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Muzeza C, Ngole-Jeme V, Msagati TAM. The Mechanisms of Plastic Food-Packaging Monomers' Migration into Food Matrix and the Implications on Human Health. Foods 2023; 12:3364. [PMID: 37761073 PMCID: PMC10529129 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of packaging technology has become a crucial part of the food industry in today's modern societies, which are characterized by technological advancements, industrialization, densely populated cities, and scientific advancements that have increased food production over the past 50 years despite the lack of agricultural land. Various types of food-packaging materials are utilized, with plastic being the most versatile. However, there are certain concerns with regards to the usage of plastic packaging because of unreacted monomers' potential migration from the polymer packaging to the food. The magnitude of monomer migration depends on numerous aspects, including the monomer chemistry, type of plastic packaging, physical-chemical parameters such as the temperature and pH, and food chemistry. The major concern for the presence of packaging monomers in food is that some monomers are endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) with a capability to interfere with the functioning of vital hormonal systems in the human body. For this reason, different countries have resolved to enforce guidelines and regulations for packaging monomers in food. Additionally, many countries have introduced migration testing procedures and safe limits for packaging monomer migration into food. However, to date, several research studies have reported levels of monomer migration above the set migration limits due to leaching from the food-packaging materials into the food. This raises concerns regarding possible health effects on consumers. This paper provides a critical review on plastic food-contact materials' monomer migration, including that from biodegradable plastic packaging, the monomer migration mechanisms, the monomer migration chemistry, the key factors that affect the migration process, and the associated potential EDC human health risks linked to monomers' presence in food. The aim is to contribute to the existing knowledge and understanding of plastic food-packaging monomer migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Muzeza
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Roodepoort, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Roodepoort, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa;
| | - Veronica Ngole-Jeme
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Roodepoort, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa;
| | - Titus Alfred Makudali Msagati
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Roodepoort, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
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2
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Bi R, Meng W, Su G. Organophosphate esters (OPEs) in plastic food packaging: non-target recognition, and migration behavior assessment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 177:108010. [PMID: 37307603 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as plasticizers in plastic food packaging; however, the migration of OPEs from plastic to food is largely unstudied. We do not even know the specific number of OPEs that exist in the plastic food packaging. Herein, an integrated target, suspect, and nontarget strategy for screening OPEs was optimized using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). The strategy was used to analyze 106 samples of plastic food packaging collected in Nanjing city, China, in 2020. HRMS allowed full or tentative identification of 42 OPEs, of which seven were reported for the first time. Further, oxidation products of bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite (AO626) in plastics were identified, implying that the oxidation of organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs) could be an important indirect source of OPEs in plastics. The migration of OPEs was examined with four simulated foods. Twenty-six out of 42 OPEs were detected in at least one of the four simulants, particularly isooctane, in which diverse OPEs were detected at elevated concentrations. Overall, the study supplements the list of OPEs that humans could ingest as well as provides essential information regarding the migration of OPEs from plastic food packaging to food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Bi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Weikun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
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4
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Zhu J, Zhang S, Liu Y, Chen S, Li L. Modelling and assessment of plasticizer migration and structure changes in hydrophobic starch-based films. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 195:41-48. [PMID: 34838859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The structures of starch and starch-based materials determine additives migration from material matrix. Propionylated starch derived from waxy, normal, G50 and G80 starch were selected as the matrix, the amylose effect on plasticizer (triacetin) migration as well as structural changes in hydrophobic starch-based films were discussed. The constant (k1) of first-order rate and initial release rate (V0) of triacetin migration were consistent with the increment of amylose content. Meanwhile, diffusion model disclosed that Fick's second law was apposite to characterize the short-term migration of triacetin, and larger diffusion coefficient (D) values of short- and long-term migration were also found in films with higher amylose content, indicating that amylose-formed structures were in favor of triacetin migration. In comparison of propionylated amylopectin, Van der Waals's interactions between propionylated amylose and triacetin were easier to be weakened with the migration of triacetin, which promoted the decrease of wavenumber of C-O-C, and enlarged the inter-planner spacing of crystalline structures, promoting the formation of amorphous structures and wrinkles and embossments in films with higher amylose content. This work confirmed that regulating the structures of starch were effective to control the migration behavior of additives from starch-based films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Development and Nutrition Regulation of China National Light Industry, School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Shuyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Development and Nutrition Regulation of China National Light Industry, School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yujia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Development and Nutrition Regulation of China National Light Industry, School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Siqian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Development and Nutrition Regulation of China National Light Industry, School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Development and Nutrition Regulation of China National Light Industry, School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China.
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5
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Selin E, Svensson K, Gravenfors E, Giovanoulis G, Iida M, Oskarsson A, Lundqvist J. Food contact materials: an effect-based evaluation of the presence of hazardous chemicals in paper and cardboard packaging. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1594-1607. [PMID: 34157954 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1930200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Food contact materials (FCMs) can contain hazardous chemicals that may have the potential to migrate into food and pose a health hazard for humans. Previous studies have mainly focused on plastic materials, while data on packaging materials made from paper and cardboard are limited. We used a panel of cell-based bioassays to investigate the presence and impact of bioactive chemicals on human relevant endpoints like oxidative stress, genotoxicity, inflammation, xenobiotic metabolism and endocrine system effects in extracts made from paper and cardboard. In total, 23 methanol extracts of commonly used paper and cardboard available on the Swedish market were extracted as a whole product using methanol to retrieve polar substances, and tested at concentrations 0.3-10 mg/mL and 0.2-6 mg/mL. At the highest concentration bioactivities were observed in a high proportion of the samples: oxidative stress (52%), genotoxicity (100%), xenobiotic metabolism (74%), antiandrogenic- (52%) and antioestrogenic receptor (39%). Packages of potential concern included cake/pastry boxes/mats, boxes for infant formula/skimmed milk, pizza boxes, pizza slice trays and bag of cookies. It should be noted that the extraction for packages like cake/pastry boxes can be considered exaggerated, as the exposure usually is shorter. It can be hypothesised that the observed responses may be explained by inks, coatings, contaminants and/or naturally occurring compounds within the material. To summarise, an effect-based approach enables hazard identification of chemicals within FCMs, which is a valuable tool for ensuring safe use of FCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Selin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kettil Svensson
- Risk Benefit Assessment Department, Swedish Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Gravenfors
- Development of Legislation and Other Instruments, Swedish Chemical Agency, Sundbyberg, Sweden
| | - Georgios Giovanoulis
- Environmental Intelligence Unit, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mitsura Iida
- Hiyoshi Corporation, HIRO Biotech, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Agneta Oskarsson
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Lundqvist
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Sapozhnikova Y, Nuñez A, Johnston J. Screening of chemicals migrating from plastic food contact materials for oven and microwave applications by liquid and gas chromatography - Orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462261. [PMID: 34126375 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of food with chemicals migrating from food contact materials (FCMs) is an important area of food safety. This study was aimed to investigate migration of chemicals from plastic FCMs used for microwave and conventional oven heating. Migration tests were conducted for samples of microwave trays, microwave oven bags, and oven bags. GC- and LC-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS) was used for non-targeted screening and identification of chemicals with mass error <5 ppm. A non-targeted identification approach was validated with isotopically labeled chemicals to establish acceptable criteria for identification of migrated compounds. A total of 74 migrated compounds were tentatively identified: 24 chemicals by GC-Orbitrap MS with electron ionization (EI), plus 35 and 19 by LC-Orbitrap MS electrospray ionization (ESI) with positive and negative polarities, respectively. Four migrated chemicals were identified by more than one instrumental analysis. Both intentionally added substances (IAS), i.e. additives used in the production of polymeric materials and plastics, and non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), i.e. derivatives and degradation/oxidation products of IAS, were identified among the migrated chemicals. The levels of 25 migrated chemicals were significantly different (p < 0.05) between microwave treatments and conventional oven treatments, where 20 migrants had higher levels for microwave compared with 5 for conventional oven treatments. For several identified chemicals, no previous reports on their migration from FCMs were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Sapozhnikova
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA.
| | - Alberto Nuñez
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - John Johnston
- USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service, 2150 Centre Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
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Ouyang X, Lu Z, Hu Y, Xie Z, Li G. Research progress on sample pretreatment methods for migrating substances from food contact materials. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:879-894. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Ouyang
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Zicheng Lu
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yuling Hu
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Zenghui Xie
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
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8
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Tsochatzis ED, Mieth A, Alberto Lopes J, Simoneau C. A Salting-out Liquid-Liquid extraction (SALLE) for the analysis of caprolactam and 2,4-di-tert butyl phenol in water and food simulants. Study of the salinity effect to specific migration from food contact materials. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1156:122301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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9
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Su QZ, Vera P, Nerín C. Direct Immersion–Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled to Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry and Response Surface Methodology for Nontarget Screening of (Semi-) Volatile Migrants from Food Contact Materials. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5577-5584. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Zhi Su
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Paula Vera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
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10
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Influence of heating source on the migration of photoinitiators from packaging materials into Tenax® and popcorn. Food Packag Shelf Life 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Li M, Fan Y, Liu Z, Xie Y, Guo Y, Cheng Y, Qian H, Yao W. Tracing the melamine migration from three-piece tin cans into food simulants during coating process. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Hahladakis JN, Velis CA, Weber R, Iacovidou E, Purnell P. An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 344:179-199. [PMID: 29035713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1291] [Impact Index Per Article: 215.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 60 years plastics production has increased manifold, owing to their inexpensive, multipurpose, durable and lightweight nature. These characteristics have raised the demand for plastic materials that will continue to grow over the coming years. However, with increased plastic materials production, comes increased plastic material wastage creating a number of challenges, as well as opportunities to the waste management industry. The present overview highlights the waste management and pollution challenges, emphasising on the various chemical substances (known as "additives") contained in all plastic products for enhancing polymer properties and prolonging their life. Despite how useful these additives are in the functionality of polymer products, their potential to contaminate soil, air, water and food is widely documented in literature and described herein. These additives can potentially migrate and undesirably lead to human exposure via e.g. food contact materials, such as packaging. They can, also, be released from plastics during the various recycling and recovery processes and from the products produced from recyclates. Thus, sound recycling has to be performed in such a way as to ensure that emission of substances of high concern and contamination of recycled products is avoided, ensuring environmental and human health protection, at all times.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Hahladakis
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Costas A Velis
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Lindenfirststr. 23, D.73527, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Eleni Iacovidou
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Phil Purnell
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom
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13
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Fang X, Vitrac O. Predicting diffusion coefficients of chemicals in and through packaging materials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:275-312. [PMID: 25831407 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.849654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Most of the physicochemical properties in polymers such as activity and partition coefficients, diffusion coefficients, and their activation with temperature are accessible to direct calculations from first principles. Such predictions are particularly relevant for food packaging as they can be used (1) to demonstrate the compliance or safety of numerous polymer materials and of their constitutive substances (e.g. additives, residues…), when they are used: as containers, coatings, sealants, gaskets, printing inks, etc. (2) or to predict the indirect contamination of food by pollutants (e.g. from recycled polymers, storage ambiance…) (3) or to assess the plasticization of materials in contact by food constituents (e.g. fat matter, aroma…). This review article summarizes the classical and last mechanistic descriptions of diffusion in polymers and discusses the reliability of semi-empirical approaches used for compliance testing both in EU and US. It is concluded that simulation of diffusion in or through polymers is not limited to worst-case assumptions but could also be applied to real cases for risk assessment, designing packaging with low leaching risk or to synthesize plastic additives with low diffusion rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Fang
- a AgroParisTech, UMR 1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments , Massy , France.,b INRA, UMR 1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments , Massy , France
| | - Olivier Vitrac
- a AgroParisTech, UMR 1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments , Massy , France.,b INRA, UMR 1145 Ingénierie Procédés Aliments , Massy , France
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Huang H, Tang K, Luo Z, Zhang H, Qin Y. Migration of Ti and Zn from Nanoparticle Modified LDPE Films into Food Simulants. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.23.827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing
| | - Kaichen Tang
- Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing
| | - Zisheng Luo
- Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing
| | - Huaxian Zhang
- Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing
| | - Yu Qin
- Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing
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15
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Zhu J, Li L, Zhang S, Li X, Zhang B. Multi-scale structural changes of starch-based material during microwave and conventional heating. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 92:270-277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Li X, He Y, Huang C, Zhu J, Lin AHM, Chen L, Li L. Inhibition of plasticizer migration from packaging to foods during microwave heating by controlling the esterified starch film structure. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Riquet A, Breysse C, Dahbi L, Loriot C, Severin I, Chagnon M. The consequences of physical post-treatments (microwave and electron-beam) on food/packaging interactions: A physicochemical and toxicological approach. Food Chem 2016; 199:59-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Onghena M, Van Hoeck E, Negreira N, Quirynen L, Van Loco J, Covaci A. Evaluation of the migration of chemicals from baby bottles under standardised and duration testing conditions. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:893-904. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1171914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Onghena
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Els Van Hoeck
- Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Noelia Negreira
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laurent Quirynen
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joris Van Loco
- Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
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Hannon JC, Kerry JP, Cruz-Romero M, Azlin-Hasim S, Morris M, Cummins E. Assessment of the migration potential of nanosilver from nanoparticle-coated low-density polyethylene food packaging into food simulants. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 33:167-78. [PMID: 26523861 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1114184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
An experimental nanosilver-coated low-density polyethylene (LDPE) food packaging was incubated with food simulants using a conventional oven and tested for migration according to European Commission Regulation No. 10/2011. The commercial LDPE films were coated using a layer-by-layer (LbL) technique and three levels of silver (Ag) precursor concentration (0.5%, 2% and 5% silver nitrate (AgNO3), respectively) were used to attach antimicrobial Ag. The experimental migration study conditions (time, temperature and food simulant) under conventional oven heating (10 days at 60°C, 2 h at 70°C, 2 h at 60°C or 10 days at 70°C) were chosen to simulate the worst-case storage period of over 6 months. In addition, migration was quantified under microwave heating. The total Ag migrant levels in the food simulants were quantified by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Mean migration levels obtained by ICP-AES for oven heating were in the range 0.01-1.75 mg l(-1). Migration observed for microwave heating was found to be significantly higher when compared with oven heating for similar temperatures (100°C) and identical exposure times (2 min). In each of the packaging materials and food simulants tested, the presence of nanoparticles (NPs) was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). On inspection of the migration observed under conventional oven heating, an important finding was the significant reduction in migration resulting from the increased Ag precursor concentration used to attach Ag on the LDPE LbL-coated films. This observation merits further investigation into the LbL coating process used, as it suggests potential for process modifications to reduce migration. In turn, any reduction in NP migration below regulatory limits could greatly support the antimicrobial silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-LDPE LbL-coated films being used as a food packaging material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Christopher Hannon
- a School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science Centre , University College Dublin , Belfield , Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Joseph P Kerry
- b School of Food & Nutritional Sciences, Food Packaging Group , University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - Malco Cruz-Romero
- b School of Food & Nutritional Sciences, Food Packaging Group , University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - Shafrina Azlin-Hasim
- b School of Food & Nutritional Sciences, Food Packaging Group , University College Cork , Cork , Ireland.,c School of Food Science and Technology , Universiti Malaysia Terengganu , Kuala Terengganu , Malaysia
| | - Michael Morris
- d Department of Chemistry , University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - Enda Cummins
- a School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science Centre , University College Dublin , Belfield , Dublin 4 , Ireland
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UHPLC-high-resolution mass spectrometry determination of bisphenol A and plastic additives released by polycarbonate tableware: influence of ageing and surface damage. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7917-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8958-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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22
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Bignardi C, Cavazza A, Corradini C, Salvadeo P. Targeted and untargeted data-dependent experiments for characterization of polycarbonate food-contact plastics by ultra high performance chromatography coupled to quadrupole orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1372C:133-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Bor Y, Alin J, Hakkarainen M. Polylactide stereocomplexation leads to reduced migration during microwave heating in contact with food simulants. J FOOD ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Chemometric tools to highlight non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Talanta 2013; 115:928-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Castillo R, Biedermann M, Riquet AM, Grob K. Comprehensive on-line HPLC-GC for screening potential migrants from polypropylene into food: The effect of pulsed light decontamination as an example. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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