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Kononova SV, Lebedeva GK, Gubanova GN, Kruchinina EV, Vlasova EN, Afanas’eva NV, Popova EN, Volkov AY, Bykova EN, Zakharova NV. Effect of Hydroxyl-Containing Fragments on the Structure and Properties of Membrane-Forming Polyamide-Imides. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:716. [PMID: 37623777 PMCID: PMC10456356 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13080716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The structural features and thermophysical and transport properties of dense nonporous membranes of the casting type from (co)polyamide-imides synthesized by the polycondensation of the diacid chloride of 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-1,3-dioxoisoindoline-5-carboxylic acid and diamines 5,5'-methylene-bis (2-aminophenol) (DADHyDPhM) and 4,4'-methylenebis(benzeneamine) (DADPhM), taken in molar ratios of 7:3, 1:1, and 3:7, have been studied. The effect of hydroxyl-containing modifying fragments of dihydroxy diphenylmethane introduced in various amounts into the main polymer chain on the pervaporation properties of the formed films is discussed. It has been shown that the presence of the residual solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in the films not only has a plasticizing effect on the characteristics of film membranes but also promotes the preferential transmembrane transport of polar liquids, primarily methanol (permeation rate over 2 kg for a copolymer with a ratio of DADHyDPhM:DADPhM = 7:3). The removal of the residual solvent from the polymer film, both thermally (heating to 200 °C) and by displacement with another solvent as a result of sequential pervaporation, led to a significant decrease in the rate of transfer of polar liquids and a decrease in the selectivity of the membrane. However, the dehydrocyclization reaction resulted in more brittle films with low permeability to penetrants of different polarities. The results of our comprehensive study made it possible to assume the decisive influence of structural changes in membranes occurring in connection with the competitive formation of intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V. Kononova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Science, Bolshoy pr. 31, Saint-Petersburg 199004, Russia; (G.K.L.); (G.N.G.); (E.V.K.); (E.N.V.); (N.V.A.); (E.N.P.); (A.Y.V.); (E.N.B.); (N.V.Z.)
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2
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Sukhanova TE, Didenko AL, Borisov IL, Anokhina TS, Ivanov AG, Nesterova AS, Kobykhno IA, Yushkin AA, Kudryavtsev VV, Volkov AV. Morphological Analysis of Poly(4,4'-oxydiphenylene-pyromellitimide)-Based Organic Solvent Nanofiltration Membranes Formed by the Solution Method. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12121235. [PMID: 36557142 PMCID: PMC9782061 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12121235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Poly-(4,4'-oxydiphenylene) pyromellitimide or Kapton is the most widely available polyimide with high chemical and thermal stability. It has great prospects for use as a membrane material for filtering organic media due to its complete insolubility. However, the formation of membranes based on it, at the moment, is an unsolved problem. The study corresponds to the rediscovery of poly(4,4'-oxydiphenylene-pyromellitimide)-based soluble copoly(urethane-imides) as membrane polymers of a new generation. It is shown that the physical structure of PUI films prepared by the solution method becomes porous after the removal of urethane blocks from the polymer, and the pore size varies depending on the conditions of thermolysis and subsequent hydrolysis of the membrane polymer. The film annealed at 170 °C with a low destruction degree of polycaprolactam blocks exhibits the properties of a nanofiltration membrane. It is stable in the aprotic solvent DMF and has a Remasol Brilliant Blue R retention coefficient of 95%. After the hydrolysis of thermally treated films in acidic media, ultrafiltration size 66-82 nm pores appear, which leads to an increase in the permeate flow by more than two orders of magnitude. This circumstance provides opportunities for controlling the membrane polymer structure for further optimization of the performance characteristics of filtration membranes based on it. Thus, we proposed a new preparation method of ultra- and nanofiltration membranes based on poly(4,4'-oxydiphenylene-pyromellitimide) that are stable in aprotic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana E. Sukhanova
- S.V. Lebedev Institute of Synthetic Rubber, Gapsal’skaya ul. 1, 198035 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey L. Didenko
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya L. Borisov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana S. Anokhina
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey G. Ivanov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. V.O., 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna S. Nesterova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. V.O., 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ilya A. Kobykhno
- Laboratory of Polymer Composites, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya, 29, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Yushkin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(495)-647-59-27 (ext. 2-02); Fax: +7-(495)-633-85-20
| | - Vladimir V. Kudryavtsev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Volkov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Selective Destruction of Soluble Polyurethaneimide as Novel Approach for Fabrication of Insoluble Polyimide Films. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194130. [PMID: 36236078 PMCID: PMC9572982 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric coatings and membranes with extended stability toward a wide range of organic solvents are practical for application in harsh environments; on the other hand, such stability makes their processing quite difficult. In this work, we propose a novel method for the fabrication of films based on non-soluble polymers. The film is made from the solution of block copolymer containing both soluble and insoluble blocks followed by selective decomposition of soluble blocks. To prove this concept, we synthesized copolymer [(imide)n-(polyurethane)]m, in which the imide blocks were combined with polyurethane blocks based on polycaprolactone. By selective hydrolysis of urethane blocks in the presence of acid, it was possible to obtain the insoluble polyimide film for the first time. It was shown that the combination of thermal and acid treatment allowed almost complete removal of urethane blocks from the initial copolymer chains. IR spectroscopy, TGA, DSC and DMA methods were used to study the evaluation of the structure and properties of polymeric material as a result of thermal oxidation and hydrolysis by acid. It was shown that the polymeric films obtained by controlled decomposition were not soluble in aprotic solvent, such as dimethylformamide, n-methylpyrrolidone and dimethyl sulfoxide, and showed very close similarity to the homopolymer consisting of the same imide monomer, poly-(4,4'oxydiphenylene)pyromellitimide, confirming the feasibility of the proposed concept and its perspectives for fabrication of organic solvent-resistant membranes.
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Hassanzadeh H, Abedini R, Ghorbani M. CO 2 Separation over N 2 and CH 4 Light Gases in Sorbitol-Modified Poly(ether- block-amide) (Pebax 2533) Membrane. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Hassanzadeh
- Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) and Gas Processing Research Lab, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, 4714873113 Babol, Iran
| | - Reza Abedini
- Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) and Gas Processing Research Lab, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, 4714873113 Babol, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ghorbani
- Polymer Research Lab, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, 4714873113 Babol, Iran
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Solimando X, Babin J, Arnal-Herault C, Roizard D, Barth D, Poncot M, Royaud I, Alcouffe P, David L, Jonquieres A. Controlled grafting of multi-block copolymers for improving membrane properties for CO2 separation. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Cheng J, Hou W, Liu N, Yang C, Zhou J. GeFSIX‐1‐Cu
based semi‐interpenetrating network mixed matrix membranes for efficient
CO
2
separation. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Wen Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Niu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Chen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Junhu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
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Didenko AL, Kuznetsov DA, Ivanov AG, Smirnova VE, Vaganov GV, Kamalov AM, Svetlichnyi VM, Yudin VE, Kudryavtsev VV. Synthesis and properties of aromatic polyimides chemically modified by polyurethanes. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3510-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Multiblock (segmented) shape memory copolymers containing Polyurethane and rigid-chain polyimide blocks. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3477-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Abi Y, Li W, Chang Z. PEBAX 3533/PAA/CNC Composite Fiber Membranes as the Humidifier Membrane for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasi Abi
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Weiye Li
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhihong Chang
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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10
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Rhyu SY, Kang SW. Accelerated CO2 transport by synergy effect of ionic liquid and Zn particles. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Didenko AL, Ivanov AG, Bogdanova EA, Smirnova VE, Vaganov GV, Popova EN, Kuznetsov DA, Kobykhno IA, Vasiliyeva ES, Tolochko OV, Svetlichniy VM, Yudin VE, Kudryavtsev VV. Synthesis and dynamic mechanical properties of cross-linked multiblock poly(urethane-imide) copolymers. Russ Chem Bull 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3279-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Polyimide-Based Membrane Materials for CO 2 Separation: A Comparison of Segmented and Aromatic (Co)polyimides. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11040274. [PMID: 33918006 PMCID: PMC8068346 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11040274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of new poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based copolyimides varying in hard segment structure are reported in this work as CO2 selective separation membranes. Their structural diversity was achieved by using different aromatic dianhydrides (4,4′-oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODPA), 4,4’-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA)) and diamines (4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA), 4,4′-(4,4′-isopropylidene-diphenyl-1,1′- diyldioxy)dianiline (IPrDA), 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (4MPD)), while keeping the content of PEO (2000 g/mol) constant (around 50%). To get a better insight into the effects of hard segment structure on gas transport properties, a series of aromatic polyimides with the same chemistry was also studied. Both series of polymers were characterized by 1HNMR, FTIR, WAXD, DSC, TGA, and AFM. Permeabilities for pure He, O2, N2, and CO2 were determined at 6 bar and at 30 °C, and for CO2 for pressures ranging from 1 to 10 bar. The results show that OPDA-ODA-PEO is the most permeable copolyimide, with CO2 permeability of 52 Barrer and CO2/N2 selectivity of 63, in contrast to its fully aromatic analogue, which was the least permeable among polyimides. 6FDA-4MPD-PEO ranks second, with a two times lower CO2 permeability and slightly lower selectivity, although 6FDA-4MPD was over 900 times more permeable than OPDA-ODA. As an explanation, partial filling of hard domain free voids by PEO segments and imperfect phase separation were proposed.
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13
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Didenko AL, Kuznetsov DA, Vaganov GV, Smirnova VE, Popova EN, Ivanov AG, Svetlichnyi VM, Yudin VE, Kudryavtsev VV. Multiblock Copoly(urethane–imide)s with the Properties of Thermoplastic Elastomers. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES C 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1811238220020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Rhyu SY, Cho Y, Kang SW. Nanocomposite membranes consisting of poly(ethylene oxide)/ionic liquid/ZnO for CO2 separation. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Co-poly(urethane-imide)s based on poly[di(ethylene glycol) adipate] and their compositions with thermoplastic polyimide: synthesis and properties. Russ Chem Bull 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-020-2769-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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State-of-the-art modification of polymeric membranes by PEO and PEG for carbon dioxide separation: A review of the current status and future perspectives. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Didenko AL, Smirnova VE, Popova EN, Vaganov GV, Kuznetсov DA, Elokhovskii VY, Ivanov AG, Svetlichnyi VM, Yudin VE, Kudryavtsev VV. Heat Resistance and Dynamic Mechanical and Rheological Properties of a Blend of Crystallizing Polymers, Polyimide and Copoly(urethane—imide), at Identical Chemical Structure of the Imide Blocks in the Initial Polymers. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s107042722001005x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Didenko AL, Smirnova VE, Popova EN, Vaganov GV, Kuznetcov DA, Svetlichnyi VM, Tolochko OV, Vasilyeva ES, Yudin VE, Kudryavtsev VV. Dynamic mechanical properties, thermal and heat resistance of multiblock co-poly(urethane-imide) films with graphene and tungsten disulfide. Russ Chem Bull 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-019-2599-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Akhtar FH, Kumar M, Vovusha H, Shevate R, Villalobos LF, Schwingenschlögl U, Peinemann KV. Scalable Synthesis of Amphiphilic Copolymers for CO2- and Water-Selective Membranes: Effect of Copolymer Composition and Chain Length. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Sokolova MP, Bugrov AN, Smirnov MA, Smirnov AV, Lahderanta E, Svetlichnyi VM, Toikka AM. Effect of Domain Structure of Segmented Poly(urethane-imide) Membranes with Polycaprolactone Soft Blocks on Dehydration of n-Propanol via Pervaporation. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1222. [PMID: 30961147 PMCID: PMC6290592 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Segmented poly(urethane-imide)s (PUIs) were synthesized by polyaddition reaction and applied for preparation of membranes. Tolylene-2,4-diisocyanate, pyromellitic dianhydride, and m-phenylenediamine for chain extension were used to form hard aromatic blocks. Polycaprolactone diols with molecular weights equal to 530 and 2000 g mol-1 were chosen as soft segments. The effect of the length of soft segments on the structure, morphology, and transport properties of segmented poly(urethane-imide) membranes were studied using atomic force microscopy, small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering, and pervaporation experiments. It was found that a copolymer with a shorter soft segment (530 g mol-1) consists of soft domains in a hard matrix, while the introduction of polycaprolactone blocks with higher molecular weight (2000 g mol-1) leads to the formation of hard domains in a soft matrix. Additionally, the introduction of hard segments prevents crystallization of polycaprolactone. Transport properties of membranes based on segmented PUIs containing soft segments of different length were tested for pervaporation of a model mixture of propanol/water with 20 wt % H₂O content. It was found that a membrane based on segmented PUIs containing longer soft segments demonstrates higher flux (8.8 kg μm m-2 h-1) and selectivity (179) toward water in comparison with results for pure polycaprolactone reported in literature. The membrane based on segmented PUIs with 530 g mol-1 soft segment has a lower flux (5.1 kg μm m-2 h-1) and higher selectivity (437).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Sokolova
- Department of Chemical Thermodynamics & Kinetics, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky pr. 26, Peterhof, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russia.
- Department of Physics, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Skinnarilankatu 34, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland.
| | - Alexander N Bugrov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, Saint Petersburg 199004, Russia.
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University "LETI", ul. Professora Popova 5, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russian.
| | - Michael A Smirnov
- Department of Chemical Thermodynamics & Kinetics, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky pr. 26, Peterhof, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russia.
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, Saint Petersburg 199004, Russia.
| | - Alexander V Smirnov
- Faculty of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Kronverskiy pr. 49, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia.
| | - Erkki Lahderanta
- Department of Physics, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Skinnarilankatu 34, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland.
| | - Valentin M Svetlichnyi
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, Saint Petersburg 199004, Russia.
| | - Alexander M Toikka
- Department of Chemical Thermodynamics & Kinetics, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky pr. 26, Peterhof, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russia.
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21
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Bhanja P, Modak A, Bhaumik A. Porous Organic Polymers for CO
2
Storage and Conversion Reactions. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piyali Bhanja
- School of Materials ScienceIndian Association for the Cultivation of Science Kolkata 700 032 India
| | - Arindam Modak
- School of Materials ScienceIndian Association for the Cultivation of Science Kolkata 700 032 India
- Technical Research CentreS. N. Bose Centre for Basic Sciences Kolkata 700 106 India
| | - Asim Bhaumik
- School of Materials ScienceIndian Association for the Cultivation of Science Kolkata 700 032 India
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