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Huggins CJ, Clarke R, Abasolo D, Gil-Rey E, Tobias JH, Deere K, Allison SJ. Machine Learning Models for Weight-Bearing Activity Type Recognition Based on Accelerometry in Postmenopausal Women. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9176. [PMID: 36501877 PMCID: PMC9740741 DOI: 10.3390/s22239176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hip-worn triaxial accelerometers are widely used to assess physical activity in terms of energy expenditure. Methods for classification in terms of different types of activity of relevance to the skeleton in populations at risk of osteoporosis are not currently available. This publication aims to assess the accuracy of four machine learning models on binary (standing and walking) and tertiary (standing, walking, and jogging) classification tasks in postmenopausal women. Eighty women performed a shuttle test on an indoor track, of which thirty performed the same test on an indoor treadmill. The raw accelerometer data were pre-processed, converted into eighteen different features and then combined into nine unique feature sets. The four machine learning models were evaluated using three different validation methods. Using the leave-one-out validation method, the highest average accuracy for the binary classification model, 99.61%, was produced by a k-NN Manhattan classifier using a basic statistical feature set. For the tertiary classification model, the highest average accuracy, 94.04%, was produced by a k-NN Manhattan classifier using a feature set that included all 18 features. The methods and classifiers within this study can be applied to accelerometer data to more accurately characterize weight-bearing activity which are important to skeletal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J. Huggins
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Rebecca Clarke
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Daniel Abasolo
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Erreka Gil-Rey
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, 20012 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jonathan H. Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Kevin Deere
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Sarah J. Allison
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK
- School of Bioscience and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
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Evenson KR, Scherer E, Peter KM, Cuthbertson CC, Eckman S. Historical development of accelerometry measures and methods for physical activity and sedentary behavior research worldwide: A scoping review of observational studies of adults. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276890. [PMID: 36409738 PMCID: PMC9678297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This scoping review identified observational studies of adults that utilized accelerometry to assess physical activity and sedentary behavior. Key elements on accelerometry data collection were abstracted to describe current practices and completeness of reporting. We searched three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus) on June 1, 2021 for articles published up to that date. We included studies of non-institutionalized adults with an analytic sample size of at least 500. The search returned 5686 unique records. After reviewing 1027 full-text publications, we identified and abstracted accelerometry characteristics on 155 unique observational studies (154 cross-sectional/cohort studies and 1 case control study). The countries with the highest number of studies included the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan. Fewer studies were identified from the continent of Africa. Five of these studies were distributed donor studies, where participants connected their devices to an application and voluntarily shared data with researchers. Data collection occurred between 1999 to 2019. Most studies used one accelerometer (94.2%), but 8 studies (5.2%) used 2 accelerometers and 1 study (0.6%) used 4 accelerometers. Accelerometers were more commonly worn on the hip (48.4%) as compared to the wrist (22.3%), thigh (5.4%), other locations (14.9%), or not reported (9.0%). Overall, 12.7% of the accelerometers collected raw accelerations and 44.6% were worn for 24 hours/day throughout the collection period. The review identified 155 observational studies of adults that collected accelerometry, utilizing a wide range of accelerometer data processing methods. Researchers inconsistently reported key aspects of the process from collection to analysis, which needs addressing to support accurate comparisons across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R. Evenson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elissa Scherer
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kennedy M. Peter
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Carmen C. Cuthbertson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Eckman
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
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Parsons CM, Dennison EM, Fuggle N, Breasail MÓ, Deere K, Hannam K, Tobias JH, Cooper C, Ward KA. Assessment of Activity Profiles in Older Adults and Lower Limb Bone Parameters: Observations from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study. Calcif Tissue Int 2022; 111:13-20. [PMID: 35212826 PMCID: PMC9232475 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-00953-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As muscle strength and function decline with age the optimal high-impact physical activity (PA) required for bone remodelling is rarely achievable in older adults. This study aimed to explore the activity profiles of community-dwelling older men and women and to assess the relationship between individual PA profiles and lower limb bone parameters. Participants from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study wore triaxial accelerometers for 7 days and counts of low (0.5-1.0 g), medium (1.0-1.5 g), and high (> 1.5 g) vertical-impact activity were calculated. Two years later, participants underwent a pQCT scan of the tibia (4% and 38% sites) to obtain measures of bone mineral density and bone geometry. Linear regression was used to quantify associations between bone and PA loading profiles adjusting for age, sex, loading category, and BMI. Results are presented as β [95% confidence interval]. Bone and PA data were available for 82 participants. The mean (SD) age at follow-up was 81.4(2.7) years, 41.5% (n = 34) were women. The median low-impact PA count was 5281 (Inter-quartile range (IQR) 2516-12,977), compared with a median of only 189 (IQR 54-593) in medium, and 39 (IQR 9-105) in high-impact counts. Positive associations between high-impact PA and cortical area (mm2), polar SSI (mm3), and total area (mm2) at the 38% slice (6.21 [0.88, 11.54]; 61.94 [25.73, 98.14]; 10.09 [3.18, 16.99], respectively). No significant associations were found at distal tibia. These data suggest that maintaining high (> 1.5 g)-impact activity is difficult for older adults to achieve; however, even small amounts of high-impact PA are positively associated with selected cortical bone parameters 2 years later.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Parsons
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, Human Health and Development, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - E M Dennison
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, Human Health and Development, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - N Fuggle
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, Human Health and Development, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - M Ó Breasail
- MRC Nutrition and Bone Health Research Group, Cambridge, UK
| | - K Deere
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - K Hannam
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - J H Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - C Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, Human Health and Development, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - K A Ward
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, Human Health and Development, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- MRC Nutrition and Bone Health Research Group, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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Hillsdon M, Foster C. What are the health benefits of muscle and bone strengthening and balance activities across life stages and specific health outcomes? J Frailty Sarcopenia Falls 2018; 3:66-73. [PMID: 32300695 PMCID: PMC7155322 DOI: 10.22540/jfsf-03-066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many activities of daily living require muscular strength and power as well as balance. Consequently, preserving musculoskeletal function is a prerequisite for maintaining mobility and independent living during ageing. Estimates suggest that the prevalence of physical activity guidelines for strength and balance is low. Review of reviews of: a) observation studies of the prospective association between measures of musculoskeletal fitness and health outcomes and b) randomised controlled trials of resistance, balance and skeletal impact training exercises on bone health, risk of falls, physical function, motor and cognitive function, quality of life and activities of daily living. Preserving muscular strength/power in middle and older age is associated with a reduced risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Impaired muscular strength/power and balance is associated with an increased risk of falls and lower bone mineral content. Regular supervised exercise incorporating high intensity resistance training, vertical impacts and a balance challenge are most likely to be beneficial to health and wellbeing, bone health and reduce the risks of falls. Adults in late middle and older age would benefit from a regular program of exercise that incorporates high intensity resistance training, impact exercises and balance challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlie Foster
- University of Bristol, Exercise Nutrition and Health Sciences, Social Science Complex, Bristol, UK
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