding programs and industrial starch applications. The review provides a comprehensive summary of proteins and PTMs involved in starch biosynthesis based on proteomic studies of rice developing seeds. Starch biosynthesis proteins in rice seeds were differentially expressed in the developing seeds at different developmental stages. All the proteins involving in starch biosynthesis were identified using proteomics methods. Most starch biosynthesis-related proteins are basically increased at 6-20 days after flowering (DAF) and decreased upon the high-temperature conditions. A total of 10, 14, 2, 17, and 7 starch biosynthesis related proteins were identified to be targeted by phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, succinylation, lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation, and malonylation, respectively. The phosphoglucomutase is commonly targeted by five PTMs types. Research on the function of phosphorylation in multiple enzyme complex formation in endosperm starch biosynthesis is underway, while the functions of other PTMs in starch biosynthesis are necessary to be conducted in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piengtawan Tappiban
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (P.T.); (Y.Y.); (F.X.)
| | - Yining Ying
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (P.T.); (Y.Y.); (F.X.)
| | - Feifei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (P.T.); (Y.Y.); (F.X.)
| | - Jinsong Bao
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (P.T.); (Y.Y.); (F.X.)
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang W, Zhao Y, Li L, Xu X, Yang L, Luo Z, Wang B, Ma S, Fan Y, Huang Z. The Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Low Temperatures During the Booting Stage on Starch Synthesis and Yields in Wheat Grain. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:684784. [PMID: 34305982 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.684784/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Low temperatures (LT) in spring can have a major impact on the yields of wheat in winter. Wheat varieties with different cold sensitivities (the cold-tolerant Yannong 19 variety and the cold-sensitive Yangmai 18 variety) were used to study the responses of the wheat grain starch synthesis and dry material accumulation to short-term LT during the booting stage. The effects of short-term LT on the activities of key wheat grain starch synthesis enzymes, starch content and grain dry-matter accumulation were determined by exposing the wheat to simulated LT of from -2 to 2°C. Short-term LT stress caused a decrease in the fullness of the wheat grains along with decreased activities of adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase, EC2.7.7.27), soluble starch synthase (SSS, EC2.4.1.21), granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS, EC2.4.1.21), and starch branching enzyme (SBE, EC2.4.1.18) at different spike positions during the filling stage. The rate of grain starch accumulation and starch content decreased with decreasing temperatures. Also, the duration of grain filling increased, the mean and the maximum filling rates were reduced and the quality of the grain dry-matter decreased. The number of grains per spike and the thousand-grain weight of the mature grains also decreased. Our data showed that short-term LT stress at the booting stage caused a decrease in the activities of key starch synthesis enzymes at the grain-filling stage. These changes reduced the accumulation of starch, decreased the filling rate, and lowered the accumulation of grain dry matter to ultimately decrease grain yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Lingyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shangyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yonghui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhenglai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang W, Zhao Y, Li L, Xu X, Yang L, Luo Z, Wang B, Ma S, Fan Y, Huang Z. The Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Low Temperatures During the Booting Stage on Starch Synthesis and Yields in Wheat Grain. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:684784. [PMID: 34305982 PMCID: PMC8300962 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.684784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Low temperatures (LT) in spring can have a major impact on the yields of wheat in winter. Wheat varieties with different cold sensitivities (the cold-tolerant Yannong 19 variety and the cold-sensitive Yangmai 18 variety) were used to study the responses of the wheat grain starch synthesis and dry material accumulation to short-term LT during the booting stage. The effects of short-term LT on the activities of key wheat grain starch synthesis enzymes, starch content and grain dry-matter accumulation were determined by exposing the wheat to simulated LT of from -2 to 2°C. Short-term LT stress caused a decrease in the fullness of the wheat grains along with decreased activities of adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase, EC2.7.7.27), soluble starch synthase (SSS, EC2.4.1.21), granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS, EC2.4.1.21), and starch branching enzyme (SBE, EC2.4.1.18) at different spike positions during the filling stage. The rate of grain starch accumulation and starch content decreased with decreasing temperatures. Also, the duration of grain filling increased, the mean and the maximum filling rates were reduced and the quality of the grain dry-matter decreased. The number of grains per spike and the thousand-grain weight of the mature grains also decreased. Our data showed that short-term LT stress at the booting stage caused a decrease in the activities of key starch synthesis enzymes at the grain-filling stage. These changes reduced the accumulation of starch, decreased the filling rate, and lowered the accumulation of grain dry matter to ultimately decrease grain yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Lingyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shangyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yonghui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhenglai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenglai Huang
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Koper K, Hwang SK, Wood M, Singh S, Cousins A, Kirchhoff H, Okita TW. The Rice Plastidial Phosphorylase Participates Directly in Both Sink and Source Processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 62:125-142. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The plastidial starch phosphorylase (Pho1) functions in starch metabolism. A distinctive structural feature of the higher Pho1 is a 50–82-amino-acid long peptide (L50–L82), which is absent in phosphorylases from non-plant organisms. To study the function of the rice Pho1 L80 peptide, we complemented a pho1− rice mutant (BMF136) with the wild-type Pho1 gene or with a Pho1 gene lacking the L80 region (Pho1ΔL80). While expression of Pho1 in BMF136 restored normal wild-type phenotype, the introduction of Pho1ΔL80 enhanced the growth rate and plant productivity above wild-type levels. Mass spectrometry analysis of proteins captured by anti-Pho1 showed the surprising presence of PsaC, the terminal electron acceptor/donor subunit of photosystem I (PSI). This unexpected interaction was substantiated by reciprocal immobilized protein pull-down assays of seedling extracts and supported by the presence of Pho1 on isolated PSI complexes resolved by blue-native gels. Spectrophotometric studies showed that Pho1ΔL80 plants exhibited modified PSI and enhanced CO2 assimilation properties. Collectively, these findings indicate that the higher plant Pho1 has dual roles as a potential modulator of source and sink processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaan Koper
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Seon-Kap Hwang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Magnus Wood
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Salvinder Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam 785013, India
| | - Asaph Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Thomas W Okita
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nakamura Y, Ono M, Suto M, Kawashima H. Analysis of malto-oligosaccharides and related metabolites in rice endosperm during development. PLANTA 2020; 251:110. [PMID: 32472177 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03401-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Linear glucans with degree of polymerization of up to 23 were detected in rice endosperm at the very early developmental stage of endosperm and considered to play an important role in the de novo synthesis of branched glucans. Little is known concerning the contribution of malto-oligosaccharides (MOS) and longer linear glucans to the starch biosynthesis in cereal endosperm. In the present study, the changes in the amount of major metabolic intermediates including MOS and linear glucans with a degree of polymerization (DP) of ≤ 9 and ≥ 10, respectively, in rice endosperm were measured during the development. Significant amounts of linear glucans of at least DP23 were present in the endosperm at 3 and 5 days after pollination (DAP), whereas most MOS of DP up to 8 were detected in the endosperm throughout the development up to 20 DAP. It was also found that a significant amount of simple sugars such as sucrose, glucose, and fructose, and organic acids such as malic acid, citric acid, and succinic acid were present in the developing endosperm. Although the levels of metabolites are not directly related to the extent of the metabolic flux, the present results suggest that MOS and linear glucans as well as these sugars and organic acids are involved in starch biosynthesis of rice endosperm. It is thought that linear glucans might play a role in starch biosynthesis in rice endosperm, presumably as the precursor for the subsequent synthesis of branched glucans involved in the initiation process that is possibly active in the endosperm at the very early developmental stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Nakamura
- Starch Technologies, Co., LTD., Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory, 25-44 Oiwake-nishi, Tennoh, Katagami, Akita, 010-0101, Japan.
- Starch Technologies, Co., LTD., Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
| | - Masami Ono
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory, 25-44 Oiwake-nishi, Tennoh, Katagami, Akita, 010-0101, Japan
| | - Momoka Suto
- Faculty of System Science Technologies, Akita Prefectural University, Ugo-Honjo, Akita, 010-0055, Japan
| | - Hiroto Kawashima
- Faculty of System Science Technologies, Akita Prefectural University, Ugo-Honjo, Akita, 010-0055, Japan
| |
Collapse
|