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Przepiórska-Drońska K, Łach A, Pietrzak-Wawrzyńska BA, Rzemieniec J, Kajta M, Wawrzczak-Bargieła A, Bilecki W, Noworyta K, Wnuk A. Multigenerational Consequences of Prenatal Exposure to Benzophenone-3 Demonstrate Sex- and Region-Dependent Neurotoxic and Pro-Apoptotic Effects in Mouse Brain. TOXICS 2024; 12:906. [PMID: 39771121 PMCID: PMC11728767 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12120906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2024] [Revised: 12/06/2024] [Accepted: 12/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2025]
Abstract
Benzophenone-3 (BP-3), commonly used as a UV filter in personal care products and as a stabilizer, is an alleged endocrine disruptor with potential neurodevelopmental impacts. Despite its abundance in the environment, the studies on its effect on brain development are scarce, especially in terms of multigenerational impact. In this work, for the first time, we examined neurotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects of BP-3 on mouse brain regions (cerebral cortex and hippocampus) in both the first (F1) and second (F2) generations after maternal exposure to environmentally relevant BP-3 levels. We found disregulated markers of cell damage (LDH, H2O2, caspase-3 and -8) and observed increased expression of pro-apoptotic Fas/FAS or Fasl/FASL. BP-3 exposure disrupted the BAX/BCL2 pathway, showing stronger effects in the F1 than in the F2 generation, with a dominance of extrinsic pathway (FAS, FASL, caspase-8) over intrinsic one (BAX, BCL2), suggesting that BP-3-induced apoptosis primarily operates via the extrinsic pathway and could impair brain homeostasis across generations. This study underscores the potential of BP-3 to increase multigenerational risks associated with disrupted neurodevelopment and highlights the importance of understanding its long-term neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Przepiórska-Drońska
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Epigenetics, Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; (K.P.-D.); (A.Ł.); (B.A.P.-W.); (M.K.)
| | - Andrzej Łach
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Epigenetics, Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; (K.P.-D.); (A.Ł.); (B.A.P.-W.); (M.K.)
| | - Bernadeta Angelika Pietrzak-Wawrzyńska
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Epigenetics, Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; (K.P.-D.); (A.Ł.); (B.A.P.-W.); (M.K.)
| | - Joanna Rzemieniec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Małgorzata Kajta
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Epigenetics, Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; (K.P.-D.); (A.Ł.); (B.A.P.-W.); (M.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Wawrzczak-Bargieła
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (A.W.-B.); (W.B.)
| | - Wiktor Bilecki
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (A.W.-B.); (W.B.)
| | - Karolina Noworyta
- Affective Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Wnuk
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Epigenetics, Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; (K.P.-D.); (A.Ł.); (B.A.P.-W.); (M.K.)
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