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Gao P, Masato D. The Effects of Nucleating Agents and Processing on the Crystallization and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:776. [PMID: 38930746 PMCID: PMC11206032 DOI: 10.3390/mi15060776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biobased, biodegradable, non-toxic polymer widely considered for replacing traditional petroleum-based polymer materials. Being a semi-crystalline material, PLA has great potential in many fields, such as medical implants, drug delivery systems, etc. However, the slow crystallization rate of PLA limited the application and efficient fabrication of highly crystallized PLA products. This review paper investigated and summarized the influence of formulation, compounding, and processing on PLA's crystallization behaviors and mechanical performances. The paper reviewed the literature from different studies regarding the impact of these factors on critical crystallization parameters, such as the degree of crystallinity, crystallization rate, crystalline morphology, and mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, modulus, elongation, and impact resistance. Understanding the impact of the factors on crystallization and mechanical properties is critical for PLA processing technology innovations to meet the requirements of various applications of PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 18015, USA
- Polymer Materials Engineering, Department of Engineering and Design, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA
| | - Davide Masato
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 18015, USA
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2
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Ketabchi MR, Masoudi Soltani S, Chan A. Synthesis of a new biocomposite for fertiliser coating: assessment of biodegradability and thermal stability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:93722-93730. [PMID: 37515618 PMCID: PMC10468924 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28892-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
The bio- and thermal degradation as well as the water absorption properties of a novel biocomposite comprising cellulose nanoparticles, natural rubber and polylactic acid have been investigated. The biodegradation process was studied through an assembled condition based on the soil collected from the central Malaysian palm oil forests located in the University of Nottingham Malaysia. The effects of the presence of the cellulose nanoparticles and natural rubber on the biodegradation of polylactic acid were investigated. The biodegradation process was studied via thermal gravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. It was understood that the reinforcement of polylactic acid with cellulose nanoparticles and natural rubber increases the thermal stability by ~ 20 °C. Limited amorphous regions on the surface of the cellulose nanoparticles accelerated the biodegradation and water absorption processes. Based on the obtained results, it is predicted that complete biodegradation of the synthesised biocomposites can take place in 3062 h, highlighting promising agricultural applications for this biocomposite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Ketabchi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Malaysia
| | | | - Andy Chan
- School of Engineering, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ UK
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3
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Coiai S, Di Lorenzo ML, Cinelli P, Righetti MC, Passaglia E. Binary Green Blends of Poly(lactic acid) with Poly(butylene adipate- co-butylene terephthalate) and Poly(butylene succinate- co-butylene adipate) and Their Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2489. [PMID: 34372090 PMCID: PMC8348712 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is the most widely produced biobased, biodegradable and biocompatible polyester. Despite many of its properties are similar to those of common petroleum-based polymers, some drawbacks limit its utilization, especially high brittleness and low toughness. To overcome these problems and improve the ductility and the impact resistance, PLA is often blended with other biobased and biodegradable polymers. For this purpose, poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene terephthalate) (PBAT) and poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) (PBSA) are very advantageous copolymers, because their toughness and elongation at break are complementary to those of PLA. Similar to PLA, both these copolymers are biodegradable and can be produced from annual renewable resources. This literature review aims to collect results on the mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of PLA/PBAT and PLA/PBSA blends, as binary blends with and without addition of coupling agents. The effect of different compatibilizers on the PLA/PBAT and PLA/PBSA blends properties is here elucidated, to highlight how the PLA toughness and ductility can be improved and tuned by using appropriate additives. In addition, the incorporation of solid nanoparticles to the PLA/PBAT and PLA/PBSA blends is discussed in detail, to demonstrate how the nanofillers can act as morphology stabilizers, and so improve the properties of these PLA-based formulations, especially mechanical performance, thermal stability and gas/vapor barrier properties. Key points about the biodegradation of the blends and the nanocomposites are presented, together with current applications of these novel green materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Coiai
- CNR-ICCOM, National Research Council—Institute of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Maria Laura Di Lorenzo
- CNR-IPCB, National Research Council—Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Maria Cristina Righetti
- CNR-IPCF, National Research Council—Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Passaglia
- CNR-ICCOM, National Research Council—Institute of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
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4
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Sharma S, Majumdar A, Butola BS. Tailoring the biodegradability of polylactic acid (PLA) based films and ramie- PLA green composites by using selective additives. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 181:1092-1103. [PMID: 33892039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the effect of plasticisers (lotader AX8900, polyethylene glycol and triethyl citrate) on biodegradability of polylactic acid (PLA) and its composites with halloysite nanotubes and ramie fabric by soil burial method. Changes in surface morphology and mechanical properties were evaluated to quantify the degradation behaviour of all samples. The results showed that the relative loss in tensile strength of ramie-PLA composites was more than that of neat PLA or plasticised PLA films. Also, ramie-PLA composite, where ramie fabric was treated with diammonium orthophosphate, had degraded entirely after 60 days of soil burial. It was also confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy that the chemical structures of neat PLA and plasticised PLA films changed after the soil burial test. The use of these additives not only reduces the brittleness of PLA but also accelerates the biodegradation rate of PLA. Thus, PLA, along with additives, can help in reduction of carbon footprint and other environmental issues customarily associated with petro based polymers. Therefore, the finding supports the notion of PLA usage as a viable alternative to fossil fuel-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sharma
- Department of Textile & Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Abhijit Majumdar
- Department of Textile & Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Bhupendra Singh Butola
- Department of Textile & Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016, India.
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Progress of Disintegration of Polylactide (PLA)/Poly(Butylene Succinate) (PBS) Blends Containing Talc and Chalk Inorganic Fillers under Industrial Composting Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:polym13010010. [PMID: 33375125 PMCID: PMC7792978 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable plastics are experiencing increasing demand, in particular because of said property. This also applies to the two biopolyesters poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) covered in this study. Both are proven to be biodegradable under industrial composting conditions. This study presents the influence of mineral fillers on the disintegration process of PLA/PBS blend systems under such conditions. Chalk and talc were used as fillers in PLA/PBS (7:3) blend systems. In addition, unfilled PLA/PBS (7:3/3:7) blend systems were considered. Microscopic images, differential scanning calorimetry and tensile test measurements were used in addition to measuring mass loss of the specimen to characterize the progress of disintegration. The mineral fillers used influence the disintegration behavior of PLA/PBS blends under industrial composting conditions. In general, talc leads to lower and chalk to higher disintegration rates. This effect is in line with the measured decrease in mechanical properties and melting enthalpies. The degrees of disintegration almost linearly correlate with specimen thickness, while different surface textures showed no clear effects. Thus, we conclude that disintegration in a PLA/PBS system proceeds as a bulk erosion process. Using fillers to control the degradation process is generally regarded as possible.
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Effect of Nano-Clay and Surfactant on the Biodegradation of Poly(Lactic Acid) Films. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020311. [PMID: 32028695 PMCID: PMC7077407 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of nanoclays and surfactant on the hydrolytic degradation and biodegradation of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and PLA nanocomposites. Organomodified montmorillonite (OMMT), unmodified montmorillonite (MMT) and an organomodifier (surfactant) for MMT (QAC) were extruded with PLA to produce PLA nanocomposites. The films were produced with the same initial molecular weight, thickness and crystallinity since these properties have a significant effect on the biodegradation process. The biodegradation experiments were carried out in an in-house built direct measurement respirometric system and were evaluated in inoculated vermiculite and vermiculite media for extended periods of time. Hydrolysis experiments were also conducted separately to decouple the abiotic/hydrolysis phase. The results showed no significant variation in the mineralization of PLA nanocomposites as compared to pristine PLA. The addition of nanoclays did not enhance the biodegradability of PLA when the initial parameters were strictly controlled. The hydrolysis test indicated that the nanoclays and surfactant did not aid in the degradation of PLA.
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Abdollahi R, Orang NS, Afkhami FA, Khandar AA, Mahmoudi G, Hayati P, Zubkov FI. Effect of Fe3+–MMT nanocomposite content on thermal, mechanical and water resistance behavior of PVP/amylose films. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-03083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Dmytriieva T, Krymovska S, Bortnytskyi V, Kobylinskyi S, Riabov S. Degradable properties of compositions based on polyethylene and plasticized polyvinyl alcohol. Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.15407/polymerj.41.04.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Sable S, Mandal DK, Ahuja S, Bhunia H. Biodegradation kinetic modeling of oxo-biodegradable polypropylene/polylactide/nanoclay blends and composites under controlled composting conditions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 249:109186. [PMID: 31415925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polypropylene/polylactide/nanoclay blend/composite films with/without pro-oxidants/compatibilizer were prepared and aerobically degraded to measure the CO2 evolution under controlled composting conditions as per ASTM D 5338. A first-order Komilis model in series with a flat lag phase was postulated involving two stages; hydrolysis of solid carbon followed by its rapid mineralization. The first, rate-limiting stage further comprised of three possible parallel paths: the solid hydrolysis of readily, moderately, and slowly hydrolyzable carbon fractions. The model parameters were computed after correlating with the experimental data using nonlinear regression analysis. The results of the model characteristic parameters, un-degraded/hydrolyzable/mineralisable-intermediate carbon kinetics, and degradation curves exhibit two distinct kinetic regimes. The first regime comprising of slowly and moderately hydrolyzable carbon is shown by the first four films without pro-oxidants. This causes low degradability and degradation rate. The second regime comprising of the readily and moderately hydrolyzable carbon is shown by another four films containing pro-oxidants. They exhibit relatively high degradability and degradation rate, which peaks at around 11-14th day in the range of 0.219-0.268% per day. The values of their moderately hydrolyzable carbon fractions and the corresponding hydrolysis rates are significantly higher than that of the first regime. For the first regime, the degradability and degradation rate decreases with increase in the slowly hydrolyzable carbon impervious to microbial attack. Their degradation rate profiles show an absence of growth phase due to the absence of readily hydrolyzable carbon. The rate decreases monotonously starting from the maximum value ranging from 0.043 to 0.180% per day. The approach presented can also be implemented to model and design equipment for other waste biodegradation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Sable
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, (Deemed to be University), Bhadson Road, Patiala, 147004, Punjab, India.
| | - Dev K Mandal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Deemed to Be University Under MHRD, Govt of India, Longowal, 148106, Punjab, India.
| | - Sanjeev Ahuja
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, (Deemed to be University), Bhadson Road, Patiala, 147004, Punjab, India.
| | - Haripada Bhunia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, (Deemed to be University), Bhadson Road, Patiala, 147004, Punjab, India.
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10
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Graphene modifies the biodegradation of poly(lactic acid)-thermoplastic cassava starch reactive blend films. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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11
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Biodegradable grafting cellulose/clay composites for metal ions removal. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:2256-2264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Enhancing the biodegradation rate of poly(lactic acid) films and PLA bio-nanocomposites in simulated composting through bioaugmentation. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Castro-Aguirre E, Auras R, Selke S, Rubino M, Marsh T. Impact of Nanoclays on the Biodegradation of Poly(Lactic Acid) Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E202. [PMID: 30966238 PMCID: PMC6415156 DOI: 10.3390/polym10020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), a well-known biodegradable and compostable polymer, was used in this study as a model system to determine if the addition of nanoclays affects its biodegradation in simulated composting conditions and whether the nanoclays impact the microbial population in a compost environment. Three different nanoclays were studied due to their different surface characteristics but similar chemistry: organo-modified montmorillonite (OMMT), Halloysite nanotubes (HNT), and Laponite® RD (LRD). Additionally, the organo-modifier of MMT, methyl, tallow, bis-2-hydroxyethyl, quaternary ammonium (QAC), was studied. PLA and PLA bio-nanocomposite (BNC) films were produced, characterized, and used for biodegradation evaluation with an in-house built direct measurement respirometer (DMR) following the analysis of evolved CO2 approach. A biofilm formation essay and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate microbial attachment on the surface of PLA and BNCs. The results obtained from four different biodegradation tests with PLA and its BNCs showed a significantly higher mineralization of the films containing nanoclay in comparison to the pristine PLA during the first three to four weeks of testing, mainly attributed to the reduction in the PLA lag time. The effect of the nanoclays on the initial molecular weight during processing played a crucial role in the evolution of CO2. PLA-LRD5 had the greatest microbial attachment on the surface as confirmed by the biofilm test and the SEM micrographs, while PLA-QAC0.4 had the lowest biofilm formation that may be attributed to the inhibitory effect also found during the biodegradation test when the QAC was tested by itself.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Auras
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Susan Selke
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Maria Rubino
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Terence Marsh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Girdthep S, Worajittiphon P, Leejarkpai T, Molloy R, Punyodom W. Effect of silver-loaded kaolinite on real ageing, hydrolytic degradation, and biodegradation of composite blown films based on poly(lactic acid) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate). Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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de Mesquita PJP, Araújo RDJ, de Carvalho LH, Alves TS, Barbosa R. Thermal evaluation of PHB/PP-g
-MA blends and PHB/PP-g
-MA/vermiculite bionanocomposites after biodegradation test. POLYM ENG SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Hecker de Carvalho
- Center Science and Technology, Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering; Federal University of Campina Grande; Campina Grande PB Brazil
| | - Tatianny Soares Alves
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Department of Materials Engineering; Federal University of Piauí; Av. Ininga, S/N - Ininga Teresina Piauí Brazil
| | - Renata Barbosa
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Department of Materials Engineering; Federal University of Piauí; Av. Ininga, S/N - Ininga Teresina Piauí Brazil
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16
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Fonseca C, Ochoa A, Ulloa MT, Alvarez E, Canales D, Zapata PA. Poly(lactic acid)/TiO2 nanocomposites as alternative biocidal and antifungal materials. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 57:314-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Stloukal P, Pekařová S, Kalendova A, Mattausch H, Laske S, Holzer C, Chitu L, Bodner S, Maier G, Slouf M, Koutny M. Kinetics and mechanism of the biodegradation of PLA/clay nanocomposites during thermophilic phase of composting process. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 42:31-40. [PMID: 25981155 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The degradation mechanism and kinetics of polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposite films, containing various commercially available native or organo-modified montmorillonites (MMT) prepared by melt blending, were studied under composting conditions in thermophilic phase of process and during abiotic hydrolysis and compared to the pure polymer. Described first order kinetic models were applied on the data from individual experiments by using non-linear regression procedures to calculate parameters characterizing aerobic composting and abiotic hydrolysis, such as carbon mineralization, hydrolysis rate constants and the length of lag phase. The study showed that the addition of nanoclay enhanced the biodegradation of PLA nanocomposites under composting conditions, when compared with pure PLA, particularly by shortening the lag phase at the beginning of the process. Whereas the lag phase of pure PLA was observed within 27days, the onset of CO2 evolution for PLA with native MMT was detected after just 20days, and from 13 to 16days for PLA with organo-modified MMT. Similarly, the hydrolysis rate constants determined tended to be higher for PLA with organo-modified MMT, particularly for the sample PLA-10A with fastest degradation, in comparison with pure PLA. The acceleration of chain scission in PLA with nanoclays was confirmed by determining the resultant rate constants for the hydrolytical chain scission. The critical molecular weight for the hydrolysis of PLA was observed to be higher than the critical molecular weight for onset of PLA mineralization, suggesting that PLA chains must be further shortened so as to be assimilated by microorganisms. In conclusion, MMT fillers do not represent an obstacle to acceptance of the investigated materials in composting facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Stloukal
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, nám. TGM Sqr. 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic; Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, nám. TGM 5555, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic.
| | - Silvie Pekařová
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, nám. TGM 5555, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Kalendova
- Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, nám. TGM 5555, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Hannelore Mattausch
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Chair of Polymer Processing, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Stephan Laske
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Chair of Polymer Processing, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Clemens Holzer
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Chair of Polymer Processing, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Livia Chitu
- Materials Center Leoben GmbH, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | | | | | - Miroslav Slouf
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Praha 6-Břevnov, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Koutny
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, nám. TGM Sqr. 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic; Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, nám. TGM 5555, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
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18
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Hydrolysis of poly(lactic acid) into calcium lactate using ionic liquid [Bmim][OAc] for chemical recycling. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Podzorova MV, Tertyshnaya YV, Popov AA. Environmentally friendly films based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(lactic acid): A review. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793114050078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Xie L, Xu H, Wang ZP, Li XJ, Chen JB, Zhang ZJ, Yin HM, Zhong GJ, Lei J, Li ZM. Toward faster degradation for natural fiber reinforced poly(lactic acid) biocomposites by enhancing the hydrolysis-induced surface erosion. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-014-0357-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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