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Sutton AT, Rustandi RR. Determining the Oxidation Mechanism through Radical Intermediates in Polysorbates 80 and 20 by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:233. [PMID: 38399448 PMCID: PMC10892813 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Polysorbates 20 and 80 (PS20 and PS80) are added to many commercial biologic and vaccine pharmaceuticals. It is commonly known that these polysorbates undergo a radical oxidation mechanism; however, the identity of these radical intermediates has not been clearly determined. Furthermore, PS20 and PS80 differ by the presence of a lauric acid instead of an oleic acid, respectively. The oxidation of PS80 is thought to be centered around the double bond of the oleic acid even though PS20 also undergoes oxidation, making the mechanism of oxidation unclear for PS20. Using commercial stocks of PS20 and PS80 alkyl (R•), alkoxyl (C-O•) and peroxyl (C-OO•) radicals were detected by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy likely originating from radical-initiating species already present in the material. When dissolved in water, the peroxyl radicals (C-OO•) originally in the stocks were not detected but poly(ethylene oxide) radicals were. An oxidative pathway for polysorbates was suggested based on the radical species identified in the polysorbate stock material and solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T. Sutton
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA;
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Tian R, Li K, Lin Y, Lu C, Duan X. Characterization Techniques of Polymer Aging: From Beginning to End. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3007-3088. [PMID: 36802560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymers have been widely applied in various fields in the daily routines and the manufacturing. Despite the awareness of the aggressive and inevitable aging for the polymers, it still remains a challenge to choose an appropriate characterization strategy for evaluating the aging behaviors. The difficulties lie in the fact that the polymer features from the different aging stages require different characterization methods. In this review, we present an overview of the characterization strategies preferable for the initial, accelerated, and late stages during polymer aging. The optimum strategies have been discussed to characterize the generation of radicals, variation of functional groups, substantial chain scission, formation of low-molecular products, and deterioration in the polymers' macro-performances. In view of the advantages and the limitations of these characterization techniques, their utilization in a strategic approach is considered. In addition, we highlight the structure-property relationship for the aged polymers and provide available guidance for lifetime prediction. This review could allow the readers to be knowledgeable of the features for the polymers in the different aging stages and provide access to choose the optimum characterization techniques. We believe that this review will attract the communities dedicated to materials science and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kaitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanjun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Chao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xue Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Zheng X, Sutton AT, Yang RS, Miller DV, Pagels B, Rustandi RR, Welch J, Payne A, Haverick M. Extensive Characterization of Polysorbate 80 Oxidative Degradation Under Stainless Steel Conditions. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:779-789. [PMID: 36252652 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbate-80 (PS-80) is a common surfactant used in biologics formulations. However, the tendency of oxidation to PS-80 when exposed to stainless steel surfaces brings various challenges during manufacturing processes, such as inconsistent shelf-life of PS-80 solutions, which can further impact the biologics and vaccines production. In this work, the root causes of PS-80 oxidation when in contact with stainless steel conditions were thoroughly investigated through the use of various complementary analytical techniques including U/HPLC-CAD, LC-MS, ICP-MS, peroxide assay, and EPR spectroscopy. The analytical tool kit used in this work successfully revealed a PS-80 degradation mechanism from the perspective of PS-80 content, PS-80 profile, iron content, peroxide production, and radical species. The combined datasets reveal that PS-80 oxidative degradation occurs in the presence of histidine and iron in addition to being combined with the hydroperoxides in PS-80 material. The oxidative pathway and potential degradants were identified by LC-MS. The PS-80 profile based on the U/HPLC-CAD assay provided an effective way to identify early-signs of PS-80 degradation. The results from a peroxide assay observed increased hydroperoxide along with PS-80 degradation. EPR spectra confirmed the presence of histidine-related radicals during PS-80 oxidation identifying how histidine is involved in the oxidation. All assays and findings introduced in this work will provide insight into how PS-80 oxidative degradation can be avoided, controlled, or detected. It will also provide valuable evaluations on techniques that can be used to identify PS-80 degradation related events that occur during the manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwei Zheng
- Analytical Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.
| | - Adam T Sutton
- Analytical Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Rong-Sheng Yang
- Analytical Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Becca Pagels
- Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Welch
- Analytical Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Anne Payne
- Analytical Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Mark Haverick
- Analytical Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.
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Bai S, Chen K, Huang W, Wang P, Chen X, Chen P. Thermo‐oxidative degradation of ultrahigh molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) in volatile organic solvents. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shishun Bai
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Kuo Chen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China
| | - Peng Wang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China
| | - Xun Chen
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China
| | - Peng Chen
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China
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Ahn Y, Roma G, Colin X. Elucidating the Role of Alkoxy Radicals in Polyethylene Radio-Oxidation Kinetics. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunho Ahn
- CEA, Service de Recherches de Métallurgie Physique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Guido Roma
- CEA, Service de Recherches de Métallurgie Physique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Xavier Colin
- PIMM, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, CNAM, HESAM University, 151 Boulevard de L’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
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Babić N, Pondaven S, Vezin H. EPR Spin-Trapping Study of Free Radical Intermediates in Polyalphaolefin Base Oil Autoxidation. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hayashi T, Kinashi K, Sakai W, Tsutsumi N, Fujii A, Inada S, Yamamoto H. Spin-trapping analysis for thermal degradation of poly(vinyl alcohol). POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Natinsky BS, Jolly BJ, Dumas DM, Liu C. Efficacy analysis of compartmentalization for ambient CH 4 activation mediated by a Rh II metalloradical in a nanowire array electrode. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1818-1825. [PMID: 34163945 PMCID: PMC8179293 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05700b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Compartmentalization is a viable approach for ensuring the turnover of a solution cascade reaction with ephemeral intermediates, which may otherwise deactivate in the bulk solution. In biochemistry or enzyme-relevant cascade reactions, extensive models have been constructed to quantitatively analyze the efficacy of compartmentalization. Nonetheless, the application of compartmentalization and its quantitative analysis in non-biochemical reactions is seldom performed, leaving much uncertainty about whether compartmentalization remains effective for non-biochemical reactions, such as organometallic, cascade reactions. Here, we report our exemplary efficacy analysis of compartmentalization in our previously reported cascade reaction for ambient CH4-to-CH3OH conversion, mediated by an O2-deactivated RhII metalloradical with O2 as the terminal oxidant in a Si nanowire array electrode. We experimentally identified and quantified the key reaction intermediates, including the RhII metalloradical and reactive oxygen species (ROS) from O2. Based on such findings, we experimentally determined that the nanowire array enables about 81% of the generated ephemeral intermediate RhII metalloradical in air, to be utilized towards CH3OH formation, which is 0% in a homogeneous solution. Such an experimentally determined value was satisfactorily consistent with the results from our semi-quantitative kinetic model. The consistency suggests that the reported CH4-to-CH3OH conversion surprisingly possesses minimal unforeseen side reactions, and is favorably efficient as a compartmentalized cascade reaction. Our quantitative evaluation of the reaction efficacy offers design insights and caveats into application of nanomaterials to achieve spatially controlled organometallic cascade reactions. We integrated theory with experiment to evaluate the catalytic cycle of seemingly incompatible steps enabled by nanowire array for CH4-to-CH3OH conversion, and determined the array’s efficacy in the context of microscopic compartmentalization.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Natinsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles California 90095 USA
| | - Brandon J Jolly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles California 90095 USA
| | - David M Dumas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles California 90095 USA
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles California 90095 USA .,California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
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Chen L, Guo Q, Kutsuna S, Mizukado J. Determination of the mechanism of polymer thermolysis at low temperatures using spin trap electron spin resonance. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sono M, Kinashi K, Sakai W, Tsutsumi N. Spin-Trapping Analysis and Characterization of Thermal Degradation of Thermoplastic Poly(ether–ester) Elastomer. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Sono
- Faculty of Materials Science & Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Kinashi
- Faculty of Materials Science & Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Wataru Sakai
- Faculty of Materials Science & Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Naoto Tsutsumi
- Faculty of Materials Science & Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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