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Xue X, Gao N, Xu F. Toxicity of perfluooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) to Scenedesmus obliquus: Photosynthetic characteristics, oxidative damage and transcriptome analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120397. [PMID: 36228843 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the wide application as an alternative for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) has been frequently detected in the aquatic environment. However, the aquatic toxicity of PFBS is still poorly understood. The present work studied the aquatic toxicity of PFBS using freshwater algae Scenedesmus obliquus (S. obliquus) as indicator, and the toxicity of PFOS was also examined for comparison. The results showed that PFBS exhibited much lower toxicity to S. obliquus than PFOS. The EC50 value was higher than 1800 mg L-1 after 7 days of exposure to PFBS. By contrast, a much lower EC50 value of 136.69 mg L-1 was obtained for PFOS. Photosynthetic efficiency analyzed by chlorophyll fluorescence also verified that PFOS induced a higher toxic effect on the algae than PFBS. The malondialdehyde, catalase and superoxide dismutase results indicate that PFOS exposure led to the accumulation of ROS, which caused oxidative damage to the algae, thereby resulting in the inhibition in the growth and photosynthesis of the algae. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis indicates that the significant down-regulation of key genes related to photosynthesis induced by PFOS was the fundamental mechanism for the inhibition in photosynthetic efficiency and biomass growth of S. obliquus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyan Xue
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ning Gao
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fuliu Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Li Z, Chen J, Chen J, Jin J, Chen H, Liu H. Metabolomic analysis of Scenedesmus obliquus reveals new insights into the phytotoxicity of imidazolium nitrate ionic liquids. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:154070. [PMID: 35202701 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to the persistence of ionic liquids (ILs) in aquatic environments, it is necessary to reveal their ecological risk to aquatic organisms. Herein, the biotoxicity of two alkyl-methylimidazolium nitrate ILs ([C10mim]NO3 and [C12mim]NO3) against Scenedesmus obliquus were studied. Results showed that the growth inhibition of S. obliquus increased with increasing concentrations of ILs, maximum values of 94.61% at 4 mg/L of [C10mim]NO3 and 97.34% at 0.8 mg/L of [C12min]NO3 were observed. The fluorescence parameters of photosystem II, such as light quantum yield and electron transfer rate, showed a negative relationship with the exposure dose. [C12mim]NO3 had a more significant effect than [C10mim]NO3. Moreover, the redox homeostasis of algae was disrupted; the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, leading to obvious inhibition of superoxide dismutase and catalase activities was observed. A metabolomic analysis indicated that the contents of most metabolites were reduced significantly, and fructose and galactose decreased significantly by 42.3% and 88.6%, respectively, in the [C10mim]NO3 treatment compared to those in the control. The inhibition of amino acid biosynthesis and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism explained the more serious biotoxicity of [C12mim]NO3 than that of [C10mim]NO3. This study facilitates a better understanding of the environmental safety and ecological risks of ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Jiazheng Chen
- School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jiaojun Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Hanmei Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Platform for Low-Carbon Recycling of Waste and Green Development, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China.
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3
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Rastogi A, Yadav S, Hussain S, Kataria S, Hajihashemi S, Kumari P, Yang X, Brestic M. Does silicon really matter for the photosynthetic machinery in plants…? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 169:40-48. [PMID: 34749270 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is known to alleviate the adverse impact of different abiotic and biotic stresses by different mechanisms including morphological, physiological, and genetic changes. Photosynthesis, one of the most important physiological processes in the plant is sensitive to different stress factors. Several studies have shown that Si ameliorates the stress effects on photosynthesis by protecting photosynthetic machinery and its function. In stressed plants, several photosynthesis-related processes including PSII maximum photochemical quantum yield (Fv/Fm), the yield of photosystem II (φPSII), electron transport rates (ETR), and photochemical quenching (qP) were observed to be regulated when supplemented with Si, which indicates that Si effectively protects the photosynthetic machinery. In addition, studies also suggested that Si is capable enough to maintain the uneven swelling, disintegrated, and missing thylakoid membranes caused during stress. Furthermore, several photosynthesis-related genes were also regulated by Si supplementation. Taking into account the key impact of Si on the evolutionarily conserved process of photosynthesis in plants, this review article is focused on the aspects of silicon and photosynthesis interrelationships during stress and signaling pathways. The assemblages of this discussion shall fulfill the lack of constructive literature related to the influence of Si on one of the most dynamic and important processes of plant life i.e. photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Rastogi
- Laboratory of Bioclimatology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Piątkowska 94, 60-649, Poznan, Poland; Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, 7500, AE Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - Saurabh Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal (Central) University, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, 246174, India
| | - Sajad Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Sunita Kataria
- School of Biochemistry, D.A.V.V., Khandwa Road, Indore, MP, India
| | - Shokoofeh Hajihashemi
- Plant Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Khuzestan, 47189-63616, Iran
| | - Pragati Kumari
- Department of Life Science, Singhania University, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, 333515, India; Scientist Hostel-S-02, Chauras Campus, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, 246174, India
| | - Xinghong Yang
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, A. Hlinku 2, 94976, Nitra, Slovak Republic; Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500, Prague, Czech Republic.
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4
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Sun H, Zhang H, Xu Z, Wang Y, Liu X, Li Y, Tian B, Sun G, Zhang H. TMT-based quantitative proteomic analysis of the effects of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci (Pst) infection on photosynthetic function and the response of the MAPK signaling pathway in tobacco leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:657-667. [PMID: 34214776 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To reveal the mechanism of photosynthesis inhibition by infection and the response of the MAPK signaling pathway to pathogen infection, tobacco leaves were inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci (Pst), and the effects of Pst infection on photosynthesis of tobacco leaves were studied by physiological and proteomic techniques, with a focus on MAPK signaling pathway related proteins. Pst infection was observed to lead to the degradation of chlorophyll (especially Chl b) in tobacco leaves and the down-regulation of light harvesting antenna proteins expression, thus limiting the light harvesting ability. The photosystem II and I (PSII and PSI) activities were also decreased, and Pst infection inhibited the utilization of light and CO2. Proteomic analyses showed that the number of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) under Pst infection at 3 d were significantly higher than at 1 d, especially the number of down-regulated proteins. The KEGG enrichment of DEPs was mainly enriched in the energy metabolism processes such as photosynthesis antenna proteins and photosynthesis. The down-regulation of chlorophyll a-b binding protein, photosynthetic electron transport related proteins (e.g., PSII and PSI core proteins, the Cytb6/f complex, PC, Fd, FNR), ATP synthase subunits, and key enzymes in the Calvin cycle were the key changes associated with Pst infection that may inhibit tobacco photosynthesis. The effect of Pst infection on the PSII electron acceptor side was significantly greater than that on the PSII donor side. The main factor that decreased the photosynthetic ability of tobacco leaves with Pst infection at 1 d may be the inhibition of photochemical reactions leading to an insufficient supply of ATP, rather than decreased expression of enzymes involved in the Calvin cycle. At 1 d into Pst infection, the PSII regulated energy dissipation yield Y(NPQ) may play a role in preventing photosynthetic inhibition in tobacco leaves, but the long-term Pst infection significantly inhibited Y(NPQ) and the expression of PsbS proteins. Proteins involved in the MAPK signaling pathway were up-regulated, suggesting the MAPK signaling pathway was activated to respond to Pst infection. However, at the late stage of Pst infection (at 3 d), MAPK signaling pathway proteins were degraded, and the defense function of the MAPK signaling pathway in tobacco leaves was damaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Sun
- Mudanjiang Tobacco Science Research Institute, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zisong Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bei Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guangyu Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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Aucique-Pérez CE, Resende RS, Martins AO, Silveira PR, Cavalcanti JHF, Vieira NM, Fernie AR, Araújo WL, DaMatta FM, Rodrigues FÁ. How do wheat plants cope with Pyricularia oryzae infection? A physiological and metabolic approach. PLANTA 2020; 252:24. [PMID: 32676874 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The infection of wheat leaves by Pyricularia oryzae induced remarkable reprogramming of the primary metabolism (amino acids, sugars, and organic acids) in favor of a successful fungal infection and certain changes were conserved among cultivars regardless of their level of resistance to blast. Wheat blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, has become one of the major threats for food security worldwide. Here, we investigated the behavior of three wheat cultivars (BR-18, Embrapa-16, and BRS-Guamirim), differing in their level of resistance to blast, by analyzing changes in cellular damage, antioxidative metabolism, and defense compounds as well as their photosynthetic performance and metabolite profile. Blast severity was lower by 45 and 33% in Embrapa-16 and BR-18 cultivars (moderately resistant), respectively, at 120 h after inoculation in comparison to BRS-Guamirim cultivar (susceptible). Cellular damage caused by P. oryzae infection was great in BRS-Guamirim compared to BR-18. The photosynthetic performance of infected plants was altered due to diffusional and biochemical limitations for CO2 fixation. At the beginning of the infection process, dramatic changes in both carbohydrate metabolism and on the levels of amino acids, intermediate compounds of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and polyamines were noticed regardless of cultivar suggesting an extensive metabolic reprogramming of the plants following fungal infection. Nevertheless, Embrapa-16 plants displayed a more robust and efficient antioxidant metabolism, higher phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and polyphenoloxidase activities and higher concentrations of phenolics and lignin, which, altogether, helped them to counteract more efficiently the infection by P. oryzae. Our results demonstrated that P. oryzae infection significantly modified the metabolism of wheat plants and different types of metabolic defence may act both additively and synergistically to provide additional plant protection to blast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Aucique-Pérez
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brasil
- Laboratório da Interação Planta-Patógeno, Departamento de Fitopatologia, UFV, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brasil
| | - Renata Sousa Resende
- Laboratório da Interação Planta-Patógeno, Departamento de Fitopatologia, UFV, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brasil
| | | | | | - João Henrique Frota Cavalcanti
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Instituto de Educação, Agricultura e Ambiente (IEAA), Rua 29 de Agosto, 786, Divino Pranto, Humaitá, AM, 36570900, Brasil
| | | | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Wagner Luiz Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brasil
| | - Fábio Murilo DaMatta
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brasil
| | - Fabrício Ávila Rodrigues
- Laboratório da Interação Planta-Patógeno, Departamento de Fitopatologia, UFV, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brasil.
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González R, Butković A, Elena SF. From foes to friends: Viral infections expand the limits of host phenotypic plasticity. Adv Virus Res 2020; 106:85-121. [PMID: 32327149 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity enables organisms to survive in the face of unpredictable environmental stress. Intimately related to the notion of phenotypic plasticity is the concept of the reaction norm that places phenotypic plasticity in the context of a genotype-specific response to environmental gradients. Whether reaction norms themselves evolve and which factors might affect their shape has been the object of intense debates among evolutionary biologists along the years. Since their discovery, viruses have been considered as pathogens. However, new viromic techniques and a shift in conceptual paradigms are showing that viruses are mostly non-pathogenic ubiquitous entities. Recent studies have shown how viral infections can even be beneficial for their hosts. This may happen especially in the context of stressed hosts, where the virus infection can induce beneficial changes in the host's physiological homeostasis, hence changing the shape of the reaction norm. Despite the fact that underlying physiological mechanisms and evolutionary dynamics are still not well understood, such beneficial interactions are being discovered in a growing number of plant-virus systems. Here, we aim to review these disperse studies and place them into the context of phenotypic plasticity and the evolution of reaction norms. This is an emerging field that is posing many questions that still need to be properly answered. The answers would clearly interest virologists, plant pathologists and evolutionary biologists and likely they will suggest possible future biotechnological applications, including the development of crops with higher survival rates and yield under adverse environmental situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén González
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas, CSIC-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Anamarija Butković
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas, CSIC-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago F Elena
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas, CSIC-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain; The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States.
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Ceresini PC, Castroagudín VL, Rodrigues FÁ, Rios JA, Aucique‐Pérez CE, Moreira SI, Croll D, Alves E, de Carvalho G, Maciel JLN, McDonald BA. Wheat blast: from its origins in South America to its emergence as a global threat. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:155-172. [PMID: 30187616 PMCID: PMC6637873 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Wheat blast was first reported in Brazil in 1985. It spread rapidly across the wheat cropping areas of Brazil to become the most important biotic constraint on wheat production in the region. The alarming appearance of wheat blast in Bangladesh in 2016 greatly increased the urgency to understand this disease, including its causes and consequences. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge of wheat blast and aim to identify the most important gaps in our understanding of the disease. We also propose a research agenda that aims to improve the management of wheat blast and limit its threat to global wheat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Cezar Ceresini
- Department of Crop Protection, Agricultural Engineering, and SoilsUNESP University of São Paulo StateIlha Solteira CampusSão PauloBrazil15385-000
| | - Vanina Lilián Castroagudín
- Department of Crop Protection, Agricultural Engineering, and SoilsUNESP University of São Paulo StateIlha Solteira CampusSão PauloBrazil15385-000
- Present address:
Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of ArkansasARUSA
| | - Fabrício Ávila Rodrigues
- Department of Plant Pathology, Lab. of Host‐Parasite InteractionUFV Federal University of ViçosaViçosaMinas GeraisBrazil36570-000
| | - Jonas Alberto Rios
- Department of Plant Pathology, Lab. of Host‐Parasite InteractionUFV Federal University of ViçosaViçosaMinas GeraisBrazil36570-000
| | - Carlos Eduardo Aucique‐Pérez
- Department of Plant Pathology, Lab. of Host‐Parasite InteractionUFV Federal University of ViçosaViçosaMinas GeraisBrazil36570-000
| | - Silvino Intra Moreira
- Department of Plant PathologyUFLA Federal University of LavrasLavrasMinas GeraisBrazil37200-000
| | - Daniel Croll
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of BiologyUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerlandCH-2000
| | - Eduardo Alves
- Department of Plant PathologyUFLA Federal University of LavrasLavrasMinas GeraisBrazil37200-000
| | - Giselle de Carvalho
- Department of Crop Protection, Agricultural Engineering, and SoilsUNESP University of São Paulo StateIlha Solteira CampusSão PauloBrazil15385-000
| | - João Leodato Nunes Maciel
- Brazilian Agriculture Research Corporation, Embrapa Wheat (Embrapa Trigo)Passo FundoRio Grande do SulBrazil99050-970
| | - Bruce Alan McDonald
- Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Integrative BiologySwiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerlandCH-8092
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Ceresini PC, Castroagudín VL, Rodrigues FÁ, Rios JA, Eduardo Aucique-Pérez C, Moreira SI, Alves E, Croll D, Maciel JLN. Wheat Blast: Past, Present, and Future. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 56:427-456. [PMID: 29975608 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The devastating wheat blast disease first emerged in Brazil in 1985. The disease was restricted to South America until 2016, when a series of grain imports from Brazil led to a wheat blast outbreak in Bangladesh. Wheat blast is caused by Pyricularia graminis-tritici ( Pygt), a species genetically distinct from the Pyricularia oryzae species that causes rice blast. Pygt has high genetic and phenotypic diversity and a broad host range that enables it to move back and forth between wheat and other grass hosts. Recombination is thought to occur mainly on the other grass hosts, giving rise to the highly diverse Pygt population observed in wheat fields. This review brings together past and current knowledge about the history, etiology, epidemiology, physiology, and genetics of wheat blast and discusses the future need for integrated management strategies. The most urgent current need is to strengthen quarantine and biosafety regulations to avoid additional spread of the pathogen to disease-free countries. International breeding efforts will be needed to develop wheat varieties with more durable resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Cezar Ceresini
- Department of Crop Protection, Agricultural Engineering, and Soils, São Paulo State University, 15385-000, Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Vanina Lilián Castroagudín
- Department of Crop Protection, Agricultural Engineering, and Soils, São Paulo State University, 15385-000, Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Fabrício Ávila Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction, Department of Plant Pathology, Federal University of Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jonas Alberto Rios
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction, Department of Plant Pathology, Federal University of Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Aucique-Pérez
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction, Department of Plant Pathology, Federal University of Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Silvino Intra Moreira
- Department of Plant Pathology, Federal University of Lavras, 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Alves
- Department of Plant Pathology, Federal University of Lavras, 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Croll
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - João Leodato Nunes Maciel
- Embrapa Wheat (Embrapa Trigo), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Passo 99050-970, Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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