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Duchowny A, Ortiz Restrepo SA, Kern S, Adams A. Quantification of PVC plasticizer mixtures by compact proton NMR spectroscopy and indirect hard modeling. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1229:340384. [PMID: 36156235 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach is introduced for the fast, reliable, and low-cost recognition and quantification of plasticizers in plasticizers mixtures. It uses benchtop 1H NMR spectroscopy and indirect hard modeling, a mechanistic multivariate regression technique. The approach is demonstrated on five different PVC plasticizers having similar spectral signatures in proton NMR spectra. With only 16 scans per spectrum, i.e., 2 min 40 s measurement time, quantification limits down to 0.14 mg mL-1, or 0.35 wt% plasticizer in PVC, were achieved. Apart from the rapid data acquisition, the use of spectral hard modeling enabled the quantification of plasticizer mixtures while using only 4 to 6 training samples per component. Despite strongly overlapping signals in the NMR spectra, various plasticizers were differentiated and quantified, as exemplarily demonstrated for binary mixtures. A commercial PVC specimen with three different layers was also examined, confirming the applicability of benchtop NMR spectroscopy. Additionally, the use of the proposed method to validate official regulations concerning the plasticizer content in PVC is assessed. The presented results demonstrate that the combination of benchtop NMR and spectral hard modeling is a very promising analytical tool for rapid PVC plasticizer recognition and quantification with high analytical throughput. Moreover, the results indicate a high potential for benchtop NMR and spectral hard modeling for microchemical analysis, even for complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Duchowny
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 55, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Simon Kern
- S-PACT GmbH, Burtscheider Str. 1, 52064, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alina Adams
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 55, 52056, Aachen, Germany.
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2
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Radio-Oxidation Ageing of XLPE Containing Different Additives and Filler: Effect on the Gases Emission and Consumption. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13172845. [PMID: 34502884 PMCID: PMC8434209 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the lifetime extension of nuclear power plants (NPPs) context, aging of electric cables has to be very well understood in order to predict their end-of-life and thus to replace them on time. Therefore, evaluation and understanding of the ageing mechanism of the cable insulating material is mandatory under conditions as close as possible of those encountered in NPPs. In this context, different formulated crosslinked polyethylenes (XLPE)—one of the polymers used nowadays to manufacture the insulator layer—have been irradiated under oxidative conditions, at two different dose rates and at different aging doses. Gases emitted and consumed from the irradiated polymers were quantified to identify the primary processes happening in the materials and thus the interactions involved between the different molecules composing the formulated polymers.
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Compact NMR Spectroscopy for Low-Cost Identification and Quantification of PVC Plasticizers. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051221. [PMID: 33668752 PMCID: PMC7956471 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), one of the most important polymer materials nowadays, has a large variety of formulations through the addition of various plasticizers to meet the property requirements of the different fields of applications. Routine analytical methods able to identify plasticizers and quantify their amount inside a PVC product with a high analysis throughput would promote an improved understanding of their impact on the macroscopic properties and the possible health and environmental risks associated with plasticizer leaching. In this context, a new approach to identify and quantify plasticizers employed in PVC commodities using low-field NMR spectroscopy and an appropriate non-deuterated solvent is introduced. The proposed method allows a low-cost, fast, and simple identification of the different plasticizers, even in the presence of a strong solvent signal. Plasticizer concentrations below 2 mg mL-1 in solution corresponding to 3 wt% in a PVC product can be quantified in just 1 min. The reliability of the proposed method is tested by comparison with results obtained under the same experimental conditions but using deuterated solvents. Additionally, the type and content of plasticizer in plasticized PVC samples were determined following an extraction procedure. Furthermore, possible ways to further decrease the quantification limit are discussed.
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Csányi GM, Bal S, Tamus ZÁ. Dielectric Measurement Based Deducted Quantities to Track Repetitive, Short-Term Thermal Aging of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Cable Insulation. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122809. [PMID: 33260920 PMCID: PMC7760036 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of short-term (3- and 6-h-long) periodic thermal aging was investigated at three different temperatures on PVC cables and PVC films. Three different temperatures (110, 125, and 140 °C) were used for aging PVC cables and one (110 °C) for PVC films. PVC films were prepared for the investigation containing 0, 30, 40, and 50 weight percent of dioctyl phthalate plasticizer (DOP). The effect of short-term thermal aging was monitored by electrical (dielectric spectrum and voltage response measurement) and mechanical (Shore D hardness) methods. From the loss factor measurements, different deducted quantities were calculated and compared with Shore D hardness, which has been shown to be a parameter reflecting the effect of short-term thermal aging on PVC insulation. The measurements revealed that Shore D hardness is not the best property for monitoring aging. Instead, increasing dissipated power and the shifting behavior of tan δ–frequency curves proved to be the best phenomena for assessing the impact of thermal aging. Simple deducted quantities may provide a basis for following short-term thermal aging.
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Brostow W, Hnatchuk N, Kim T. Preventing thermal degradation of PVC insulation by mixtures of cross‐linking agents and antioxidants. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Witold Brostow
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymers & Optimized Materials (LAPOM), Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of North Texas, 3940 North Elm Street Denton TX 76207
| | - Nathalie Hnatchuk
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymers & Optimized Materials (LAPOM), Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of North Texas, 3940 North Elm Street Denton TX 76207
| | - Taehwan Kim
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymers & Optimized Materials (LAPOM), Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of North Texas, 3940 North Elm Street Denton TX 76207
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Wang Z, Wei R, Wang X, He J, Wang J. Pyrolysis and Combustion of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Sheath for New and Aged Cables via Thermogravimetric Analysis-Fourier Transform Infrared (TG-FTIR) and Calorimeter. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11101997. [PMID: 30332794 PMCID: PMC6213713 DOI: 10.3390/ma11101997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To fill the shortages in the knowledge of the pyrolysis and combustion properties of new and aged polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sheaths, several experiments were performed by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC), and cone calorimetry. The results show that the onset temperature of pyrolysis for an aged sheath shifts to higher temperatures. The value of the main derivative thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) peak of an aged sheath is greater than that of a new one. The mass of the final remaining residue for an aged sheath is also greater than that of a new one. The gas that is released by an aged sheath is later but faster than that of a new one. The results also show that, when compared with a new sheath, the heat release rate (HRR) is lower for an aged one. The total heat release (THR) of aged sheath is reduced by 16.9–18.5% compared to a new one. In addition, the cone calorimetry experiments illustrate that the ignition occurrence of an aged sheath is later than that of a new one under different incident heat fluxes. This work indicates that an aged sheath generally pyrolyzes and it combusts more weakly and incompletely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Ruichao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Xuehui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Junjiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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Royaux A, Fabre-Francke I, Balcar N, Barabant G, Bollard C, Lavédrine B, Cantin S. Long-term effect of silk paper used for wrapping of plasticized PVC objects: Comparison between ancient and model PVC. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sommer S, Koch M, Adams A. Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy of Plasticized Poly(vinyl chloride). Anal Chem 2018; 90:2409-2413. [PMID: 29397690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is today one of the most important commodity polymers. Its broad range of applications is due to the presence of plasticizers whose concentration largely impacts the microscopic and the macroscopic properties. Quantifying the concentration of plasticizer in PVC products is therefore of fundamental importance. Thus, in this paper, the applicability of terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy for the characterization of plasticized PVC is for the first time evaluated in a systematic way. It could be demonstrated that the method is able to distinguish between PVC samples with different types and concentrations of plasticizers. Furthermore, a simple, fast, and efficient method is introduced to quantify the concentration of plasticizer in PVC samples of known plasticizer type but different thermal histories. The presented results are of key importance due to the need of reliable noninvasive and nondestructive analytical methods which can deliver onsite information about the remaining plasticizer concentration inside PVC products. Furthermore, it is expected that the proposed approach can be easily extended to other plasticized polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Sommer
- Faculty of Physics and Material Sciences Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin Koch
- Faculty of Physics and Material Sciences Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Alina Adams
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University , Templergraben 55, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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Dielectric Behavior of Plasticized PVC/Alumina Nanocomposites Influenced With DC Biasing Field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2017.09.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Tüzüm Demir AP, Ulutan S. Assessment of degradation of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) films through polyene formation under isothermal conditions. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. P. Tüzüm Demir
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering; Ege University; Bornova Izmir TR35100 Turkey
| | - S. Ulutan
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering; Ege University; Bornova Izmir TR35100 Turkey
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Pourmand P, Hedenqvist M, Furó I, Gedde U. Radiochemical ageing of highly filled EPDM seals as revealed by accelerated ageing and ageing in-service for 21 years. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Royaux A, Fabre-Francke I, Balcar N, Barabant G, Bollard C, Lavédrine B, Cantin S. Aging of plasticized polyvinyl chloride in heritage collections: The impact of conditioning and cleaning treatments. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Santhosh T, Gopika V, Ghosh A, Fernandes B, Dubey K. Reliability prediction of I&C cable insulation materials by DSC and Weibull theory for probabilistic safety assessment of NPPs. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Adams A, Kwamen R, Woldt B, Graß M. Nondestructive Quantification of Local Plasticizer Concentration in PVC by (1)H NMR Relaxometry. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:2171-5. [PMID: 26437600 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The properties of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) , one of the most important polymers today, are strongly dictated by the concentration of plasticizer. Yet, it has been impossible to quantify this concentration at different positions inside a PVC product without its destruction because of a lack of suitable analytical methods. Thus, this paper introduces a simple, fast, and efficient way to determine truly nondestructively the concentration of plasticizer in PVC by single-sided nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). With the help of correlation curves between the concentration of plasticizer inside nonaged PVC samples and the corresponding volume-averaged NMR parameters, single-sided NMR allows the quantification of the local concentration of plasticizer in aged PVC plates at different depths by spatially resolved relaxation measurements. The presented approach represents a fundamental step toward in situ characterization of plasticized PVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Adams
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 55, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rance Kwamen
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 55, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Woldt
- Evonik Industries AG, Paul-Baumann-Straße 1, D-45772, Marl, Germany
| | - Michael Graß
- Evonik Industries AG, Paul-Baumann-Straße 1, D-45772, Marl, Germany
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Quennehen P, Royaud I, Seytre G, Gain O, Rain P, Espilit T, François S. Determination of the aging mechanism of single core cables with PVC insulation. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Linde E, Gedde U. Plasticizer migration from PVC cable insulation – The challenges of extrapolation methods. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Earla A, Braslau R. Covalently Linked Plasticizers: Triazole Analogues of Phthalate Plasticizers Prepared by Mild Copper-Free “Click” Reactions with Azide-Functionalized PVC. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201300865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Earla
- Dept. of Chemistry And Biochemistry; University of California; Santa Cruz California 95064 USA
| | - Rebecca Braslau
- Dept. of Chemistry And Biochemistry; University of California; Santa Cruz California 95064 USA
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Zhang Z, Zhang J, Liu H. Toughening modification of poly(vinyl chloride)/ α-methylstyrene-acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer blends via adding chlorinated polyethylene. POLYM ENG SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanjing University of Technology; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanjing University of Technology; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Hongyong Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanjing University of Technology; Nanjing 210009 China
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Sun B, Chaudhary BI, Shen CY, Mao D, Yuan DM, Dai GC, Li B, Cogen JM. Thermal stability of epoxidized soybean oil and its absorption and migration in poly(vinylchloride). POLYM ENG SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Tüzüm Demir AP, Ulutan S. Migration of phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizers out of plasticized PVC films into air. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Evaporative loss kinetics of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) from pristine DEHP and plasticized PVC. Polym Degrad Stab 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Dielectric properties and thermal stability of γ-irradiated inorganic nanofiller modified PVC. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2009.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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