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Enhanced Fe 3+ binding through cooperativity of 3-hydroxypyridin-4-one groups within a linear co-polymer: wrapping effect leading to superior antimicrobial activity. Biometals 2020; 33:339-351. [PMID: 33074473 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-020-00253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To tackle the rise of antibiotic resistant pathogenic microbes, iron withdrawal agents have shown considerable promise as antibiotic alternatives due to the microbes' irreplaceable metabolic need for the essential element iron. DIBI is a water-soluble, linear co-polymer functionalized with 3-hydroxy-pyridin-4-one (HPO) chelators that selectively and strongly bind iron(III) in biological environments. Compared to HPO congeners, DIBI has over 1000 times higher antimicrobial activity against a broad-spectrum of Gram-(+) and Gram-(-) bacteria including highly antibiotic resistant clinical isolates. Herein, we explain the enhanced antimicrobial activity of DIBI by a cooperativity effect of the linear co-polymer wrapping around three iron(III) centres. DIBI's structural and iron(III) binding properties were investigated by comparative experiments against HPO monomer and deferiprone using chemical and physical characterization methods with direct biological implications such as pH stability, reductive off-loading of bound iron(III), trans-membrane permeability, and competition experiments with vertebrate transferrin class iron carrier. The three iron(III) ions bound to DIBI are preferentially incorporated into a tris-bidentate chelates, which forces the linear backbone of the polymer to wrap around the complexes, as the bound iron was much less susceptible to dithionite reduction than the tris iron(III) complexes of HPO monomers and deferiprone. The results suggest a high degree of cooperativity of the polymer-bound HPO groups to effect a wrapping of the polymer backbone around the chelated iron, shielding the iron(III) centres from ready access by microbes. The structural effect of DIBI is compared to polymers containing 3-hydroxy-pyridin-4-one chelators that do not undergo this wrapping effect.
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Jiang X, Zhou T, Bai R, Xie Y. Hydroxypyridinone-Based Iron Chelators with Broad-Ranging Biological Activities. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14470-14501. [PMID: 33023291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Iron plays an essential role in all living cells because of its unique chemical properties. It is also the most abundant trace element in mammals. However, when iron is present in excess or inappropriately located, it becomes toxic. Excess iron can become involved in free radical formation, resulting in oxidative stress and cellular damage. Iron chelators are used to treat serious pathological disorders associated with systemic iron overload. Hydroxypyridinones stand out for their outstanding chelation properties, including high selectivity for Fe3+ in the biological environment, ease of derivatization, and good biocompatibility. Herein, we overview the potential for multifunctional hydroxypyridinone-based chelators to be used as therapeutic agents against a wide range of diseases associated either with systemic or local elevated iron levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, P.R. China
| | - Renren Bai
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China.,College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
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Abbina S, Gill A, Mathew S, Abbasi U, Kizhakkedathu JN. Polyglycerol-Based Macromolecular Iron Chelator Adjuvants for Antibiotics To Treat Drug-Resistant Bacteria. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:37834-37844. [PMID: 32639137 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for life. Its redox activity is a key component in a plethora of vital enzymatic reactions that take place in processes such as drug metabolism, DNA synthesis, steroid synthesis, gene regulation, and cellular respiration (oxygen transport and the electron transport chain). Bacteria are highly dependent on iron for their survival and growth and have specific mechanisms to acquire iron. Limiting the availability of iron to bacteria, thereby preventing their growth, provides new opportunities to treat infection in the era of the persistent rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In this work, we have developed macromolecular iron chelators, conjugates of a high-affinity iron chelator (HBEDS) with polyglycerol, in an attempt to sequester iron uptake by bacteria to limit their growth in order to enhance antibiotic activity. The new macromolecular chelators are successful in slowing the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and worked as an efficient bacteriostatic against S. aureus. Further, these cytocompatible macrochelators acted as effective adjuvants to prevent bacterial growth when used in conjunction with antibiotics. The adjuvant activity of the macrochelators depends on their molecular weight and the chelator density on these molecules. These selective macro iron(III) chelators are highly efficient in growth inhibition and killing of methicillin-resistant S. aureus in conjunction with a low concentration of rifampicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Abbina
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Arshdeep Gill
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Snehamol Mathew
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Usama Abbasi
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jayachandran N Kizhakkedathu
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
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Marchetti M, De Bei O, Bettati S, Campanini B, Kovachka S, Gianquinto E, Spyrakis F, Ronda L. Iron Metabolism at the Interface between Host and Pathogen: From Nutritional Immunity to Antibacterial Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2145. [PMID: 32245010 PMCID: PMC7139808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional immunity is a form of innate immunity widespread in both vertebrates and invertebrates. The term refers to a rich repertoire of mechanisms set up by the host to inhibit bacterial proliferation by sequestering trace minerals (mainly iron, but also zinc and manganese). This strategy, selected by evolution, represents an effective front-line defense against pathogens and has thus inspired the exploitation of iron restriction in the development of innovative antimicrobials or enhancers of antimicrobial therapy. This review focuses on the mechanisms of nutritional immunity, the strategies adopted by opportunistic human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus to circumvent it, and the impact of deletion mutants on the fitness, infectivity, and persistence inside the host. This information finally converges in an overview of the current development of inhibitors targeting the different stages of iron uptake, an as-yet unexploited target in the field of antistaphylococcal drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialaura Marchetti
- Interdepartmental Center Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Omar De Bei
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (O.D.B.); (B.C.)
| | - Stefano Bettati
- Interdepartmental Center Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (S.B.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Campanini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (O.D.B.); (B.C.)
| | - Sandra Kovachka
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (S.K.); (E.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Eleonora Gianquinto
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (S.K.); (E.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Francesca Spyrakis
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (S.K.); (E.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Luca Ronda
- Interdepartmental Center Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (S.B.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Bulbake U, Singh A, Domb AJ, Khan W. Therapeutic Macromolecular Iron Chelators. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:323-334. [PMID: 30182850 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180904104318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Iron is a key element for every single living process. On a fundamental level, targeting iron is a valuable approach for the treatment of disorders caused by iron overload. Utilizing iron chelators as therapeutic agents has received expanding consideration in chelation therapy. Approved low molecular weight (MW) iron chelators to treat iron overload may experience short half-lives and toxicities prompting moderately high adverse effects. In recent years, polymeric/macromolecular iron chelators have received attention as therapeutic agents. Polymeric iron chelators show unique pharmaceutical properties that are different to their conventional small molecule counterparts. These polymeric iron chelators possess longer plasma half-lives and reduced toxicities, thus exhibiting a significant supplement to currently using low MW iron chelator therapy. In this review, we have briefly discussed polymeric iron chelators and factors to be considered when designing clinically valuable iron chelators. We have also discussed applications of polymeric iron chelators in the diseases caused by iron overload associated with transfusional hemosiderosis, neurodegenerative disorders, malaria and cancer. With this, research findings for new polymeric iron chelators are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendra Bulbake
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Alka Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Abraham J Domb
- School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Wahid Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
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Cilibrizzi A, Abbate V, Chen YL, Ma Y, Zhou T, Hider RC. Hydroxypyridinone Journey into Metal Chelation. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7657-7701. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Cilibrizzi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Abbate
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
- King’s Forensics, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Yu-Lin Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Yongmin Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, P. R. China 311402
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China 310018
| | - Robert C. Hider
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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Ang MTC, Gumbau-Brisa R, Allan DS, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, Holbein BE, Bierenstiel M. DIBI, a 3-hydroxypyridin-4-one chelator iron-binding polymer with enhanced antimicrobial activity. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:1206-1212. [PMID: 30109009 PMCID: PMC6071711 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00192h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Depriving microorganisms of bioavailable iron is a promising strategy for new anti-infective agents. The new, highly water-soluble, low molecular weight co-polymer DIBI was developed to selectively bind iron(iii) ions as a tris chelate and acts as a standalone anti-infective. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) studies show DIBI is effective against representative reference strains for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria S. aureus and A. baumannii, and the fungus C. albicans. Compared to the small molecule iron chelators, deferiprone and deferoxamine, DIBI outclassed these by factors of 100 to 1000 for inhibition of initial growth. DIBI and a series of related co-polymers (Mw of 2-9 kDa) were synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of a chelating 3-hydroxypyridin-4-one (HPO) methacrylamide monomer and N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP). Full incorporation of the HPO monomer into the co-polymers from the reaction solution was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy and ranged from 4.6 to 25.6 mol%. UV-vis spectroscopy showed that all the HPO in DIBI binds readily to iron(iii) in a tris chelate mode to the maximum theoretical iron(iii) binding capacity of the co-polymer. Chemical characterization including single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses of the O-benzyl protected and the functional HPO monomer are discussed. By design, DIBI is highly water soluble; the highest mass fraction in water tested was 70% w/w, without the need of organic co-solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Trisha C Ang
- Chelation Partners Inc. , 1411 Oxford St. Suite 369 , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1 , Canada
- Department of Chemistry , Cape Breton University , 1250 Grand Lake Rd , Sydney , Nova Scotia B1P 6L2 , Canada . ; Tel: +1 (902) 563 1391
| | - Roger Gumbau-Brisa
- Chelation Partners Inc. , 1411 Oxford St. Suite 369 , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1 , Canada
- Department of Chemistry , Cape Breton University , 1250 Grand Lake Rd , Sydney , Nova Scotia B1P 6L2 , Canada . ; Tel: +1 (902) 563 1391
| | - David S Allan
- Chelation Partners Inc. , 1411 Oxford St. Suite 369 , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1 , Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- X-Ray Crystallography Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- X-Ray Crystallography Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Bruce E Holbein
- Chelation Partners Inc. , 1411 Oxford St. Suite 369 , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1 , Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Dalhousie University , 5859 College St. , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 1X5 , Canada
| | - Matthias Bierenstiel
- Department of Chemistry , Cape Breton University , 1250 Grand Lake Rd , Sydney , Nova Scotia B1P 6L2 , Canada . ; Tel: +1 (902) 563 1391
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