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Gao S, Zhang ZM, Shen ZL, Gao K, Chang L, Guo Y, Li Z, Wang W, Wang AM. Atorvastatin activates autophagy and promotes neurological function recovery after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:977-82. [PMID: 27482228 PMCID: PMC4962597 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.184498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atorvastatin, a lipid-lowering medication, provides neuroprotective effects, although the precise mechanisms of action remain unclear. Our previous studies confirmed activated autophagy following spinal cord injury, which was conducive to recovery of neurological functions. We hypothesized that atorvastatin could also activate autophagy after spinal cord injury, and subsequently improve recovery of neurological functions. A rat model of spinal cord injury was established based on the Allen method. Atorvastatin (5 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected at 1 and 2 days after spinal cord injury. At 7 days post-injury, western blot assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining results showed increased Beclin-1 and light chain 3B gene and protein expressions in the spinal cord injury + atorvastatin group. Additionally, caspase-9 and caspase-3 expression was decreased, and the number of TUNEL-positive cells was reduced. Compared with the spinal cord injury + saline group, Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale scores significantly increased in the spinal cord injury + atorvastatin group at 14-42 days post-injury. These findings suggest that atorvastatin activated autophagy after spinal cord injury, inhibited apoptosis, and promoted recovery of neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Gao
- Department of Physiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinzhou Municipal Second Hospital, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhao-Liang Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinzhou Municipal Second Hospital, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Kai Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Liang Chang
- Jinzhou Central Hospital, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinzhou Municipal Second Hospital, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao City, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ai-Mei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
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Gao W, Chen SR, Wu MY, Gao K, Li YL, Wang HY, Li CY, Li H. Methylprednisolone exerts neuroprotective effects by regulating autophagy and apoptosis. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:823-8. [PMID: 27335569 PMCID: PMC4904476 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.182711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylprednisolone markedly reduces autophagy and apoptosis after secondary spinal cord injury. Here, we investigated whether pretreatment of cells with methylprednisolone would protect neuron-like cells from subsequent oxidative damage via suppression of autophagy and apoptosis. Cultured N2a cells were pretreated with 10 µM methylprednisolone for 30 minutes, then exposed to 100 µM H2O2 for 24 hours. Inverted phase contrast microscope images, MTT assay, flow cytometry and western blot results showed that, compared to cells exposed to 100 µM H2O2 alone, cells pretreated with methylprednisolone had a significantly lower percentage of apoptotic cells, maintained a healthy morphology, and showed downregulation of autophagic protein light chain 3B and Beclin-1 protein expression. These findings indicate that methylprednisolone exerted neuroprotective effects against oxidative damage by suppressing autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shu-Rui Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Meng-Yao Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Kai Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yuan-Long Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hong-Yu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chen-Yuan Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
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Lu GB, Niu FW, Zhang YC, Du L, Liang ZY, Gao Y, Yan TZ, Nie ZK, Gao K. Methylprednisolone promotes recovery of neurological function after spinal cord injury: association with Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activation. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1816-1823. [PMID: 28123427 PMCID: PMC5204239 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.194753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Some studies have indicated that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is activated following spinal cord injury, and expression levels of specific proteins, including low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein-6 phosphorylation, β-catenin, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β, are significantly altered. We hypothesized that methylprednisolone treatment contributes to functional recovery after spinal cord injury by inhibiting apoptosis and activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In the current study, 30 mg/kg methylprednisolone was injected into rats with spinal cord injury immediately post-injury and at 1 and 2 days post-injury. Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores showed that methylprednisolone treatment significantly promoted locomotor functional recovery between 2 and 6 weeks post-injury. The number of surviving motor neurons increased, whereas the lesion size significantly decreased following methylprednisolone treatment at 7 days post-injury. Additionally, caspase-3, caspase-9, and Bax protein expression levels and the number of apoptotic cells were reduced at 3 and 7 days post-injury, while Bcl-2 levels at 7 days post-injury were higher in methylprednisolone-treated rats compared with saline-treated rats. At 3 and 7 days post-injury, methylprednisolone up-regulated expression and activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, including low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein-6 phosphorylation, β-catenin, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β phosphorylation. These results indicate that methylprednisolone-induced neuroprotection may correlate with activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong-Biao Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fu-Wen Niu
- Department of Orthopedics, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ying-Chun Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lin Du
- Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ting-Zhen Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhi-Kui Nie
- Department of Orthopedics, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Kai Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong Province, China
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Rock KC, Bakowitz M, McCunn M. Advances in the management of the critically injured patient in the operating room. Anesthesiol Clin 2012; 31:67-83. [PMID: 23351535 DOI: 10.1016/j.anclin.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Care of trauma patients continues to improve through better understanding of optimal timing of operating room (OR) interventions, improved monitoring for patients with head injury and hemodynamic compromise, optimization of volume status, and use of appropriate vasoactive agents. Investigation of the pathophysiology of trauma patients as they progress to the chronic phase continues to advance interventions in the ICU and the OR. This article is an evidence-based update of anesthetic considerations for these patients, including management of intracranial pressure, cardiac monitoring, management of the damage control abdomen, fluid and hemodynamic management, and control of coagulopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Carey Rock
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Lammertse DP. Clinical trials in spinal cord injury: lessons learned on the path to translation. The 2011 International Spinal Cord Society Sir Ludwig Guttmann Lecture. Spinal Cord 2012; 51:2-9. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2012.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Dietrich WD, Levi A, Green B. ICU and intra-operative temperature management. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2012; 2:2-5. [PMID: 24717130 DOI: 10.1089/ther.2012.1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- W Dalton Dietrich
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami, Florida
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