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Huang L, Lin B, Hao P, Yi K, Li X, Hua S. Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals That Anthocyanin Degradation and Phytohormone Changes Regulate Red Color Fading in Rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.) Petals. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2577. [PMID: 38473825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Flower color is an important trait for the ornamental value of colored rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), as the plant is becoming more popular. However, the color fading of red petals of rapeseed is a problem for its utilization. Unfortunately, the mechanism for the process of color fading in rapeseed is unknown. In the current study, a red flower line, Zhehuhong, was used as plant material to analyze the alterations in its morphological and physiological characteristics, including pigment and phytohormone content, 2 d before flowering (T1), at flowering (T2), and 2 d after flowering (T3). Further, metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses were also performed to reveal the molecular regulation of petal fading. The results show that epidermal cells changed from spherical and tightly arranged to totally collapsed from T1 to T3, according to both paraffin section and scanning electron microscope observation. The pH value and all pigment content except flavonoids decreased significantly during petal fading. The anthocyanin content was reduced by 60.3% at T3 compared to T1. The content of three phytohormones, 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid, melatonin, and salicylic acid, increased significantly by 2.2, 1.1, and 30.3 times, respectively, from T1 to T3. However, auxin, abscisic acid, and jasmonic acid content decreased from T1 to T3. The result of metabolomics analysis shows that the content of six detected anthocyanin components (cyanidin, peonidin, pelargonidin, delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin) and their derivatives mainly exhibited a decreasing trend, which was in accordance with the trend of decreasing anthocyanin. Transcriptomics analysis showed downregulation of genes involved in flavonol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin biosynthesis. Furthermore, genes regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis were preferentially expressed at early stages, indicating that the degradation of anthocyanin is the main issue during color fading. The corresponding gene-encoding phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling, JASMONATE-ZIM-DOMAIN PROTEIN, was deactivated to repress anthocyanin biosynthesis, resulting in fading petal color. The results clearly suggest that anthocyanin degradation and phytohormone regulation play essential roles in petal color fading in rapeseed, which is a useful insight for the breeding of colored rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Huang
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Baogang Lin
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Pengfei Hao
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Kaige Yi
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xi Li
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Shuijin Hua
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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Humphreys EA, Skema C. Just add water: Rainfall-induced anther closure and color change in Ripariosida hermaphrodita (Malvaceae). Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10219. [PMID: 37404694 PMCID: PMC10316374 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anther opening has commonly been thought of as unidirectional, but reports of anthers closing in response to rainfall show this is not the case. In some species, anther closure can protect pollen from degrading or washing away, thus possibly enhancing male fitness. Similarly, although floral color is often presumed to be static, numerous floral parts may change color during blooming. These color changes primarily occur in response to pollination or aging, thus potentially increasing pollination efficiency by directing floral visitors to recently opened, unpollinated flowers. Daily observations of 364 Ripariosida hermaphrodita flowers from seven individuals showed that anthers that were purple, open, and shedding pollen became beige colored and tightly closed after rainfall. These findings were further supported by observations of plants exposed to simulated rainfall in a greenhouse and time-lapse photography of flowers misted with water. To our knowledge, our work represents the first report of anther closure in response to rain in Malvaceae and the first report of floral color change induced by rainfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Humphreys
- Morris Arboretum & Gardens of the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Cynthia Skema
- Morris Arboretum & Gardens of the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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Ghissing U, Goswami A, Mitra A. Temporal accumulation of pigments during colour transformation from white to red in Combretum indicum (L.) DeFilipps (syn. Quisqualis indica L.) flowers. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:529-533. [PMID: 34583599 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1984467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the identification of major anthocyanin following its temporal accumulation in colour changing flowers of Combretum indicum (L.) DeFilipps (syn. Quisqualis indica L.). Separation and identification of pigments governing changes in floral colour were performed using HPLC-DAD. Comparison of chromatographic runs with retention time and UV-Vis spectra of authentic standards determined cyanidin 3-O-glucoside as the major anthocyanin accumulating in the petals. Acid hydrolysis of anthocyanin extracts further confirmed cyanidin as the major anthocyanidin in floral tissue. Light microscopic studies revealed gradual accumulation of pigments in the epidermal and hypodermal cell layers of petals. Antioxidant potentials of floral extracts in ethanol, methanol, water and ethyl acetate were determined by DPPH assay where methanolic extracts showed highest free-radical scavenging capacity, and petals of red stage showed maximum activity. Antioxidative potentials measured in terms of FRAP and ABTS also indicated similar results showing highest activity in the red stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upashana Ghissing
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Ambika Goswami
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Adinpunya Mitra
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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Ghissing U, Kutty NN, Bimolata W, Samanta T, Mitra A. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals an insight into the candidate genes involved in anthocyanin and scent volatiles biosynthesis in colour changing flowers of Combretum indicum. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2023; 25:85-95. [PMID: 36271596 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Combretum indicum is a widely cultivated ornamental species displaying the distinct phenomenon of floral colour change. Flowers display a gradual colour change from white to red, attributed to increased cyanidin 3-O glucoside in petal tissues. The differently coloured flowers also emanate a complex blend of VOCs with trans-linalool oxide (furanoid) as the major compound in the emission profile. To understand molecular mechanisms regulating floral colour shifts and scent biosynthesis, we performed Illumina transcriptome sequencing, including de novo assembly and functional annotation, for the two stages of floral maturation (white and red). Homology analysis with functional classification identified 84 and 42 candidate genes associated with pigment and scent biosynthesis, respectively. Genes encoding transcription factors, such as MYB, ERF, WD40, WRKY, NAC, bHLH and bZIP, that play critical roles in regulating specialized metabolism were also identified in the transcriptome data. Differences in expression of genes were consistent with accumulation patterns of anthocyanins in the two different flower colours. A clear upregulation of flavonoid biosynthesis genes in red flower tissue is associated with increased pigment content. RT-qPCR-based expression analyses gave results consistent with the RNA-Seq data, suggesting the sequencing data are consistent and reliable. This study presents the first report of genetic information for C. indicum. Gene sequences generated from RNA-Seq, along with candidate genes identified by pathway mapping and their expression profiles, provide a valuable resource for subsequent studies towards molecular understanding of specialized metabolism in C. indicum flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Ghissing
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - N N Kutty
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
- School of Biology, Dr Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Pune, India
| | - W Bimolata
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - T Samanta
- BioX Center, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - A Mitra
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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Liu C, Yu Q, Li Z, Jin X, Xing W. Metabolic and transcriptomic analysis related to flavonoid biosynthesis during the color formation of Michelia crassipes tepal. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:938-951. [PMID: 32961471 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Michelia crassipes is the only plant with purple flowers amongst Michelia species, and its tepals exhibit an obvious color change from green to purple. In this study, a combination of metabolic and transcriptomic analyses was conducted at three stages of tepals in Michelia crassipes: green tepal, purple spot-containing tepal, and totally purple tepal. Several classes of flavonoid compounds were detected and cyanidin 3-rutinoside and delphinidin 3-glucoside were the major anthocyanins underlying the purple color formation, along with co-pigmentation of flavone compounds represented by luteolin derivatives and flavonol compounds represented by kaempferol and quercetin derivatives. Transcriptome analysis revealed up-regulation of genes encoding enzymes involved in the conversion of phenylpropanoid for flavonoid biosynthesis in Stage 1 vs. Stage 2, whereas up-regulation of most flavonoid biosynthesis genes was observed in Stage 1 vs. Stage 3. MYB, bHLH, and WD40 isoforms, as well as other classes of transcriptional factors, also exhibited differential expression. In addition, differentially expressed genes putatively related to the transport of flavonoids were also identified. The results of the current study provide insight into the regulatory mechanism underlying the color transition from green to purple in Michelia crassipes tepals and describe a complicated network involving PAL, transporter genes, and transcription factors, specifically responsible for the emergence of purple color in Stage 1 vs. Stage 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixian Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Qiuxiu Yu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Zeqing Li
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoling Jin
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Wen Xing
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China.
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Rout PK, Kumar P, Rao YR, Kumar A, Bawankule DU, Singh R, Singh KB, Chanotiya CS, Naik SN. A quinoline alkaloid rich Quisqualis indica floral extract enhances the bioactivity. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:1632-1638. [PMID: 31264476 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1634709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A volatile alkaloid quinoline-4-carbonitrile (QCN) was isolated from the floral extract of Quisqualis indica. Major compounds were trans-linalool oxide (1.0, 4.5%), methyl benzoate (1.0, 4.0%), 2,2,6-trimethyl-6-vinyl-tetrahydropyran-3-one (7.4, 17.8%), 2,2,6-trimethyl-6-vinyl-tetrahydropyran-3-ol (1.0, 1.2%), (E,E)-α-farnesene (29.1, 16.1%), QCN (5.7, 1.3%) in live and picked flowers, respectively. Flower compositions were altered due to change in enzymatic reaction at the time of picking. Some rearrangements of oxygenated terpenoids occurred in the process of hydrodistillation to obtain essential oil. Chemical synthesis of QCN and its selectively reduced products derived from QCN were prepared through green reaction process. The catalytic modification of QCN has produced quinoline-4-methylamine; the later compound has shown enhanced bio-activities. QCN and floral extract (absolute) have shown potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Besides, floral absolute has shown significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities due to improved QCN (19.7%) content to synergize amongst terpenoids and benzenoids as compared to the essential oil with 1.1% of QCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasant Kumar Rout
- Chemical Sciences Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Chemical Sciences Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Y Ramachandra Rao
- Forest and Marine Products Department, CSIR-Regional Research Laboratory (IMMT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Anant Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.,Molecular Bioprospection Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dnyaneshwar U Bawankule
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.,Molecular Bioprospection Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Singh
- Chemical Sciences Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kijay Bahadur Singh
- Chemical Sciences Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chandan Singh Chanotiya
- Chemical Sciences Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - S N Naik
- Center for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
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