1
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Huang X, Gu J, Li M, Yu X, Liu Y, Xu G. A Leakage Prediction Model for Sealing Performance Assessment of EPDM O-Rings under Irradiation Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3073. [PMID: 37514462 PMCID: PMC10386121 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a model for predicting the leakage rate was developed to investigate the effect of irradiation on the sealing performance of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) O-rings. The model is based on a mesoscopic interfacial gap flow simulation and accurately predicts the sealing performance of irradiated and non-irradiated materials by utilizing the gap height as an indicator in a mechanical simulation of the O-ring under operating conditions. A comparison with vacuum test results indicates that the model is a good predictor of leak initiation. The positive pressure leakage of the O-rings was investigated numerically. The results show the following. The sealing performance of the non-irradiated O-ring is much better than that of the irradiated one. The sealing performance is the worst at 0. 713 MGy and the best at 1.43 MGy, and the seal is maintained at an absorbed dose of 3.55 MGy. A theoretical analysis of the non-monotonic variation using the proposed model shows that the leakage behavior of the O-rings depends not only on the material properties but also on the roughness and prestressing properties. Finally, a method was proposed to classify the sealing performance, using the maximum allowable leakage rate as an indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Huang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jimin Gu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xinli Yu
- China Nuclear Power Engineering Co., Ltd., No.117, Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100840, China
| | - Yu Liu
- China Nuclear Power Engineering Co., Ltd., No.117, Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100840, China
| | - Guoliang Xu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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2
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Zhuo R, Chen J, Xiao S, Fu M, Wang D, Tan X, Li Y, Wu P, Tang J, Zhang X. Compatibility and Interaction Mechanism between the C 4F 7N/CO 2/O 2 Gas Mixture and FKM and NBR. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:11414-11424. [PMID: 37008096 PMCID: PMC10061598 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The C4F7N/CO2/O2 gas mixture received a great deal of attention for its potential use in eco-friendly gas-insulated equipment (GIE). The evaluation of the compatibility between C4F7N/CO2/O2 and sealing rubber is necessary and significant considering the high working pressure (0.14-0.6 MPa) of GIE. Herein, we explored the compatibility between C4F7N/CO2/O2 and fluororubber (FKM) and nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) for the first time by analyzing the gas components, rubber morphology, elemental composition, and mechanical properties. The interaction mechanism of the gas-rubber interface was further investigated based on the density functional theory. We found that C4F7N/CO2/O2 is compatible with FKM and NBR at 85 °C, while the surface morphology changed at 100 °C, with white granular and agglomerated lumps appearing on FKM and multi-layer flakes being generated on NBR. The accumulation of the fluorine element occurred, and the compressive mechanical properties of NBR deteriorated after the gas-solid rubber interaction. Overall, the compatibility between FKM and C4F7N/CO2/O2 is superior, which could be employed as the sealing material for C4F7N-based GIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhuo
- Electric
Power Research Institute, China Southern Power Grid, Guangzhou 510623, China
- National
Engineering Research Center of UHV Technology and New Electrical Equipment
Fundamentals, Guangzhou 510623, China
- United
Laboratory of Advanced Electrical Materials and Equipment Support
Technology, China Southern Power Grid, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- School
of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Song Xiao
- School
of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Mingli Fu
- Electric
Power Research Institute, China Southern Power Grid, Guangzhou 510623, China
- National
Engineering Research Center of UHV Technology and New Electrical Equipment
Fundamentals, Guangzhou 510623, China
- United
Laboratory of Advanced Electrical Materials and Equipment Support
Technology, China Southern Power Grid, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Dibo Wang
- Electric
Power Research Institute, China Southern Power Grid, Guangzhou 510623, China
- National
Engineering Research Center of UHV Technology and New Electrical Equipment
Fundamentals, Guangzhou 510623, China
- United
Laboratory of Advanced Electrical Materials and Equipment Support
Technology, China Southern Power Grid, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Xiangyu Tan
- Power
Science Research Institute of Yunnan Power Grid Co., Ltd, Kunming 650217, China
| | - Yi Li
- School
of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Peng Wu
- School
of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ju Tang
- School
of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaoxing Zhang
- Key Laboratory
for High-efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy and Operation Control
of Energy Storage System, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
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3
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Simon A, Pepin J, Berthier D, Méo S. Degradation mechanism of FKM during thermo-oxidative aging from mechanical and network structure correlations. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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4
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Li S, Zhou H, Zheng F, Du Z, Cai R, Li D, Zhang Z, Wang H, Li Z. Investigation of the properties and aging mechanisms of vulcanized hydrogenated nitrile rubber in different mediums. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shikun Li
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastic of Ministry of Education, Ministry of Education Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Haiyue Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Fangyuan Zheng
- Yanshan Branch of Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry SINOPEC/National Engineer Research Center for Synthesis of Novel Rubber and Plastic Materials Beijing China
| | - Zhengpeng Du
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastic of Ministry of Education, Ministry of Education Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Rongqiang Cai
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Daozhuang Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Zeng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Hongzhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastic of Ministry of Education, Ministry of Education Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Zaifeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
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5
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Yang G, Wang Q, Zhuo W, Li G, Niu Y, Li G. Oxidation of lubricating oil and its influence on the aging behaviors of fluorine rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Qilong Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Wenyue Zhuo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Gao Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yanhua Niu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Guangxian Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University Chengdu China
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6
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de Souza EL, de Sousa Zanzi M, de Paiva KV, Oliveira JLG, de Oliveira Barra GM, Dutra GB. Thermo‐oxidative aging of acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber gaskets with real geometry used in plate heat exchangers. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elias Luiz de Souza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Mateus de Sousa Zanzi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Kleber Vieira de Paiva
- Department of Mobility Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina Joinville Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Jorge Luiz Goes Oliveira
- Department of Mobility Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina Joinville Santa Catarina Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Benedet Dutra
- Department of Mobility Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina Joinville Santa Catarina Brazil
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7
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Natural Aging Life Prediction of Rubber Products Using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm to Identify Acceleration Factor. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173439. [PMID: 36080513 PMCID: PMC9460445 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We aim to predict the natural aging life of 8016 ethylene propylene rubber accurately and quickly. Based on the time-temperature equivalent superposition principle, the artificial bee colony algorithm was introduced to calculate the acceleration factor of the accelerated aging test, and the calculation of the acceleration factor was considered an optimization problem, which avoided the error superposition problem caused by data fitting at each temperature. Based on the traditional Arrhenius equation, a power exponential factor was introduced to consider the non-Arrhenius phenomenon during the rubber aging process. Finally, the aging prediction curve of 8106 ethylene propylene rubber at 25 °C was obtained. The prediction results show that the artificial bee colony algorithm can quickly and accurately identify the acceleration factor of the accelerated aging test. The dispersion coefficients between the predicted and measured results of the improved and traditional Arrhenius equations are 1.0351 and 1.6653, respectively, which indicates that the improved Arrhenius equation is more advantageous in predicting the long-term aging process of rubber products.
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8
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Jiang N, Zhang R, Li Y, Li N, Dong L, Chen C, Tan C. Hydrothermal Aging Mechanisms of All-Steel Radial Tire Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153098. [PMID: 35956613 PMCID: PMC9370404 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This work focused on the effects of the hydrothermal environment on the aging of all-steel radial tire (ASRT) composites. Composite specimens were conditioned by immersion in deionized water at 30, 60 and 90 °C. Its water absorption, thermal and mechanical properties (tensile strength, elasticity modulus, elongation at break and interfacial shear strength), morphological structure, as well as molecular cross-linking reaction were investigated before and after aging. Results indicated that there was no dynamic equilibrium of water absorption of ASRT composites after deviating from the Fickian model. The molecular cross-linking density of the rubber matrix showed an increase in the early stage of aging. Then, the mechanical properties suffered of a drop due to the degradation of the rubber matrix and the poor interface between the steel fiber and rubber matrix. Additionally, a systematic hygrothermal aging mechanism was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jiang
- School of Transportation and Vehicle Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China; (R.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.T.)
- Research and Development Center, Triangle Tyre Co., Ltd., Weihai 264299, China; (N.L.); (L.D.)
- Correspondence: (N.J.); (C.C.); Tel.: +86-152-2177-8806 (N.J.)
| | - Ru Zhang
- School of Transportation and Vehicle Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China; (R.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.T.)
| | - Yuankun Li
- School of Transportation and Vehicle Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China; (R.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.T.)
| | - Ning Li
- Research and Development Center, Triangle Tyre Co., Ltd., Weihai 264299, China; (N.L.); (L.D.)
| | - Lingbo Dong
- Research and Development Center, Triangle Tyre Co., Ltd., Weihai 264299, China; (N.L.); (L.D.)
| | - Chaozhong Chen
- Department of Technology Research, CRRC Academy Co., Ltd., Beijing 100036, China
- Correspondence: (N.J.); (C.C.); Tel.: +86-152-2177-8806 (N.J.)
| | - Cao Tan
- School of Transportation and Vehicle Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China; (R.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.T.)
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9
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Zanzi MS, Souza EL, Dutra GB, Paiva KV, Oliveira JLG, Cunha TV, Monteiro AS. Service lifetime prediction of nitrile butadiene rubber gaskets used in plate heat exchangers. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Sousa Zanzi
- Thermal Fluid Flow Group – T2F – Department of Mobility Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina Joinville Brazil
| | - Elias Luiz Souza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Gabriel Benedet Dutra
- Thermal Fluid Flow Group – T2F – Department of Mobility Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina Joinville Brazil
| | - Kleber Vieira Paiva
- Thermal Fluid Flow Group – T2F – Department of Mobility Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina Joinville Brazil
| | - Jorge Luiz Goes Oliveira
- Thermal Fluid Flow Group – T2F – Department of Mobility Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina Joinville Brazil
| | - Tiago Vieira Cunha
- Thermal Fluid Flow Group – T2F – Department of Mobility Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina Joinville Brazil
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10
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Detection of the Destruction Mechanism of Perfluorinated Elastomer (FFKM) Network under Thermo-oxidative Aging Conditions. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2692-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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11
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Souza EL, Souza Zanzi M, Paiva KV, Goes Oliveira JL, Monteiro AS, Oliveira Barra GM, Dutra GB. Evaluation of the aging of elastomeric acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber and ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer gaskets used to seal plates heat exchanger. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elias Luiz Souza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Mateus Souza Zanzi
- Department of Mobility Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina Joinville Brazil
| | - Kleber Vieira Paiva
- Department of Mobility Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina Joinville Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gabriel Benedet Dutra
- Department of Mobility Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina Joinville Brazil
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12
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Natural Aging of Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Rubber under Actual Operation Conditions of Electrical Submersible Pump Cables. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14195520. [PMID: 34639917 PMCID: PMC8509601 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubbers used in electric submersible pump (ESP) cables were analyzed after being aged in actual operation conditions in oil wellbores. These rubbers constitute the insulation and jacket layers of the ESP cables. EPDM rubbers from four different cables operating during different time intervals (2 and 4.8 years) at different depths (from 760 to 2170 m) below sea level were studied. To verify the effects of the long exposure on the rubber performance, thermal analysis was performed to determine the thermal stability and activation energy of degradation. In addition, structural analysis, through vibrational spectroscopy and crosslinking fraction assessment, was carried out. The mechanical properties of the aged rubbers were inferred through the measurement of hardness, while the absorption of a service fluid was studied by gravimetry. The results showed only minor changes in the thermal, structural, mechanical and barrier properties of the EPDM-based ESP cable layers. It is suggested that the thermo-oxidation mechanism followed by chain scission does not have a role in the degradation of EPDM within the aged ESP cables, and no sign of variation of crosslink fractions has been encountered. Therefore, it was concluded that EPDM-based layers seem not to be weak links in the configuration of modern ESP systems.
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13
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Research on O-ring Dimension Measurement Algorithm Based on Cubic Spline Interpolation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11083716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Current O-ring dimension measurement algorithms based on machine vision are mainly whole-pixel level algorithms, which have the disadvantage of a low measurement accuracy. In order to improve the stability and accuracy of O-ring dimension measurement, a sub-pixel edge detection algorithm based on cubic spline interpolation is proposed for O-ring dimension measurement. After image pre-processing of the O-ring graphics, the whole-pixel-level O-ring edges are obtained by using a noise-resistant mathematical morphology method, and then the sub-pixel edge contours are obtained using a sub-pixel edge detection algorithm based on cubic spline interpolation. Finally, the edge curve is fitted with the least squares method to obtain its inner and outer diameter as well as the size of the wire diameter. The experimental data show that the algorithm has a mean square error of 4.8 μm for the outer diameter and 0.18 μm for the wire diameter. The outer diameter error is kept within ±100 μm and the wire diameter error can be kept within ±15 μm. Compared with the whole pixel algorithm, the measurement accuracy has been greatly improved.
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Erroneous or Arrhenius: A Degradation Rate-Based Model for EPDM during Homogeneous Ageing. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12092152. [PMID: 32967281 PMCID: PMC7569797 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the predictive capability of long-term stress relaxation of elastomers during thermo-oxidative ageing, a method to separate reversible and irreversible processes was adopted. The separation is performed through the analysis of compression set after tempering. On the basis of this separation, a numerical model for long-term stress relaxation during homogeneous ageing is proposed. The model consists of an additive contribution of physical and chemical relaxation. Computer simulations of compression stress relaxation were performed for long ageing times and the results were validated with the Arrhenius treatment, the kinetic study and the time-temperature superposition technique based on experimental data. For chemical relaxation, two decay functions are introduced each with an activation energy and a degradative process. The first process with the lower activation energy dominates at lower ageing times, while the second one with the higher activation energy at longer ageing times. A degradation-rate based model for the evolution of each process and its contribution to the total system during homogeneous ageing is proposed. The main advantage of the model is the possibility to quickly validate the interpolation at lower temperatures within the range of slower chemical processes without forcing a straight-line extrapolation.
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