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Wu M, Mu L, Zhang Z, Han X, Guo H, Han L. Anti-Cracking TEOS-Based Hybrid Materials as Reinforcement Agents for Paper Relics. Molecules 2024; 29:1834. [PMID: 38675652 PMCID: PMC11054927 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) is the most commonly used silicon-based reinforcement agent for conserving art relics due to its cost-effectiveness and commercial maturity. However, the resulting silica gel phase is prone to developing cracks as the gel shrinks during the sol-gel process, potentially causing severe damage to the objects being treated. In this study, dodecyltrimethoxysilane (DTMS) was introduced into TEOS to minimize this shrinkage by adding elastic long chains to weaken the capillary forces. The gel formed from the DTMS/TEOS hybrid material was transparent and crack-free, featuring a dense microstructure without mesopores or micropores. It exhibited excellent thermal stability, with a glass transition temperature of up to 109.64 °C. Evaluation experiments were conducted on artificially aged, handmade bamboo paper. The TEOS-based hybrid material effectively combined with the paper fibers through the sol-gel process, polymerizing into a network structure that enveloped the paper surface or penetrated between the fibers. The surface of the treated paper displayed excellent hydrophobic properties, with no significant changes in appearance, color, or air permeability. The mechanical properties of the treated bamboo paper improved significantly, with longitudinal and transverse tensile strengths increasing by up to 36.63% and 44.25%, respectively. These research findings demonstrate the promising potential for the application of DTMS/TEOS hybrid materials in reinforcing paper relics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengruo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Archaeomaterials and Conservation, Ministry of Education, Institute for Cultural Heritage and History of Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (M.W.); (Z.Z.); (L.H.)
| | - Le Mu
- Baotou Museum, Baotou 014010, China;
| | - Zhiyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Archaeomaterials and Conservation, Ministry of Education, Institute for Cultural Heritage and History of Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (M.W.); (Z.Z.); (L.H.)
| | - Xiangna Han
- Key Laboratory of Archaeomaterials and Conservation, Ministry of Education, Institute for Cultural Heritage and History of Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (M.W.); (Z.Z.); (L.H.)
| | - Hong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Archaeomaterials and Conservation, Ministry of Education, Institute for Cultural Heritage and History of Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (M.W.); (Z.Z.); (L.H.)
| | - Liuyang Han
- Key Laboratory of Archaeomaterials and Conservation, Ministry of Education, Institute for Cultural Heritage and History of Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (M.W.); (Z.Z.); (L.H.)
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Zhang X, Yao J, Yan Y, Huang X, Zhang Y, Tang Y, Yang Y. Reversible Deacidification and Preventive Conservation of Paper-Based Cultural Relics by Mineralized Bacterial Cellulose. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:13091-13102. [PMID: 38422229 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Paper-based cultural relics experience irreversible aging and deterioration during long-term preservation. The most common process of paper degradation is the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose. Nowadays, deacidification has been considered as a practical way to protect acidified literature; however, two important criteria of minimal intervention and reversibility should be considered. Inspired by the superior properties of bacterial cellulose (BC) and its structural similarity to paper, herein, the mineralized BC membranes are applied to deacidification and conservation of paper-based materials for the first time. Based on the enzyme-induced mineralization process, the homogeneous and high-loaded calcifications of hydroxyapatite (HAP) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles onto the nanofibers of BC networks have been achieved, respectively. The size, morphology, structure of minerals, as well as the alkalinity and alkali reserve of BC membranes are well controlled by regulating enzyme concentration and mineralization time. Compared with HAP/CaCO3-immersed method, HAP/CaCO3-BC membranes show more efficient and sustained deacidification performance on paper. The weak alkalinity of mineralized BC membranes avoids the negative effect of alkali on paper, and the high alkali reserve implies a good sustained-release effect of alkali to neutralize the future generated acid. The multiscale nanochannels of the BC membrane provide ion exchange and acid/alkali neutralization channels between paper and the BC membrane, and the final pH of protected paper can be well stabilized in a certain range. Most importantly, this BC-deacidified method is reversible since the BC membrane can be removed without causing any damage to paper and the original structure and fiber morphology of paper are well preserved. In addition, the mineralized BC membrane provides excellent flame-retardant performance on paper thanks to its unique organic-inorganic composite structure. All of these advantages of the mineralized BC membrane indicate its potential use as an effective protection material for the reversible deacidification and preventive conservation of paper-based cultural relics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Institute for Preservation and Conservation of Chinese Ancient Books, Fudan University Library, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jingjing Yao
- Shanghai Institute of Quality Inspection and Technical Research, 381 Cang Wu Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yueer Yan
- Institute for Preservation and Conservation of Chinese Ancient Books, Fudan University Library, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xizi Huang
- Institute for Preservation and Conservation of Chinese Ancient Books, Fudan University Library, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yahong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuliang Yang
- Institute for Preservation and Conservation of Chinese Ancient Books, Fudan University Library, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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Zhang X, Yan Y, Yao J, Jin S, Tang Y. Chemistry directs the conservation of paper cultural relics. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wu T, Tan W, Liu M, Fang Y, Lin Y. Deacidification of Papers with Hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) in Alcohols and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.17we079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology
| | - Wei Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology
| | - Mengru Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology
| | - Yanxiong Fang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology
| | - Yingtao Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology
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One-Step Lining and Deacidification of Aged Newspapers with Double-sided Writing. RESTAURATOR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE PRESERVATION OF LIBRARY AND ARCHIVAL MATERIAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/res-2017-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe one-step lining and deacidification process of aged newspapers with double-sided writing combines deacidification and reinforcement processes. Wheat starch paste or carboxymethyl cellulose were prepared using an aqueous solution of Ca(OH)2. The newspapers were lined with Japanese tissue (9 g/m2), using the alkaline adhesive in order to mechanically reinforce the newspapers and at the same time increase the pH of the paper. After treatment, the pH value of the newspaper samples reached an ideal range between 8.0–8.5 when thew.1% Ca(OH)2was used. More notably, the Japanese tissue lining doubled strength and folding endurance. The treatment had little impact on the visual appearance of the writing and even increased the degree of whiteness of the paper. The increase of tensile strength and whiteness was not diminished even when the treated newspaper samples were exposed to accelerated thermal ageing.
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Pellizzi E, Lattuati-Derieux A, d'Espinose de Lacaillerie JB, Lavédrine B, Cheradame H. Consolidation of artificially degraded polyurethane ester foam with aminoalkylalkoxysilanes. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chemical investigation of potassium methyl siliconate as deacidification and strengthening agent for preservation of aged papers. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-015-1713-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Microwave Assisted Preparation of Calcium Hydroxide and Barium Hydroxide Nanoparticles and Their Application for Conservation of Cultural Heritage. DIGITAL HERITAGE. PROGRESS IN CULTURAL HERITAGE: DOCUMENTATION, PRESERVATION, AND PROTECTION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13695-0_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Pellizzi E, Lattuati-Derieux A, de Lacaillerie JBD, Lavédrine B, Cheradame H. Reinforcement properties of 3-aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane and N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane on polyurethane ester foam. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Souguir Z, Dupont AL, Fatyeyeva K, Mortha G, Cheradame H, Ipert S, Lavédrine B. Strengthening of degraded cellulosic material using a diamine alkylalkoxysilane. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20957h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Souguir Z, Dupont AL, d'Espinose de Lacaillerie JB, Lavedrine B, Cheradame H. Chemical and physicochemical investigation of an aminoalkylalkoxysilane as strengthening agent for cellulosic materials. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:2082-91. [PMID: 21506549 DOI: 10.1021/bm200371u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AMDES (aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane) was used to investigate the physicochemical and chemical events related to the introduction of aminoalkylalkoxysilanes in cellulosic materials. Using (29)Si CP-MAS and (1)H NMR to study the reactivity and structural modification of AMDES in the paper it was shown that polymerization occurs in situ. The distribution of the active compound on the surface of the fibers and throughout the fibers' thickness was visualized by SEM-EDS. A relation between moisture content, fiber swelling, and uptake of AMDES was found. To better represent old and brittle documents, the paper was predegraded by oxidation with sodium hypochlorite. XRD confirmed the advanced destruction of the amorphous areas of cellulose. Adding AMDES in the oxidized paper resulted in improved mechanical properties, a roughly unmodified degree of polymerization of cellulose, but a slight increase in the yellowing, probably due to several possible reaction products such as imines, amine, amides, and Maillard reactions products. The deacidification efficacy was established and the strengthening effect was shown to arise from the interaction of AMDES with the cellulose fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zied Souguir
- Centre de Recherche sur la Conservation des Collections, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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Dupont AL, Lavédrine B, Cheradame H. Mass deacidification and reinforcement of papers and books VI – Study of aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane treated papers. Polym Degrad Stab 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bennevault-Celton V, Maciejak O, Desmazières B, Cheradame H. Condensation of alkoxysilanes in alcoholic media: II. Oligomerization of aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane and co-oligomerization with dimethyldiethoxysilane. POLYM INT 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bennevault-Celton V, Maciejak O, Desmazières B, Cheradame H. Condensation of alkoxysilanes in alcoholic media: I. Oligomerization of dimethyldiethoxysilane. POLYM INT 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Baldin A, Gorassini A, Princi E, Vicini S, Zappalà A. Effects of artificial weathering on the mechanical properties of paper-based materials consolidated with polymeric materials. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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