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1
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Huang B, Wang Y, Vyas C, Bartolo P. Crystal Growth of 3D Poly(ε-caprolactone) Based Bone Scaffolds and Its Effects on the Physical Properties and Cellular Interactions. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 10:e2203183. [PMID: 36394087 PMCID: PMC9811450 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Extrusion additive manufacturing is widely used to fabricate polymer-based 3D bone scaffolds. However, the insight views of crystal growths, scaffold features and eventually cell-scaffold interactions are still unknown. In this work, melt and solvent extrusion additive manufacturing techniques are used to produce scaffolds considering highly analogous printing conditions. Results show that the scaffolds produced by these two techniques present distinct physiochemical properties, with melt-printed scaffolds showing stronger mechanical properties and solvent-printed scaffolds showing rougher surface, higher degradation rate, and faster stress relaxation. These differences are attributed to the two different crystal growth kinetics, temperature-induced crystallization (TIC) and strain-induced crystallization (SIC), forming large/integrated spherulite-like and a small/fragmented lamella-like crystal regions respectively. The stiffer substrate of melt-printed scaffolds contributes to higher ratio of nuclear Yes-associated protein (YAP) allocation, favoring cell proliferation and differentiation. Faster relaxation and degradation of solvent-printed scaffolds result in dynamic surface, contributing to an early-stage faster osteogenesis differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Huang
- Singapore Centre for 3D PrintingSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
| | - Yaxin Wang
- School of MechanicalAerospace and Civil EngineeringUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Cian Vyas
- Singapore Centre for 3D PrintingSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
- School of MechanicalAerospace and Civil EngineeringUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Paulo Bartolo
- Singapore Centre for 3D PrintingSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
- School of MechanicalAerospace and Civil EngineeringUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
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2
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Ding Z, Kumar V, Sar T, Harirchi S, Dregulo AM, Sirohi R, Sindhu R, Binod P, Liu X, Zhang Z, Taherzadeh MJ, Awasthi MK. Agro waste as a potential carbon feedstock for poly-3-hydroxy alkanoates production: Commercialization potential and technical hurdles. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 364:128058. [PMID: 36191751 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The enormous production and widespread applications of non -biodegradable plastics lead to their accumulation and toxicity to animals and humans. The issue can be addressed by the development of eco-friendly strategies for the production of biopolymers by utilization of waste residues like agro residues. This will address two societal issues - waste management and the development of an eco-friendly biopolymer, poly-3-hydroxy alkanoates (PHAs). Strategies adopted for utilization of agro-residues, challenges and future perspectives are discussed in detail in this comprehensive review. The possibility of PHA properties improvements can be increased by preparation of blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheli Ding
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou, Hainan Province 571101, China
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Community Medicine, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam 602105, India
| | - Taner Sar
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås 50190, Sweden
| | - Sharareh Harirchi
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås 50190, Sweden
| | - Andrei Mikhailovich Dregulo
- Institute for Regional Economy Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IRES RAS), 38 Serpukhovskaya str, 190013 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Food Technology, School of Health Sciences & Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248 007, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Department of Food Technology, TKM Institute of Technology, Kollam 691505, Kerala, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou, Hainan Province 571101, China
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | | | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China.
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3
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Plavec R, Horváth V, Hlaváčiková S, Omaníková L, Repiská M, Medlenová E, Feranc J, Kruželák J, Přikryl R, Figalla S, Kontárová S, Baco A, Danišová L, Vanovčanová Z, Alexy P. Influence of Multiple Thermomechanical Processing of 3D Filaments Based on Polylactic Acid and Polyhydroxybutyrate on Their Rheological and Utility Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14101947. [PMID: 35631830 PMCID: PMC9143941 DOI: 10.3390/polym14101947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focused on material recycling of a biodegradable blend based on PLA and PHB for multiple applications of biodegradable polymeric material under real conditions. In this study, we investigated the effect of multiple processing of a biodegradable polymer blend under the trade name NONOILEN®, which was processed under laboratory as well as industrial conditions. In this article, we report on testing the effect of blending and multiple processing on thermomechanical stability, molecular characteristics, as well as thermophysical and mechanical properties of experimental- and industrial-type tested material suitable for FDM 3D technology. The results showed that the studied material degraded during blending and subsequently during multiple processing. Even after partial degradation, which was demonstrated by a decrease in average molecular weight and a decrease in complex viscosity in the process of multiple reprocessing, there was no significant change in the material’s thermophysical properties, either in laboratory or industrial conditions. There was also no negative impact on the strength characteristics of multiple processed samples. The results of this work show that a biodegradable polymer blend based on PLA and PHB is a suitable candidate for material recycling even in industrial processing conditions. In addition, the results suggest that the biodegradable polymeric material NONOILEN® 3D 3056-2 is suitable for multiple uses in FDM technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderik Plavec
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.H.); (S.H.); (L.O.); (M.R.); (E.M.); (J.F.); (J.K.); (A.B.); (L.D.); (Z.V.); (P.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Vojtech Horváth
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.H.); (S.H.); (L.O.); (M.R.); (E.M.); (J.F.); (J.K.); (A.B.); (L.D.); (Z.V.); (P.A.)
| | - Slávka Hlaváčiková
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.H.); (S.H.); (L.O.); (M.R.); (E.M.); (J.F.); (J.K.); (A.B.); (L.D.); (Z.V.); (P.A.)
| | - Leona Omaníková
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.H.); (S.H.); (L.O.); (M.R.); (E.M.); (J.F.); (J.K.); (A.B.); (L.D.); (Z.V.); (P.A.)
| | - Martina Repiská
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.H.); (S.H.); (L.O.); (M.R.); (E.M.); (J.F.); (J.K.); (A.B.); (L.D.); (Z.V.); (P.A.)
| | - Elena Medlenová
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.H.); (S.H.); (L.O.); (M.R.); (E.M.); (J.F.); (J.K.); (A.B.); (L.D.); (Z.V.); (P.A.)
| | - Jozef Feranc
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.H.); (S.H.); (L.O.); (M.R.); (E.M.); (J.F.); (J.K.); (A.B.); (L.D.); (Z.V.); (P.A.)
| | - Ján Kruželák
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.H.); (S.H.); (L.O.); (M.R.); (E.M.); (J.F.); (J.K.); (A.B.); (L.D.); (Z.V.); (P.A.)
| | - Radek Přikryl
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (S.F.); (S.K.)
| | - Silvestr Figalla
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (S.F.); (S.K.)
| | - Soňa Kontárová
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (S.F.); (S.K.)
| | - Andrej Baco
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.H.); (S.H.); (L.O.); (M.R.); (E.M.); (J.F.); (J.K.); (A.B.); (L.D.); (Z.V.); (P.A.)
| | - Lucia Danišová
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.H.); (S.H.); (L.O.); (M.R.); (E.M.); (J.F.); (J.K.); (A.B.); (L.D.); (Z.V.); (P.A.)
| | - Zuzana Vanovčanová
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.H.); (S.H.); (L.O.); (M.R.); (E.M.); (J.F.); (J.K.); (A.B.); (L.D.); (Z.V.); (P.A.)
| | - Pavol Alexy
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.H.); (S.H.); (L.O.); (M.R.); (E.M.); (J.F.); (J.K.); (A.B.); (L.D.); (Z.V.); (P.A.)
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4
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Assessment of structural modification and time-dependent behavior of Poly (lactic acid) based composites upon hydrolytic degradation. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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5
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Kumar V, Sehgal R, Gupta R. Blends and composites of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and their applications. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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6
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7
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Mehrpouya M, Vahabi H, Barletta M, Laheurte P, Langlois V. Additive manufacturing of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) biopolymers: Materials, printing techniques, and applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 127:112216. [PMID: 34225868 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is recently imposing as a fast, reliable, and highly flexible solution to process various materials, that range from metals to polymers, to achieve a broad variety of customized end-goods without involving the injection molding process. The employment of biomaterials is of utmost relevance as the environmental footprint of the process and, consequently, of the end-goods is significantly decreased. Additive manufacturing can provide, in particular, an all-in-one platform to fabricate complex-shaped biobased items such as bone implants or biomedical devices, that would be, otherwise, extremely troublesome and costly to achieve. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) is an emerging class of biobased and biodegradable polymeric materials achievable by fermentation from bacteria. There are some promising scientific and technical reports on the manufacturing of several commodities in PHAs by additive manufacturing. However, many challenges must still be faced in order to expand further the use of PHAs. In this framework, the present work reviews and classifies the relevant papers focused on the design and development of PHAs for different 3D printing techniques and overviews the most recent applications of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrshad Mehrpouya
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France
| | - Massimiliano Barletta
- Universit'a degli Studi Roma Tre, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Via Vito Volterra 62, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Pascal Laheurte
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire LEM3 UMR 7239, Metz F-57045, France
| | - Valérie Langlois
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, 2 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
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8
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Jumat MA, Chevallier P, Mantovani D, Copes F, Razak SIA, Saidin S. Three-dimensional printed biodegradable poly(l-lactic acid)/(poly(d-lactic acid) scaffold as an intervention of biomedical substitute. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2021.1876879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Amin Jumat
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Mining and Metallurgy- Materials Engineering, Research Center of CHU De Quebec, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Pascale Chevallier
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Mining and Metallurgy- Materials Engineering, Research Center of CHU De Quebec, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Diego Mantovani
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Mining and Metallurgy- Materials Engineering, Research Center of CHU De Quebec, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Francesco Copes
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Mining and Metallurgy- Materials Engineering, Research Center of CHU De Quebec, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Syafiqah Saidin
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
- IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Institute of Human Centered Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
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9
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Abstract
Abstract
In the 21st century, additive manufacturing technologies have gained in popularity mainly due to benefits such as rapid prototyping, faster small production runs, flexibility and space for innovations, non-complexity of the process and broad affordability. In order to meet diverse requirements that 3D models have to meet, it is necessary to develop new 3D printing technologies as well as processed materials. This review is focused on 3D printing technologies applicable for polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). PHAs are thermoplastics regarded as a green alternative to petrochemical polymers. The 3D printing technologies presented as available for PHAs are selective laser sintering and fused deposition modeling. Stereolithography can also be applied provided that the molecular weight and functional end groups of the PHA are adjusted for photopolymerization. The chemical and physical properties primarily influence the processing of PHAs by 3D printing technologies. The intensive research for the fabrication of 3D objects based on PHA has been applied to fulfil criteria of rapid and customized prototyping mainly in the medical area.
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10
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Gaweł A, Kuciel S. The Study of Physico-Mechanical Properties of Polylactide Composites with Different Level of Infill Produced by the FDM Method. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3056. [PMID: 33419345 PMCID: PMC7767082 DOI: 10.3390/polym12123056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in physical-mechanical properties of the samples manufactured by 3D printing technology with the addition of varying degrees of polylactide (PLA) infill (50, 70, 85 and 100%). Half of the samples were soaked in physiological saline. The material used for the study was neat PLA, which was examined in terms of hydrolytic degradation, crystallization, mechanical strength, variability of properties at elevated temperatures, and dissipation of mechanical energy depending on the performed treatment. A significant impact of the amount of infill on changeable mechanical properties, such as hydrolytic degradation and crystallization was observed. The FDM printing method allows for waste-free production of light weight unit products with constant specyfic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stanisław Kuciel
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Institute of Materials Engineering, Tadeusz Kosciuszko Cracow University of Technology, Al. Jana Pawła II 37, 31-864 Cracow, Poland;
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11
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Ekinci A, Gleadall A, Johnson AA, Li L, Han X. Mechanical and hydrolytic properties of thin polylactic acid films by fused filament fabrication. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 114:104217. [PMID: 33246876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Thin polymeric films are widely used as medical applications such as cell culture, stent, drug delivery and mechanical fixation. One of the most commonly used materials is polylactic acid (PLA) - a material, which is non-toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible. Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is a preferable additive manufacturing technique to manufacture polymers, where PLA is one of the most common materials. FFF is a promising technique for customised biomedical applications due to its relatively low cost and geometrical flexibility where biomedical applications are patient tailored. This study is the first to consider FFF monolayered thin films of PLA in terms of mechanical and hydrolytic properties at 37 °C in vitro degradation. Throughout degradation, the reduction in mechanical properties was examined by analysing molecular weight and thermal properties. FFF monolayered PLA underwent autocatalytic bulk degradation with no proof of significant mass loss. Young's modulus, ultimate tensile strength and molecular weight reduced by approximately 60%, 86%, and 80% after 280 days, respectively, while the degree of crystallinity increased by 143% in comparison to benchmark thin films at day 0. It was found that the decrease in mechanical properties was more sensitive to the increase in crystallinity in the early stage of the degradation, while the molecular weight was more dominant in the late stage of the degradation. This study provides practical information in terms of mechanical properties to support medical device designers in a range of potential end-use biomedical applications to achieve safe functional products over the required degradation lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Ekinci
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Andy Gleadall
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Andrew A Johnson
- School of Design & Creative Arts, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, 410082, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, 410082, China.
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12
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Vigil Fuentes MA, Thakur S, Wu F, Misra M, Gregori S, Mohanty AK. Study on the 3D printability of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)/poly(lactic acid) blends with chain extender using fused filament fabrication. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11804. [PMID: 32678118 PMCID: PMC7367353 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the 3D printability of a series of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blends were investigated using fused filament fabrication (FFF). The studied blends suffered from poor 3D printability due to differences in compatibility and low thermal resistance. These shortcomings were addressed by incorporating a functionalized styrene-acrylate copolymer with oxirane moieties as a chain extender (CE). To enhance mechanical properties, the synergistic effect of 3D printing parameters such as printing temperature and speed, layer thickness and bed temperature were explored. Rheological analysis showed improvement in the 3D printability of PHBV:PLA:CE blend by allowing a higher printing temperature (220 °C) and sufficient printing speed (45 mm s−1). The surface morphology of fractured tensile specimens showed good bonding between layers when a bed temperature of 60 °C was used and a layer thickness of 0.25 mm was designed. The optimized printing samples shown higher storage modulus and strength, resulting in stiffer and stronger parts. The crystallinity, morphology and performance of the 3D printed products were correlated to share key methods to improve the 3D printability of PHBV:PLA based blends which may be implemented in other biopolymer blends, and further highlight how process parameters enhance the mechanical performance of 3D printed products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Vigil Fuentes
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Departmet of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, Bioproducts Discovery and Development Center, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Suman Thakur
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Departmet of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, Bioproducts Discovery and Development Center, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Feng Wu
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Departmet of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, Bioproducts Discovery and Development Center, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Manjusri Misra
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada. .,Departmet of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, Bioproducts Discovery and Development Center, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Stefano Gregori
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Departmet of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, Bioproducts Discovery and Development Center, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Amar K Mohanty
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada. .,Departmet of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, Bioproducts Discovery and Development Center, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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13
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Musioł M, Jurczyk S, Sobota M, Klim M, Sikorska W, Zięba M, Janeczek H, Rydz J, Kurcok P, Johnston B, Radecka I. (Bio)Degradable Polymeric Materials for Sustainable Future-Part 3: Degradation Studies of the PHA/Wood Flour-Based Composites and Preliminary Tests of Antimicrobial Activity. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13092200. [PMID: 32403315 PMCID: PMC7254317 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The need for a cost reduction of the materials derived from (bio)degradable polymers forces research development into the formation of biocomposites with cheaper fillers. As additives can be made using the post-consumer wood, generated during wood products processing, re-use of recycled waste materials in the production of biocomposites can be an environmentally friendly way to minimalize and/or utilize the amount of the solid waste. Also, bioactive materials, which possess small amounts of antimicrobial additives belong to a very attractive packaging industry solution. This paper presents a study into the biodegradation, under laboratory composting conditions, of the composites that consist of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate)] and wood flour as a polymer matrix and natural filler, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the degradation progress of the obtained composites with different amounts of wood flour. The degradation products were characterized by multistage electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Also, preliminary tests of the antimicrobial activity of selected materials with the addition of nisin were performed. The obtained results suggest that the different amount of filler has a significant influence on the degradation profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Musioł
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34. M. Curie-Sklodowska St., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (M.S.); (M.K.); (W.S.); (M.Z.); (H.J.); (J.R.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-322-716-077
| | - Sebastian Jurczyk
- Łukasieiwcz Research Network – Institute for Engineering of Polymer Materials and Dyes, 55, M. Sklodowska-Curie St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Michał Sobota
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34. M. Curie-Sklodowska St., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (M.S.); (M.K.); (W.S.); (M.Z.); (H.J.); (J.R.); (P.K.)
| | - Magdalena Klim
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34. M. Curie-Sklodowska St., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (M.S.); (M.K.); (W.S.); (M.Z.); (H.J.); (J.R.); (P.K.)
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 4 Jagiellońska St., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Wanda Sikorska
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34. M. Curie-Sklodowska St., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (M.S.); (M.K.); (W.S.); (M.Z.); (H.J.); (J.R.); (P.K.)
| | - Magdalena Zięba
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34. M. Curie-Sklodowska St., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (M.S.); (M.K.); (W.S.); (M.Z.); (H.J.); (J.R.); (P.K.)
| | - Henryk Janeczek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34. M. Curie-Sklodowska St., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (M.S.); (M.K.); (W.S.); (M.Z.); (H.J.); (J.R.); (P.K.)
| | - Joanna Rydz
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34. M. Curie-Sklodowska St., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (M.S.); (M.K.); (W.S.); (M.Z.); (H.J.); (J.R.); (P.K.)
| | - Piotr Kurcok
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34. M. Curie-Sklodowska St., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (M.S.); (M.K.); (W.S.); (M.Z.); (H.J.); (J.R.); (P.K.)
| | - Brian Johnston
- Wolverhampton School of Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK; (B.J.); (I.R.)
| | - Izabela Radecka
- Wolverhampton School of Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK; (B.J.); (I.R.)
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14
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Wasti S, Adhikari S. Use of Biomaterials for 3D Printing by Fused Deposition Modeling Technique: A Review. Front Chem 2020; 8:315. [PMID: 32457867 PMCID: PMC7221194 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a revolutionary manufacturing technique that can fabricate a 3D object by depositing materials layer by layer. Different materials such as metals, polymers, and concretes are generally used for 3D printing. In order to make 3D printing sustainable, researchers are working on the use of different bioderived materials for 3D printing. Because of the abundant and sustainable sources, and versatile properties, biomaterials are considered as the potential candidates that have the ability to replace petroleum-based polymers. This review highlights the basic overview of fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique of 3D printing and recent developments that have occurred on FDM printing using biomaterials. Specifically, FDM printing process, final properties, and characteristics of biopolymers, their composites, and polymers containing biofillers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjita Wasti
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Center for Bioenergy and Bioproducts, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Sushil Adhikari
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Center for Bioenergy and Bioproducts, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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15
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Three-Dimensional Printed PLA and PLA/PHA Dumbbell-Shaped Specimens: Material Defects and Their Impact on Degradation Behavior. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13082005. [PMID: 32344751 PMCID: PMC7215731 DOI: 10.3390/ma13082005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of (bio)degradable polymers, especially in medical applications, requires a proper understanding of their properties and behavior in various environments. Structural elements made of such polymers may be exposed to changing environmental conditions, which may cause defects. That is why it is so important to determine the effect of processing conditions on polymer properties and also their subsequent behavior during degradation. This paper presents original research on a specimen's damage during 70 days of hydrolytic degradation. During a standard hydrolytic degradation study of polylactide and polylactide/polyhydroxyalkanoate dumbbell-shaped specimens obtained by 3D printing with two different processing build directions, exhibited unexpected shrinkage phenomena in the last degradation series, representing approximately 50% of the length of the specimens irrespective of the printing direction. Therefore, the continuation of previous ex-ante research of advanced polymer materials is presented to identify any possible defects before they arise and to minimize the potential failures of novel polymer products during their use and also during degradation. Studies on the impact of a specific processing method, i.e., processing parameters and conditions, on the properties expressed in molar mass and thermal properties changes of specimens obtained by three-dimensional printing from polyester-based filaments, and in particular on the occurrence of unexpected shrinkage phenomena after post-processing heat treatment, are presented.
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16
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Frone AN, Batalu D, Chiulan I, Oprea M, Gabor AR, Nicolae CA, Raditoiu V, Trusca R, Panaitescu DM. Morpho-Structural, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of PLA/PHB/Cellulose Biodegradable Nanocomposites Obtained by Compression Molding, Extrusion, and 3D Printing. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 10:nano10010051. [PMID: 31878292 PMCID: PMC7023130 DOI: 10.3390/nano10010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable blends and nanocomposites were produced from polylactic acid (PLA), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and cellulose nanocrystals (NC) by a single step reactive blending process using dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as a cross-linking agent. With the aim of gaining more insight into the impact of processing methods upon the morphological, thermal and mechanical properties of these nanocomposites, three different processing techniques were employed: compression molding, extrusion, and 3D printing. The addition of DCP improved interfacial adhesion and the dispersion of NC in nanocomposites as observed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The carbonyl index calculated from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed increased crystallinity after DCP addition in PLA/PHB and PLA/PHB/NC, also confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry analyses. NC and DCP showed nucleating activity and favored the crystallization of PLA, increasing its crystallinity from 16% in PLA/PHB to 38% in DCP crosslinked blend and to 43% in crosslinked PLA/PHB/NC nanocomposite. The addition of DCP also influenced the melting-recrystallization processes due to the generation of lower molecular weight products with increased mobility. The thermo-mechanical characterization of uncross-linked and cross-linked PLA/PHB blends and nanocomposites showed the influence of the processing technique. Higher storage modulus values were obtained for filaments obtained by extrusion and 3D printed meshes compared to compression molded films. Similarly, the thermogravimetric analysis showed an increase of the onset degradation temperature, even with more than 10 °C for PLA/PHB blends and nanocomposites after extrusion and 3D-printing, compared with compression molding. This study shows that PLA/PHB products with enhanced interfacial adhesion, improved thermal stability, and mechanical properties can be obtained by the right choice of the processing method and conditions using NC and DCP for balancing the properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Nicoleta Frone
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (I.C.); (M.O.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.); (V.R.); (D.M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-21316-3068
| | - Dan Batalu
- Materials Science and Engineering Faculty, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ioana Chiulan
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (I.C.); (M.O.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.); (V.R.); (D.M.P.)
| | - Madalina Oprea
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (I.C.); (M.O.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.); (V.R.); (D.M.P.)
| | - Augusta Raluca Gabor
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (I.C.); (M.O.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.); (V.R.); (D.M.P.)
| | - Cristian-Andi Nicolae
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (I.C.); (M.O.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.); (V.R.); (D.M.P.)
| | - Valentin Raditoiu
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (I.C.); (M.O.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.); (V.R.); (D.M.P.)
| | - Roxana Trusca
- Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Denis Mihaela Panaitescu
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (I.C.); (M.O.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.); (V.R.); (D.M.P.)
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17
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Rittinghaus RD, Tremmel J, Růžička A, Conrads C, Albrecht P, Hoffmann A, Ksiazkiewicz AN, Pich A, Jambor R, Herres-Pawlis S. Undiscovered Potential: Ge Catalysts for Lactide Polymerization. Chemistry 2019; 26:212-221. [PMID: 31587400 PMCID: PMC6972987 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Polylactide (PLA) is a high potential bioplastic that can replace oil-based plastics in a number of applications. To date, in spite of its known toxicity, a tin catalyst is used on industrial scale which should be replaced by a benign catalyst in the long run. Germanium is known to be unharmful while having similar properties as tin. Only few germylene catalysts are known so far and none has shown the potential for industrial application. We herein present Ge complexes in combination with zinc and copper, which show amazingly high polymerization activities for lactide in bulk at 150 °C. By systematical variation of the complex structure, proven by single-crystal XRD and DFT calculations, structure-property relationships are found regarding the polymerization activity. Even in the presence of zinc and copper, germanium acts as the active site for polymerizing probably through the coordination-insertion mechanism to high molar mass polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth D Rittinghaus
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jakub Tremmel
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Růžička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Conrads
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pascal Albrecht
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Agnieszka N Ksiazkiewicz
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Sonja Herres-Pawlis
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Rydz J, Sikorska W, Musioł M, Janeczek H, Włodarczyk J, Misiurska-Marczak M, Łęczycka J, Kowalczuk M. 3D-Printed Polyester-Based Prototypes for Cosmetic Applications-Future Directions at the Forensic Engineering of Advanced Polymeric Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E994. [PMID: 30917574 PMCID: PMC6470545 DOI: 10.3390/ma12060994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of degradation and impairment phenomena of (bio)degradable polymeric materials under operating conditions, and thus the selection of test procedures and prediction of their behavior designates the scope and capabilities as well as possible limitations of both: the preparation of the final product and its durability. The main novelty and objective of this research was to determine the degradation pathways during testing of polylactide and polylactide/polyhydroxyalkanoate materials made with three-dimensional printing and the development of a new strategy for the comprehensive characterization of such complex systems including behavior during waste disposal. Prototype objects were subjected to tests for damage evolution performed under simulating operating conditions. The reference samples and the tested items were characterized by gel permeation chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry to determine changes in material properties. The studies showed that: polyhydroxyalkanoate component during accelerated aging and degradation in environments rich in microorganisms accelerated the degradation of the material; paraffin accelerates polylactide degradation and slows degradation of polyhydroxyalkanoate-based material; under the influence of an environment rich in enzymes, paraffin contamination accelerates biodegradation; under the influence of natural conditions, paraffin contamination slowed degradation; the processing conditions, in particular the printing orientation of individual parts of the container, influenced the material properties in its various regions, affecting the rate of degradation of individual parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rydz
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34, M. Curie-Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Wanda Sikorska
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34, M. Curie-Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Marta Musioł
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34, M. Curie-Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Henryk Janeczek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34, M. Curie-Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Jakub Włodarczyk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34, M. Curie-Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Marlena Misiurska-Marczak
- Laboratorium Kosmetyczne Dr Irena Eris Sp. z o.o., R&D Department, 12 Armii Krajowej St., 05-500 Piaseczno, Poland.
| | - Justyna Łęczycka
- Laboratorium Kosmetyczne Dr Irena Eris Sp. z o.o., R&D Department, 12 Armii Krajowej St., 05-500 Piaseczno, Poland.
| | - Marek Kowalczuk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34, M. Curie-Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1SB, UK.
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Rasselet D, Caro-Bretelle AS, Taguet A, Lopez-Cuesta JM. Reactive Compatibilization of PLA/PA11 Blends and Their Application in Additive Manufacturing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E485. [PMID: 30764474 PMCID: PMC6384960 DOI: 10.3390/ma12030485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the properties of polylatic acid/polyamide 11 (PLA/PA11) blends compatibilized with a multifunctionalized epoxide, Joncryl®, and to evaluate the performance of such blends processed by Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing, compared to those produced by injection molding method. Blends containing different Joncryl contents from 0.5 to 3 wt% were prepared by twin-screw extrusion. Evaluation of thermal, rheological and mechanical properties of such blends proved that Joncryl acted as a compatibilizer. Results showed that Joncryl effects on blends properties were improved with increasing its content. A significant reduction of PA11 dispersed phases diameter and an improvement of tensile properties with a ductile behavior were achieved for the highest Joncryl contents. A significant elongation of PA11 dispersed phases was observed into FDM filaments and dog bone shaped specimens produced thereafter. Despite this peculiar morphology, FDM printed samples exhibited only enhanced stiffness but poor reinforcement and elongation at break in comparison with injected ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Rasselet
- IMT Mines Ales, C2MA, 6 avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès CEDEX, France.
| | | | - Aurélie Taguet
- IMT Mines Ales, C2MA, 6 avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès CEDEX, France.
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