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Du J, Zheng J, Xin C, He Y. Phosphorus/Bromine Synergism Improved the Flame Retardancy of Polyethylene Terephthalate Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1690. [PMID: 38932040 PMCID: PMC11207934 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) foams have the characteristics of being lightweight and high strength, as well as offering good heat resistance, minimal water absorption, etc., and they have been widely used in the wind power field. In addition, they are being promisingly applied in automotive, rail, marine, construction, and other related fields. Therefore, the flame retardancy(FR) of PET foams is an issue that requires investigation. The addition of flame retardants would affect the chain extension reaction, viscoelasticity, and foamability of PET. In this study, zinc diethyl hypophosphite (ZDP) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were used to form a synergistic FR system, in which ZDP is an acid source and DBDPE is a gas source, and both of them synergistically produced an expanded carbon layer to improve the flame retardancy of PET foams. The ratio of ZDP and DBDPE is crucial for the carbon yield and the expansion and thermal stability of the char layers. At the ZDP/DBDPE ratios of 9/3 and 7/5, the thickness of the char layers is about 3-4 mm, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) values of FR modified PET are 32.7% and 33.6%, respectively, and the vertical combustion tests both reached the V-0 level. As for the extruded phosphorous/bromine synergism FR PET foams, ZDP/DBDPE ratios of 3:1 and 2:1 were applied. As a result, the vertical combustion grade of foamed specimens could still reach V-0 grade, and the LOI values are all over 27%, reaching the refractory grade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chunling Xin
- College of Mechanical and Electronically Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China (J.Z.); (Y.H.)
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2
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Cao X, Zhou Y, Huang J, Yu B, Zhao W, Wu W. Self-assembled lignin-based flame retardant hybrids carrying Cu 2+ for poly(lactic acid) composites with improved fire safety and mechanical properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132141. [PMID: 38723809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
To enhance the flame retardancy and mechanical performance of PLA, a polyelectrolyte complex predicated on lignin was obtained by electrostatic mutual adsorption of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), polyethyleneimine (PEI), and copper ions as raw materials. The FT-IR spectra and EDX analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of a lignin-based flame retardant hybrid (APL-Cu2+) containing copper, phosphorus, and nitrogen elements. The combustion test results showed that the peak heat release rate and total heat release of the PLA composite containing 12 wt% APL-Cu2+ were decreased by 15.1 % and 18.2 %, respectively, as compared to those of pure PLA. The char residue morphology observation revealed that the addition of APL-Cu2+ could promote the formation of a highly dense and stable graphitized char layer, while TG-MS detected the emission of refractory gases such as ammonia gas, carbon dioxide, and water during combustion. The strong hydrogen bonding between APL-Cu2+ and the PLA matrix kept the composite maintaining good strength and toughness. The tensile strength and impact strength of PLA/6APL-Cu2+ increased by 4.73 % and 65.71 %, respectively, due to its high crystallinity and good interfacial compatibility. This work provides a feasible method to develop biobased flame retardant hybrids for PLA composites with better fire safety and improved mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yangsheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jingshu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wanjing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Engineering Center for Superlubricity, Jihua Laboratory, Foshan 528200, China.
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3
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Interfacial architecting of organic–inorganic hybrid toward mechanically reinforced, fire-resistant and smoke-suppressed polyurethane composites. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 621:385-397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Madyaratri EW, Ridho MR, Aristri MA, Lubis MAR, Iswanto AH, Nawawi DS, Antov P, Kristak L, Majlingová A, Fatriasari W. Recent Advances in the Development of Fire-Resistant Biocomposites—A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030362. [PMID: 35160351 PMCID: PMC8840495 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers represent an eco-friendly and inexpensive alternative to conventional petroleum-based materials and have been increasingly utilized in a wide variety of industrial applications due to their numerous advantages, such as their good mechanical properties, low production costs, renewability, and biodegradability. However, these engineered composite materials have inherent downsides, such as their increased flammability when subjected to heat flux or flame initiators, which can limit their range of applications. As a result, certain attempts are still being made to reduce the flammability of biocomposites. The combustion of biobased composites can potentially create life-threatening conditions in buildings, resulting in substantial human and material losses. Additives known as flame-retardants (FRs) have been commonly used to improve the fire protection of wood and biocomposite materials, textiles, and other fields for the purpose of widening their application areas. At present, this practice is very common in the construction sector due to stringent fire safety regulations on residential and public buildings. The aim of this study was to present and discuss recent advances in the development of fire-resistant biocomposites. The flammability of wood and natural fibers as material resources to produce biocomposites was researched to build a holistic picture. Furthermore, the potential of lignin as an eco-friendly and low-cost FR additive to produce high-performance biocomposites with improved technological and fire properties was also discussed in detail. The development of sustainable FR systems, based on renewable raw materials, represents a viable and promising approach to manufacturing biocomposites with improved fire resistance, lower environmental footprint, and enhanced health and safety performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvara Windra Madyaratri
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; (E.W.M.); (M.R.R.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Muhammad Rasyidur Ridho
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; (E.W.M.); (M.R.R.); (M.A.A.)
- Research Center for Biomaterials BRIN, Jl Raya Bogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia;
| | - Manggar Arum Aristri
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; (E.W.M.); (M.R.R.); (M.A.A.)
- Research Center for Biomaterials BRIN, Jl Raya Bogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia;
| | | | - Apri Heri Iswanto
- Department of Forest Product, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
- JATI-Sumatran Forestry Analysis Study Center, Jl. Tridharma Ujung No. 1, Kampus USU, Medan 20155, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (A.H.I.); (D.S.N.); or (W.F.)
| | - Deded Sarip Nawawi
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; (E.W.M.); (M.R.R.); (M.A.A.)
- Correspondence: (A.H.I.); (D.S.N.); or (W.F.)
| | - Petar Antov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Lubos Kristak
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia; (L.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrea Majlingová
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia; (L.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Widya Fatriasari
- Research Center for Biomaterials BRIN, Jl Raya Bogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia;
- Correspondence: (A.H.I.); (D.S.N.); or (W.F.)
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Sustainable Materials and their Contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): A Critical Review Based on an Italian Example. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051407. [PMID: 33807763 PMCID: PMC7961538 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have been proposed to give a possible future to humankind. Due to the multidimensional characteristic of sustainability, SDGs need research activities with a multidisciplinary approach. This work aims to provide a critical review of the results concerning sustainable materials obtained by Italian researchers affiliated to the National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM) and their contribution to reaching specific indicators of the 17 SDGs. Data were exposed by using the Web of Science (WoS) database. In the investigated period (from 2016 to 2020), 333 works about sustainable materials are found and grouped in one of the following categories: chemicals (33%), composites (11%), novel materials for pollutants sequestration (8%), bio-based and food-based materials (10%), materials for green building (8%), and materials for energy (29%). This review contributes to increasing the awareness of several of the issues concerning sustainable materials but also to encouraging the researchers to focus on SDGs’ interconnections. Indeed, the mapping of the achievements can be relevant to the decision-makers to identify the opportunities that materials can offer to achieve the final goals. In this frame, a “Sustainable Materials Partnership for SDGs” is envisaged for more suitable resource management in the future.
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Galzerano B, Cabello CI, Muñoz M, Buonocore GG, Aprea P, Liguori B, Verdolotti L. Fabrication of Green Diatomite/Chitosan-Based Hybrid Foams with Dye Sorption Capacity. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3760. [PMID: 32854397 PMCID: PMC7503364 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The latest tendency of the scientific community regards the development of different classes of green materials able to solve pollution problems caused by industrial and human activity. In this paper, chitosan and diatomite were used to produce a broad-spectrum hybrid adsorbent, either in powder or in monolithic form for environmental pollutant removal. Diatomite-chitosan-based powders and porous diatomite-chitosan hybrids were prepared and characterized by chemical-physical, thermal and morphological analysis. Moreover, their adsorbent capacity towards anionic dye (Indigo Carmine) was also evaluated. Obtained data showed that chitosan improves the adsorption capacity of both systems, increasing the uptake of dye in both diatomite-chitosan systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Galzerano
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials, National Research Council, P.le Enrico Fermi, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (B.G.); (G.G.B.); (L.V.)
- ACLabs—Applied Chemistry Labs, Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Carmen I. Cabello
- “Centro de Investigacion y Desarollo en Ciencias Aplicadas Dr. J. J. Ronco” (CINDECA-CONICET-CIC-UNLP), Calle 47 N 257, 1900 La Plata, Argentine; (C.I.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Mercedes Muñoz
- “Centro de Investigacion y Desarollo en Ciencias Aplicadas Dr. J. J. Ronco” (CINDECA-CONICET-CIC-UNLP), Calle 47 N 257, 1900 La Plata, Argentine; (C.I.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Giovanna G. Buonocore
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials, National Research Council, P.le Enrico Fermi, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (B.G.); (G.G.B.); (L.V.)
| | - Paolo Aprea
- ACLabs—Applied Chemistry Labs, Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Barbara Liguori
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials, National Research Council, P.le Enrico Fermi, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (B.G.); (G.G.B.); (L.V.)
- ACLabs—Applied Chemistry Labs, Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Letizia Verdolotti
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials, National Research Council, P.le Enrico Fermi, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (B.G.); (G.G.B.); (L.V.)
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De Luca Bossa F, Santillo C, Verdolotti L, Campaner P, Minigher A, Boggioni L, Losio S, Coccia F, Iannace S, Lama GC. Greener Nanocomposite Polyurethane Foam Based on Sustainable Polyol and Natural Fillers: Investigation of Chemico-Physical and Mechanical Properties. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13010211. [PMID: 31947908 PMCID: PMC6981749 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the chemical industry is looking for sustainable chemicals to synthesize nanocomposite bio-based polyurethane foams, PUs, with the aim to replace the conventional petrochemical precursors. Some possibilities to increase the environmental sustainability in the synthesis of nanocomposite PUs include the use of chemicals and additives derived from renewable sources (such as vegetable oils or biomass wastes), which comprise increasingly wider base raw materials. Generally, sustainable PUs exhibit chemico-physical, mechanical and functional properties, which are not comparable with those of PUs produced from petrochemical precursors. In order to enhance the performances, as well as the bio-based aspect, the addition in the polyurethane formulation of renewable or natural fillers can be considered. Among these, walnut shells and cellulose are very popular wood-based waste, and due to their chemical composition, carbohydrate, protein and/or fatty acid, can be used as reactive fillers in the synthesis of Pus. Diatomite, as a natural inorganic nanoporous filler, can also be evaluated to improve mechanical and thermal insulation properties of rigid PUs. In this respect, sustainable nanocomposite rigid PU foams are synthesized by using a cardanol-based Mannich polyol, MDI (Methylene diphenyl isocyanate) as an isocyanate source, catalysts and surfactant to regulate the polymerization and blowing reactions, H2O as a sustainable blowing agent and a suitable amount (5 wt%) of ultramilled walnut shell, cellulose and diatomite as filler. The effect of these fillers on the chemico-physical, morphological, mechanical and functional performances on PU foams has been analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando De Luca Bossa
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials-CNR, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy; (F.D.L.B.); (C.S.); (S.I.); (G.C.L.)
| | - Chiara Santillo
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials-CNR, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy; (F.D.L.B.); (C.S.); (S.I.); (G.C.L.)
| | - Letizia Verdolotti
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials-CNR, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy; (F.D.L.B.); (C.S.); (S.I.); (G.C.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-775-8839; Fax: +39-081-775-8850
| | - Pietro Campaner
- AEP Polymers Srl, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy; (P.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrea Minigher
- AEP Polymers Srl, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy; (P.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Laura Boggioni
- Institute for Chemical Science and Technologies -CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy; (L.B.); (S.L.); (F.C.)
| | - Simona Losio
- Institute for Chemical Science and Technologies -CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy; (L.B.); (S.L.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesca Coccia
- Institute for Chemical Science and Technologies -CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy; (L.B.); (S.L.); (F.C.)
| | - Salvatore Iannace
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials-CNR, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy; (F.D.L.B.); (C.S.); (S.I.); (G.C.L.)
- Institute for Chemical Science and Technologies -CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy; (L.B.); (S.L.); (F.C.)
| | - Giuseppe C. Lama
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials-CNR, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy; (F.D.L.B.); (C.S.); (S.I.); (G.C.L.)
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Qin R, Song Y, Niu M, Xue B, Liu L. Construction of flame retardant coating on polyester fabric with ammonium polyphosphate and carbon microspheres. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Yurchenko A, Golub N, Zhu Y. Lignin as the Basis for Obtaining Bioplastics. INNOVATIVE BIOSYSTEMS AND BIOENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.20535/ibb.2019.3.3.173421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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10
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Abstract
Wood flour particleboards (WFP), like other wood-based items, require the addition of fire retardants (FRs) to reduce their high flammability. In this work, a waste lignosulfonate (CaLS) from paper mill is used as a low-cost FR to reduce WFP flammability. CaLS is purified by dialysis and the dialysed lignosulfonate (LD) is used, alone or combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), as a FR additive in the preparation of urea-formaldehyde WFP. The fire behaviour of the modified WFPs is studied by cone calorimetry. The use of 15 wt.% LD reduces the peak of heat release rate (HRR) and total smoke production by 25%, also increasing char formation. HRR peak is further reduced up to 40%, if APP is introduced in the formulation. This work discloses a viable and cost-effective strategy for improving the fire retardancy performance of WFP by partial replacement of a commercial FR with a fully renewable additive, isolated through a green and cost-effective process.
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Density Effect on Flame Retardancy, Thermal Degradation, and Combustibility of Rigid Polyurethane Foam Modified by Expandable Graphite or Ammonium Polyphosphate. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040668. [PMID: 30979071 PMCID: PMC6523672 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aims at comparatively investigating the effect of apparent density on flame retardancy, thermal degradation and combustion behaviors of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), RPUF/ expandable graphite (EG) and RPUF/ ammonium polyphosphate (APP). A series of RPUF, RPUF/EG and RPUF/APP samples with different apparent densities (30, 60 and 90 kg/m3) were prepared. The flame retardancy, thermal degradation, and combustion behaviors of each sample were investigated. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) results indicated that increasing apparent density was beneficial to the flame retardancy of all foam systems. The effect of apparent density on the enhancement of flame retardancy followed the sequence of RPUF < RPUF/APP < RPUF/EG. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that an increase in the apparent density can cause more weight loss in the first degradation stage and less weight loss in the second degradation stage for all foam systems. The combustion behaviors also showed significant differences. The samples with a higher apparent density showed a longer duration of heat release and higher total heat release (THR). The findings in this study demonstrated that apparent density played an important role in flame retardancy, thermal degradation, and combustion behaviors of RPUF, which must be paid more attention in the studies of flame-retardant RPUF.
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Fire retardant action of zinc phosphinate and polyamide 11 blend containing lignin as a carbon source. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Huo W, Wei D, Zhu W, Li Z, Jiang Y. High-elongation zein films for flexible packaging by synergistic plasticization: Preparation, structure and properties. J Cereal Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Dumazert L, Rasselet D, Pang B, Gallard B, Kennouche S, Lopez-Cuesta JM. Thermal stability and fire reaction of poly(butylene succinate) nanocomposites using natural clays and FR additives. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loic Dumazert
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès; Ecole des Mines d'Alès; 6 Avenue de Clavières 30319 Alès Cedex France
| | - Damien Rasselet
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès; Ecole des Mines d'Alès; 6 Avenue de Clavières 30319 Alès Cedex France
| | - Bo Pang
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès; Ecole des Mines d'Alès; 6 Avenue de Clavières 30319 Alès Cedex France
| | - Benjamin Gallard
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès; Ecole des Mines d'Alès; 6 Avenue de Clavières 30319 Alès Cedex France
| | - Salima Kennouche
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès; Ecole des Mines d'Alès; 6 Avenue de Clavières 30319 Alès Cedex France
| | - José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès; Ecole des Mines d'Alès; 6 Avenue de Clavières 30319 Alès Cedex France
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