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McIntee OM, Welch BC, Greenberg AR, George SM, Bright VM. Elastic modulus of polyamide thin films formed by molecular layer deposition. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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2
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Ito M, Liu H, Kumagai A, Liang X, Nakajima K, Jinnai H. Direct Visualization of Interfacial Regions between Fillers and Matrix in Rubber Composites Observed by Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Nanomechanics Assisted by Electron Tomography. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:777-785. [PMID: 34955029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In order to explain or predict the macroscopic mechanical properties of polymer composites with complex nanostructures, atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nanomechanics is one of the most appropriate tools because the local mechanical properties can be obtained by it. However, automatic force curve analysis based on contact mechanics would mislead us to the wrong conclusion. The purpose of this study is to elucidate this point by applying AFM nanomechanics on a carbon black (CB)-reinforced isoprene rubber (IR). The CB aggregates underneath the rubber surface prevent us from quantitatively evaluating the ratio of CB and interfacial polymer region (IPR), which is an important parameter to determine the macroscopic mechanical properties. In order to overcome this problem, transmission electron microtomography was incorporated to investigate the 3D structure in the same field of view as AFM nanomechanics. As a result, it was found that there are buried structures that do not appear in the AFM topographic image. In addition, we were able to reveal the existence of a force curve with an inflection point, which is characteristic of such "false" IPRs. To put it another way, we evidenced the existence of true IPRs for the first time by combining these state-of-the-art techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Ito
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Haonan Liu
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Akemi Kumagai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Xiaobin Liang
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Ken Nakajima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Jinnai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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Liao YT, Peng SY, Chuang KW, Liao YC, Kuramitsu Y, Woon WY. Exploring the mechanical properties of nanometer-thick elastic films through micro-drop impinging on large-area suspended graphene. NANOSCALE 2021; 14:42-48. [PMID: 34816842 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05918a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the dependence of effective Young's modulus on the thickness of suspended graphene was confirmed through a drop impingement method. Large area suspended graphene (LSG) layers with a diameter of up to 400 μm and a nanometer thickness were prepared through transferring chemical vapor deposition grown graphene from copper substrates. 4, 8, and 12-layer LSG samples were found to be crumpled yet defect-free. The mechanical properties of LSG were first studied by observing its interaction with impinging droplets from an ink-jet nozzle. First, the effective Young's modulus was calculated by fitting the instant deformation captured by high speed photography within microseconds. Next, droplets deposited on LSG caused deformation and generated wrinkles and the effective Young's modulus was calculated from the number of wrinkles. The above methods yielded effective Young's modulus values ranging from 0.3 to 3.4 TPa. The results from these methods all indicated that the effective Young's modulus increases with the decreasing thickness or size of suspended graphene layers. Moreover, the crumpled LSG yields higher effective Young's modulus than ideal flat graphene. These comprehensive results from complementary methodologies with precise LSG thickness control down to the nanometer scale provide good evidence to resolve the debate on the thickness dependence of mechanical strength for LSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tzu Liao
- Department of Physics, National Central University, Jungli, 32001, Taiwan.
| | - Shiuan-Ying Peng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 16010, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Wen Chuang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 16010, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Chih Liao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 16010, Taiwan.
| | - Yasuhiro Kuramitsu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Wei-Yen Woon
- Department of Physics, National Central University, Jungli, 32001, Taiwan.
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4
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Collinson DW, Sheridan RJ, Palmeri MJ, Brinson LC. Best practices and recommendations for accurate nanomechanical characterization of heterogeneous polymer systems with atomic force microscopy. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Ngai KL. The origin of the faster mechanism of partial enthalpy recovery deep in the glassy state of polymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:13468-13472. [PMID: 34105553 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01445e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel finding made by Cangialosi and coworkers in the physical aging of several polymers way below the glass transition temperature Tg is that equilibrium recovery occurs by reaching a plateau in the enthalpy with partial enthalpy recovery. This observation points to the existence of a much faster mechanism capable of partial equilibrium recovery deep in the glassy state. A similar phenomenon was found in different glassy materials. The generality of the phenomenon indicates that the faster mechanism of equilibrium recovery is universal and fundamental. In this paper the faster mechanism is identified to be the universal JG β-relaxation having dynamic and thermodynamic properties analogous to the α-relaxation, and thus capable of effecting enthalpy and volume recovery far below Tg in several high-Tg polymers. The JG β-relaxation is also the mechanism responsible for the first step of two steps in the approach to equilibrium found in another polymer with much lower Tg. The Coupling Model is used to explain why the first step transpires far below Tg in some polymers but much closer to Tg in another polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Ngai
- CNR-IPCF, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127, Pisa, Italy.
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6
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Ngai KL, Capaccioli S, Wang LM. Segmental α-Relaxation for the First Step and Sub-Rouse Modes for the Second Step in Enthalpy Recovery in the Glassy State of Polystyrene. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. L. Ngai
- CNR-IPCF, Università di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - Simone Capaccioli
- CNR-IPCF, Università di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Li-Min Wang
- State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
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8
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Yoon H, McKenna GB. “Rubbery Stiffening” and Rupture Behavior of Freely Standing Nanometric Thin PIB Films. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heedong Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
Whitacre College of Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-4121, United States
| | - Gregory B. McKenna
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
Whitacre College of Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-4121, United States
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9
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Wang D, Russell TP. Advances in Atomic Force Microscopy for Probing Polymer Structure and Properties. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- Polymer
Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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10
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Hori K, Yamada NL, Fujii Y, Masui T, Kishimoto H, Seto H. Structure and Mechanical Properties of Polybutadiene Thin Films Bound to Surface-Modified Carbon Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:8883-8890. [PMID: 28799335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The structure and mechanical properties of polybutadiene (PB) films on bare and surface-modified carbon films were examined. There was an interfacial layer of PB near the carbon layer whose density was higher (lower) than that of the bulk material on the hydrophobic (hydrophilic) carbon surface. To glean information about the structure and mechanical properties of PB at the carbon interface, a residual layer (RL) adhering to the carbon surface, which was considered to be a model of "bound rubber layer", was obtained by rinsing the PB film with toluene. The density and thickness of the RLs were identical to those of the interfacial layer of the PB film. In accordance with the change in the density, normal stress of the RLs evaluated by atomic force microscopy was also dependent on the surface free energy: the RLs on the hydrophobic carbon were hard like glass, whereas those on the hydrophilic carbon were soft like rubber. Similarly, the wear test revealed that the RLs on the hydrophilic carbon could be peeled off by scratching under a certain stress, whereas the RLs on the hydrophobic carbons were resistant to scratching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Hori
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization , 203-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Norifumi L Yamada
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization , 203-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Fujii
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University , 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Tomomi Masui
- Sumitomo Rubber Industries Ltd. , 1-1, 2-chome, Tsutsui-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 651-0071, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishimoto
- Sumitomo Rubber Industries Ltd. , 1-1, 2-chome, Tsutsui-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 651-0071, Japan
| | - Hideki Seto
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization , 203-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
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11
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The mechanical and photoelastic properties of 3D printable stress-visualized materials. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10918. [PMID: 28883498 PMCID: PMC5589947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11433-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology integrating frozen stress techniques has created a novel way to directly represent and characterize 3D interior discontinuities and the full-field stress induced by mining- or construction-related disturbances of deeply buried rock masses. However, concerns have been raised about the similitude between the mechanical behaviours of the printed model and its prototype rock mass. Ensuring the mechanical properties of the printable materials are as close as possible to those of real rock mass is of critical significance. In this work, a transparent, light, photosensitive polymer material was investigated for applications in frozen stress tests. The chemical composition of the material was determined by integrating the results of infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy), X-ray diffraction (XRD), pyrolysis, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (PY-GC/MS). Measures to improve the mechanical properties of the printable material, including printing orientation, post-processing, and temperature control, were evaluated by comparing the treated material with its prototype rock. The optical stress sensitivity of the material, including stress-visualized properties and stress-frozen performance, was also tested. This study offers an understanding of how printable materials should be modified to better simulate real rock masses, in terms of not only their geological geometry but also their mechanical performance.
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12
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Zhang M, Askar S, Torkelson JM, Brinson LC. Stiffness Gradients in Glassy Polymer Model Nanocomposites: Comparisons of Quantitative Characterization by Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, and §Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Shadid Askar
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, and §Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - John M. Torkelson
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, and §Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - L. Catherine Brinson
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, and §Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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