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Kučerová V, Hrčka R, Hýrošová T. Relation of Chemical Composition and Colour of Spruce Wood. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235333. [PMID: 36501727 PMCID: PMC9738675 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual inspection of fresh cut spruce wood (Picea abies, L. Karst.) showed the variability of its colour. Wood visual inspection is a part of wood quality assessment, for example, prior to or after its processing. The detail spruce wood colour analysis was performed using spectrophotometric data. The colour was measured by the bench-top spectrophotometer CM-5 Konica Minolta. The spectrophotometer was calibrated with a built-in white standard and on air. The whole analysis was performed in an xy chromaticity diagram supplemented with coordinate Y and CIE L*a*b* colour spaces. The ratio of the white chromophore amount to the amount of all achromatic chromophores is related to the Y coordinate. The ratio of the chromatic chromophore amount to all chromophores amount is saturation. The constructed model of the spruce wood colour is composed of four chromophores. The white chromophore belongs to holocellulose. The black chromophore belongs to lignin. The saturation is influenced by two chromophores. One of them belongs to extractives, another to lignin. The amounts of chromophores correlated with the spruce wood chemical composition. The chemical composition was measured using the procedures of Seifert, Wise, Sluiter, and ASTM. Moreover, the wood colour is affected by the moisture content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viera Kučerová
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Richard Hrčka
- Department of Wood Sciences, Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-45-520-6348
| | - Tatiana Hýrošová
- Department of Mathematics and Descriptive Geometry, Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia
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Enhancing Weathering Resistance of Wood-A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13121980. [PMID: 34204177 PMCID: PMC8234773 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Wood is a truly sustainable and aesthetically pleasant material used in indoor and outdoor applications. Every material, including wood, is expected to have long-term durability and to retain its original appearance over time. One of the major disadvantages of wood is the deterioration of its surface when exposed outdoors, known as weathering. Although weathering is primarily a surface phenomenon, it is an important issue for wood products as it affects their appearance, service life, and wood-coating performance. To encourage the use of wood as a material for joinery and other building components, the results of research into increasing the weathering resistance of wood are extremely significant. The development of weathering protection methods is of great importance to reduce the maintenance requirements for wood exposed outdoors and can have a major environmental impact. There are various methods of protecting wood surfaces against weathering. This paper provides a literature survey on the recent research results in protecting wood from weathering. The topics covered include surface treatments of wood with photostabilizers; protection with coatings; the deposition of thin film onto wood surfaces; treatments of wood with inorganic metal compounds and bio-based water repellents; the chemical modification of wood; the modification of wood and wood surfaces with thermosetting resins, furfuryl alcohol, and DMDHEU; and the thermal modification of wood.
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Effect of surface roughness on the collision dynamics of water drops on wood. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wood Surface Modification—Classic and Modern Approaches in Wood Chemical Treatment by Esterification Reactions. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10070629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Wood surface modification is a comprehensive concept which, in time, turned out to be as successful as challenging when it comes to improve the resistance of wood during its life cycle in both indoor and outdoor applications. The initial approaches have aimed at simple methods with immediate results. Nowadays, the paradigm has slightly changed due to the scientific and technical advances, and some methods has become intermediate stages in more complex processes, after being used, for long time, as stand-alone procedures. The esterification was employed as a convenient method for wood surface modification due to the high amount of free hydroxyl groups available at the surface of wood and other lignocellulosic materials. Therefore, different esterification approaches were tested: activated condensation with carboxylic acids (monocarboxylic, as well as dicarboxylic acids, fatty acids, etc.) in the presence of condensation activating agents (such as trifluoroacetic anhydride); reaction with β-halogen-substituted carboxylic acids; esterification using carboxylic acids derivatives (acyl chlorides, anhydrides) or even multifunctional carboxylic acids (i.e., tricine). Thus, wood with improved dimensional stability and weathering resilience, higher fire resistance, enhanced hydrophobic character, and mechanical durability was obtained. This paper offers an overview of some of the most recent advances reported in the field, presented in a systematic manner, using the type of reaction as classification criterion. The main improvements will be outlined in a critical assessment in order to provide an useful tool for a wise choice in future applications.
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Bejo L, Tolvaj L, Kannar A, Preklet E. Effect of water leaching on photodegraded spruce wood monitored by IR spectroscopy. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.111948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang F, Liu J, Lyu W. Effect of Boron Compounds on Properties of Chinese Fir Wood Treated with PMUF Resin. JOURNAL OF BIORESOURCES AND BIOPRODUCTS 2019. [DOI: 10.21967/jbb.v4i1.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Zhang N, Xu M, Cai L. Improvement of mechanical, humidity resistance and thermal properties of heat-treated rubber wood by impregnation of SiO 2 precursor. Sci Rep 2019; 9:982. [PMID: 30700757 PMCID: PMC6353935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The SiO2 precursor solution was impregnated into heat-treated rubber wood to enhance its mechanical and flame-retarding properties. Test specimens were randomly divided into four groups, i.e., untreated (U), heat-treated (HT), impregnated SiO2 precursor before heat treatment (ISB) and after heat treatment (ISA). Results showed that, compared with HT wood specimens, the modulus of rupture (MOR) and compression strength of ISB and ISA wood specimens were both increased. The hygroscopicity of modified wood was decreased and the dimension stability was consequently improved. Surprisingly, the hardness of ISB specimens increased by 43.65%. The thermogravimetric (TG) examination showed that the incorporation of silicon retarded the thermal decomposition and improved the thermal stability of wood. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) revealed that the SiO2 gel was deposited in the cell wall, The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed the formation of Si–O–Si and Si–O–C covalent bonds. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests indicated that the impregnation of SiO2 precursor had slight effect on the crystalline structure of the wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, P.R. China
| | - Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, P.R. China.
| | - Liping Cai
- Mechanical and Energy Engineering Department, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, 76201, USA.,Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China
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Effect of Impregnation with Maltodextrin and 1,3-Dimethylol-4,5-Dihydroxyethyleneurea on Poplar Wood. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9110676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Modification of poplar (Populus adenopoda Maxim) wood by using maltodextrin (MA) combined with 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DM) resin was investigated in this study. The weight percent gain, dimensional stability, mechanical strength, and microscopic chemical change were determined before and after impregnation. Results indicated that the composite modifier was impregnated into the wood cell lumen, as verified by scanning electron microscopy and a change in weight percent gain. Anti-swelling efficiency was significantly improved compared with the untreated sample; however, the sample treated with MA obtained an anti-swelling efficiency that was slightly lower than that of the sample treated with sucrose. The flexural strength, flexural modulus, and compressive strength perpendicular to the grain increased with an increase in MA concentration, but the compressive modulus and impact strength were reduced. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that MA delayed the cross-linking of the DM resin cell wall, and X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the crystallinity of the cellulose crystalline region was reduced to a certain extent. In general, the poplar wood treated with combined MA and DM resin exhibited enhanced properties relative to those of the poplar wood treated with sucrose.
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Temperature dependence of wood photodegradation monitored by infrared spectroscopy. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tolvaj L, Molnar Z, Nemeth R. Photodegradation of wood at elevated temperature: Infrared spectroscopic study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 121:32-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hazarika A, Maji TK. Effect of different crosslinkers on properties of melamine formaldehyde-furfuryl alcohol copolymer/montmorillonite impregnated softwood (Ficus hispida). POLYM ENG SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
The degree of crystallinity of cellulose was used for assessing the degradation level of coated and uncoated samples of pine wood after weathering. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy measured the changes in the surface crystallinity of cellulose resulting from weathering, both natural and artificial. Both techniques revealed an increase in the crystallinity index (CI) of cellulose when wood was subjected to weathering. An increase in the size of crystallites was also observed by XRD measurements. These results were related to the reduction of the amorphous fractions of wood, and, consequently, to the enrichment of the relative crystalline content. Thanks to FT-IR analysis, the degradation of hemicellulose was observed for uncoated samples after exposure to artificial weathering. The effect of weathering was less evident on coated samples because of the protective action of the coating. A good correlation between the crystallinity indexes obtained from FT-IR and XRD was found. The experimental results proved that the proposed method may be a very useful tool for a rapid and accurate estimation of the degradation level of wood exposed to weathering. This methodology can find application in the field of conservation and restoration of wooden objects or in the industry of wood coatings.
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Xie Y, Klarhöfer L, Mai C. Degradation of wood veneers by Fenton reagents: Effects of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid on mineralization of wood. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Persze L, Tolvaj L. Photodegradation of wood at elevated temperature: Colour change. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2012; 108:44-7. [PMID: 22257630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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