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Plota-Pietrzak A, Czechowski L, Miszczak S, Masek A. Innovative Materials Based on Epoxy Resin for Use as Seat Elements in Bulk Transport. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1829. [PMID: 38673186 PMCID: PMC11051280 DOI: 10.3390/ma17081829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The subject of this research is the development of epoxy composites with a defined service life for the purpose of seat elements in rail vehicles, which will be more environmentally friendly. The produced materials based on epoxy resin filled with PLA or PLA and quercetin were subjected to solar aging tests for 800 h to investigate the impact of the additives used on the aging behavior of the epoxy matrix. Firstly, the TGA analysis showed that the use of the proposed additives allowed for the maintenance of the thermal stability of the epoxy resin. Moreover, based on an optical microscopy test, it was noticed that the introduction of PLA and PLA with quercetin did not contribute to an increase in matrix defects. The one-directional tensile tests carried out before and after solar aging showed that the presence of polylactide in epoxy composites causes a slight growth of the stiffness and strength. Based on contact angle and color change measurements, it was found that quercetin was oxidized, thus ensuring protection for the epoxy matrix. This phenomenon was confirmed by FTIR study, where the carbonyl index (CI) value for the R-PLA-Q composite was lower than for the reference sample. The obtained composite structures may be a good alternative to traditionally used systems as seat elements in rail vehicles, which are not only characterized by high aging resistance but are also more eco-friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Plota-Pietrzak
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Leszek Czechowski
- Department of Strength of Materials, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Sebastian Miszczak
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Anna Masek
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland;
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2
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Yang R, Zhang Q, Zheng Y, Shi J, Li M. Enhanced ultra violet resistance of epoxy nanocomposites filled with liquid-like graphene oxide/silicon dioxide nanofluid. RSC Adv 2023; 13:3186-3192. [PMID: 36756433 PMCID: PMC9854249 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07794a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The ultra violet (UV) resistance of epoxy resins has been paid more and more attention, and the development of highly efficient UV resistant materials is critical. Therefore, we showed liquid-like graphene oxide (GO)/silicon dioxide (SiO2)-based derivatives for UV resistance of epoxy resins. To be specific, SiO2 nanoparticles were deposited in situ on the surface of GO. Subsequently, a black, homogeneous and solvent-free GO/SiO2 nanofluid was prepared by grafting organosilanes (KH560) and polyetheramines (M2070) on the surface of GO/SiO2. Furthermore, the solvent-free GO/SiO2 nanofluid/epoxy resin composites were also prepared. The bending properties before and after UV irradiation of the nanocomposites at room temperature were investigated to reveal the role of the interphase. The toughening mechanism of GO/SiO2 nanofluid was elucidated by observing the fracture surface. As expected, the loss of bending strength of the resin resulting from UV illumination was efficiently reduced by the GO/SiO2 nanofluid. This may be attributed to the excellent anti-UV aging properties of GO and SiO2 nanoparticles. Moreover, the GO/SiO2 nanofluid can provide excellent bending resistance for epoxy resin both before and after illumination, owing to its great compatibility with epoxy resin by organic chains and hindrance to crack propagation by nano cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilu Yang
- Analysis and Testing Center, Nantong University Nantong 226019 P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Analysis and Testing Center, Nantong University Nantong 226019 P. R. China
| | - Yaping Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
| | - Jian Shi
- Analysis and Testing Center, Nantong University Nantong 226019 P. R. China
| | - Mengzhi Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
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Tayouri MI, Estaji S, Mousavi SR, Salkhi Khasraghi S, Jahanmardi R, Nouranian S, Arjmand M, Khonakdar HA. Degradation of polymer nanocomposites filled with graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide nanoparticles: A review of current status. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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He J, Li M, Li D, Bao B, Xue M, Huang Y, Xu Y, Chen G, Dai L. Fabrication of azobenzene non-covalent bonding grafting graphene composite and its application in weathering and corrosion resistant polyurethane coating. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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5
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Wang J, Wu X, Zhou R, Han W, Han X. Effect of a Novel Graphene on the Flame Retardancy and Thermal Degradation Behavior of Epoxy Resin. J MACROMOL SCI B 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2022.2127266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xintong Wu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Rongfan Zhou
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Wenjia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Mahmudzade R, Nikaeen P, Chirdon W, Khattab A, Depan D. Photodegradation mechanisms and physico-chemical properties of EPON-IPD epoxy-based polymers. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Synthesis and impact of polyethylene terephthalate nanoparticles on the stability of polypropylene exposed to electron beam irradiation. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Korkmaz Y, Gültekin K. EFFECT OF UV IRRADIATION ON EPOXY ADHESIVES AND ADHESIVELY BONDED JOINTS REINFORCED WITH BN AND B4C NANOPARTICLES. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kim T, Kwon S, Lee J, Lee JS, Kang S. A metallic anti-biofouling surface with a hierarchical topography containing nanostructures on curved micro-riblets. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:6. [PMID: 35070350 PMCID: PMC8743286 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metallic surface finishes have been used in the anti-biofouling, but it is very difficult to produce surfaces with hierarchically ordered structures. In the present study, anti-biofouling metallic surfaces with nanostructures superimposed on curved micro-riblets were produced via top-down fabrication. According to the attachment theory, these surfaces feature few attachment points for organisms, the nanostructures prevent the attachment of bacteria and algal zoospores, while the micro-riblets prohibit the settlement of macrofoulers. Anodic oxidation was performed to induce superhydrophilicity. It forms a hydration layer on the surface, which physically blocks foulant adsorption along with the anti-biofouling topography. We characterized the surfaces via scanning electron and atomic force microscopy, contact-angle measurement, and wear-resistance testing. The contact angle of the hierarchical structures was less than 1°. Laboratory settlement assays verified that bacterial attachment was dramatically reduced by the nanostructures and/or the hydration layer, attributable to superhydrophilicity. The micro-riblets prohibited the settlement of macrofoulers. Over 77 days of static immersion in the sea during summer, the metallic surface showed significantly less biofouling compared to a surface painted with an anticorrosive coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekyung Kim
- National Center for Optically-assisted high precision Mechanical Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Korea
| | - Sunmok Kwon
- National Center for Optically-assisted high precision Mechanical Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Korea
| | - Jeehyeon Lee
- National Center for Optically-assisted high precision Mechanical Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Korea
| | - Joon Sang Lee
- National Center for Optically-assisted high precision Mechanical Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Korea
| | - Shinill Kang
- National Center for Optically-assisted high precision Mechanical Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Korea
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Functionalization of Graphene Oxide with Polysilicone: Synthesis, Characterization, and Its Flame Retardancy in Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213857. [PMID: 34771413 PMCID: PMC8586985 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel polysilicone flame retardant (PMDA) has been synthesized and covalently grafted onto the surfaces of graphene oxide (GO) to obtain GO-PMDA. The chemical structure and morphology of GO-PMDA was characterized and confirmed by the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), atomic force microscope (AFM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) indicated that the grafting of PMDA improved the dispersion and solubility of GO sheets in the epoxy resin (EP) matrix. The TGA and cone calorimeter measurements showed that compared with the GO, GO-PMDA could significantly improve the thermal stability and flame retardancy of EP. In comparison to pure EP, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) of EP/GO-PMDA were reduced by 30.5% and 10.0% respectively. This greatly enhanced the flame retardancy of EP which was mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of GO-PMDA. Polysilicone can create a stable silica layer on the char surface of EP, which reinforces the barrier effect of graphene.
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11
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Geometrical Parametric Study on Steel Beams Exposed to Solar Radiation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11199198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A finite element thermal analysis was conducted in this study with the aim of evaluating the influence of the geometrical parameters of steel sections on their thermal response under solar radiation. Four W12 and W24 standard steel beams were investigated under the solar irradiation conditions of a sunny summer day. The finite element analysis was carried out using COMSOL Multiphysics considering the Sun’s movement from sunrise to sunset, reflected radiation from the ground, surface convection of air and long wave radiation as the main boundary thermal loads. The temperature-time variation at different locations in the sections, vertical temperature distributions, temperature gradient distributions and thermal stress distributions were investigated. The results showed that the daily maximum temperatures, temperature variation, temperature and temperature gradient distributions and thermal stresses are influenced by the geometry of the steel section. The flange width and flange thickness were found to be the controlling parameters during the noon hours, while these parameters in addition to web depth control the shading effect during the afternoon. On the other hand, web thickness affects the temperature of webs at sunrise and sunset times. Geometrical ratios like Wf/H, Wf/tf2 and 2Wf/Htf were the most influential parameters on temperatures, temperature gradients and thermal stresses of steel beams subjected to solar radiation. The investigated section with the maximum Wf/tf2 value of 0.96 (W12 × 58) recorded the highest top-surface noon temperature, while section W24 × 84 with the lowest Wf/tf2 value of 0.60 exhibited the lowest temperature.
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Ferdous W, Manalo A, AlAjarmeh OS, Zhuge Y, Mohammed AA, Bai Y, Aravinthan T, Schubel P. Bending and Shear Behaviour of Waste Rubber Concrete-Filled FRP Tubes with External Flanges. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152500. [PMID: 34372103 PMCID: PMC8347241 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An innovative beam concept made from hollow FRP tube with external flanges and filled with crumbed rubber concrete was investigated with respect to bending and shear. The performance of the rubberised-concrete-filled specimens was then compared with hollow and normal-concrete-filled tubes. A comparison between flanged and non-flanged hollow and concrete-filled tubes was also implemented. Moreover, finite element simulation was conducted to predict the fundamental behaviour of the beams. The results showed that concrete filling slightly improves bending performance but significantly enhances the shear properties of the beam. Adding 25% of crumb rubber in concrete marginally affects the bending and shear performance of the beam when compared with normal-concrete-filled tubes. Moreover, the stiffness-to-FRP weight ratio of a hollow externally flanged round tube is equivalent to that of a concrete-filled non-flanged round tube. The consideration of the pair-based contact surface between an FRP tube and infill concrete in linear finite element modelling predicted the failure loads within a 15% margin of difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahid Ferdous
- University of Southern Queensland, Centre for Future Materials (CFM), Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia; (A.M.); (O.S.A.); (T.A.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-4631-1331
| | - Allan Manalo
- University of Southern Queensland, Centre for Future Materials (CFM), Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia; (A.M.); (O.S.A.); (T.A.); (P.S.)
| | - Omar S. AlAjarmeh
- University of Southern Queensland, Centre for Future Materials (CFM), Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia; (A.M.); (O.S.A.); (T.A.); (P.S.)
- Tafila Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering, Al Tafila 66110, Jordan
| | - Yan Zhuge
- University of South Australia, School of Natural & Built Environments, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
| | - Ali A. Mohammed
- Wagners Composite Fibre Technologies (CFT), Wellcamp, QLD 4350, Australia;
| | - Yu Bai
- Monash University, Department of Civil Engineering, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
| | - Thiru Aravinthan
- University of Southern Queensland, Centre for Future Materials (CFM), Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia; (A.M.); (O.S.A.); (T.A.); (P.S.)
| | - Peter Schubel
- University of Southern Queensland, Centre for Future Materials (CFM), Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia; (A.M.); (O.S.A.); (T.A.); (P.S.)
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A Phenomenological Primary-Secondary-Tertiary Creep Model for Polymer-Bonded Composite Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142353. [PMID: 34301110 PMCID: PMC8309501 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study develops a unified phenomenological creep model for polymer-bonded composite materials, allowing for predicting the creep behavior in the three creep stages, namely the primary, the secondary, and the tertiary stages under sustained compressive stresses. Creep testing is performed using material specimens under several conditions with a temperature range of 20 °C–50 °C and a compressive stress range of 15 MPa–25 MPa. The testing data reveal that the strain rate–time response exhibits the transient, steady, and unstable stages under each of the testing conditions. A rational function-based creep rate equation is proposed to describe the full creep behavior under each of the testing conditions. By further correlating the resulting model parameters with temperature and stress and developing a Larson–Miller parameter-based rupture time prediction model, a unified phenomenological model is established. An independent validation dataset and third-party testing data are used to verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed model. The performance of the proposed model is compared with that of an existing reference model. The verification and comparison results show that the model can describe all the three stages of the creep process, and the proposed model outperforms the reference model by yielding 28.5% smaller root mean squared errors on average.
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Ferdous W, Manalo A, Salih C, Yu P, Abousnina R, Heyer T, Schubel P. Behaviour of Polymer Filled Composites for Novel Polymer Railway Sleepers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13081324. [PMID: 33919498 PMCID: PMC8074092 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel concept of polymer railway sleeper is proposed in this study that has the potential to meet static performance requirements within the cost of hardwood timber. The existing challenges of composite sleepers, such as low performance or high cost, can be overcome using this innovative concept. Such a proclamation is proven through limit state design criteria and a series of experimentations. Results show that polyurethane foam as an infill material can provide sufficient strength and stiffness properties to the sleeper, but the inadequate screw holding capacity could be a problem. This limitation, however, can be overcome using a particulate filled resin system. The findings of this study will help the railway industry to develop a timber replacement sleeper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahid Ferdous
- Centre for Future Materials (CFM), University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia; (A.M.); (C.S.); (P.Y.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-4631-1331
| | - Allan Manalo
- Centre for Future Materials (CFM), University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia; (A.M.); (C.S.); (P.Y.); (P.S.)
| | - Choman Salih
- Centre for Future Materials (CFM), University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia; (A.M.); (C.S.); (P.Y.); (P.S.)
| | - Peng Yu
- Centre for Future Materials (CFM), University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia; (A.M.); (C.S.); (P.Y.); (P.S.)
| | - Rajab Abousnina
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2113, Australia;
| | - Tom Heyer
- Austrak Pty. Ltd., Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia;
| | - Peter Schubel
- Centre for Future Materials (CFM), University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia; (A.M.); (C.S.); (P.Y.); (P.S.)
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Esteban-Arranz A, de la Osa AR, García-Lorefice WE, Sacristan J, Sánchez-Silva L. Long-Term Performance of Nanomodified Coated Concrete Structures under Hostile Marine Climate Conditions. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11040869. [PMID: 33805457 PMCID: PMC8066161 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy resin coatings are commonly used to protect concrete structures due to their excellent chemical corrosion resistance and strong adhesion capacity. However, these coatings are susceptible to damage by surface abrasion and long-term contact with marine climate conditions, deteriorating their appearance and performance. This study aims to optimize the performance of cement-based epoxy resin coatings, bisphenol-A and polyol, in aggressive environments by functionalizing the selected systems with different nanoparticles such as activated carbon, surface modified nanoclay, silica and zinc oxide. Nanomodified coatings were applied to concrete specimens and subjected to three weeks in a spray salt chamber and three weeks in a QUV chamber. They were found to present improved thermal resistance and curing degree after the weathering test. Their water permeability, adhesion, and abrasion resistance properties were evaluated before and after this test. The results showed that the nature of the nanocomposites determined their water permeability; the bare resin presented the worst result. Additionally, nanomodified composites with activated carbon and silica showed the best adherence and abrasion resistance properties, due to the effect of this aging test on their thermal stability and curing degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Esteban-Arranz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Camilo José Cela, 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (A.E.-A.); (A.R.d.l.O.); (W.E.G.-L.)
| | - Ana Raquel de la Osa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Camilo José Cela, 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (A.E.-A.); (A.R.d.l.O.); (W.E.G.-L.)
| | - Wendy Eunice García-Lorefice
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Camilo José Cela, 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (A.E.-A.); (A.R.d.l.O.); (W.E.G.-L.)
| | | | - Luz Sánchez-Silva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Camilo José Cela, 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (A.E.-A.); (A.R.d.l.O.); (W.E.G.-L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-926-29-53-00 (ext: 6307)
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16
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Effect of Graphene Oxide as a Reinforcement in a Bio-Epoxy Composite. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs5030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) has gained interest within the materials research community. The presence of functional groups on GO offers exceptional bonding capabilities and improved performance in lightweight polymer composites. A literature review on the tensile and flexural mechanical properties of synthetic epoxy/GO composites was conducted that showed differences from one study to another, which may be attributed to the oxidation level of the prepared GO. Herein, GO was synthesized from oxidation of graphite flakes using the modified Hummers method, while bio-epoxy/GO composites (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.6 wt.% GO) were prepared using a solution mixing route. The GO was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis. The thermal properties of composites were assessed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). FTIR results confirmed oxidation of graphite was successful. SEM showed differences in fractured surfaces, which implies that GO modified the bio-epoxy polymer to some extent. Addition of 0.3 wt.% GO filler was determined to be an optimum amount as it enhanced the tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength and flexural modulus by 23, 35, 17 and 31%, respectively, compared to pure bio-epoxy. Improvements in strength were achieved with considerably lower loadings than traditional fillers. Compared to the bio-epoxy, the 0.6 wt.% GO composite had the highest thermal stability and a slightly higher (positive) glass transition temperature (Tg) was increased by 3.5 °C, relative to the pristine bio-epoxy (0 wt.% GO).
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