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Xian W, Zhan YS, Maiti A, Saab AP, Li Y. Filled Elastomers: Mechanistic and Physics-Driven Modeling and Applications as Smart Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1387. [PMID: 38794580 PMCID: PMC11125212 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Elastomers are made of chain-like molecules to form networks that can sustain large deformation. Rubbers are thermosetting elastomers that are obtained from irreversible curing reactions. Curing reactions create permanent bonds between the molecular chains. On the other hand, thermoplastic elastomers do not need curing reactions. Incorporation of appropriated filler particles, as has been practiced for decades, can significantly enhance mechanical properties of elastomers. However, there are fundamental questions about polymer matrix composites (PMCs) that still elude complete understanding. This is because the macroscopic properties of PMCs depend not only on the overall volume fraction (ϕ) of the filler particles, but also on their spatial distribution (i.e., primary, secondary, and tertiary structure). This work aims at reviewing how the mechanical properties of PMCs are related to the microstructure of filler particles and to the interaction between filler particles and polymer matrices. Overall, soft rubbery matrices dictate the elasticity/hyperelasticity of the PMCs while the reinforcement involves polymer-particle interactions that can significantly influence the mechanical properties of the polymer matrix interface. For ϕ values higher than a threshold, percolation of the filler particles can lead to significant reinforcement. While viscoelastic behavior may be attributed to the soft rubbery component, inelastic behaviors like the Mullins and Payne effects are highly correlated to the microstructures of the polymer matrix and the filler particles, as well as that of the polymer-particle interface. Additionally, the incorporation of specific filler particles within intelligently designed polymer systems has been shown to yield a variety of functional and responsive materials, commonly termed smart materials. We review three types of smart PMCs, i.e., magnetoelastic (M-), shape-memory (SM-), and self-healing (SH-) PMCs, and discuss the constitutive models for these smart materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Xian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (W.X.); (Y.-S.Z.)
| | - You-Shu Zhan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (W.X.); (Y.-S.Z.)
| | - Amitesh Maiti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; (A.M.); (A.P.S.)
| | - Andrew P. Saab
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; (A.M.); (A.P.S.)
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (W.X.); (Y.-S.Z.)
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2
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Dhara D, Rahman MA, Abbas Z, Ruzicka E, Benicewicz B, Kumar SK. Melt State Reinforcement of Polyisoprene by Silica Nanoparticles Grafted with Polyisoprene. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:1325-1330. [PMID: 36346749 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We systematically vary the nanoparticle (NP) dispersion state in composites formed by mixing polyisoprene homopolymers with polyisoprene grafted silica particles, and demonstrate how creep measurements allow us to overcome the limitations of small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) experiments. This allows us to access nearly 13 orders in time in the mechanical response of the resulting composites. We find that a specific NP morphology, a percolating particle network achieved at intermediate graft densities, significantly reinforces the system and has a lower NP percolation loading threshold relative to other morphologies. These important effects of morphology only become apparent when we combine creep measurements with SAOS re-emphasizing the role of synergistically combining methods to access the mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites over broad frequency ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deboleena Dhara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Md Anisur Rahman
- Chemical Science Division, Oakridge National Laboratory, Oakridge, Tennessee 37830, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Zaid Abbas
- Department of Chemistry, Wasit University, Hay Al-Rabea, Kut, Wasit 52001, Iraq.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Eric Ruzicka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Brian Benicewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Sanat K Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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3
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Self-healing, Stretchable, Temperature-Sensitive and Strain-Sensitive Hydrogel-based Flexible Sensors. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2854-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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4
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Zhao Y, Wang Z, Yu C, Wu H, Olszewski M, Yin R, Zhai Y, Liu T, Coronado A, Matyjaszewski K, Bockstaller MR. Topologically Induced Heterogeneity in Gradient Copolymer Brush Particle Materials. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhao
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Zongyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Chenxi Yu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hanshu Wu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mateusz Olszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rongguan Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yue Zhai
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Amy Coronado
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Michael R. Bockstaller
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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5
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Chan SY, Jhalaria M, Huang Y, Li R, Benicewicz BC, Durning CJ, Vo T, Kumar SK. Local Structure of Polymer-Grafted Nanoparticle Melts. ACS NANO 2022; 16:10404-10411. [PMID: 35816726 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-grafted nanoparticle (GNP) membranes show unexpected gas transport enhancements relative to the neat polymer, with a maximum as a function of graft molecular weight (MWg ≈ 100 kDa) for sufficiently high grafting densities. The structural origins of this behavior are unclear. Simulations suggest that polymer segments are stretched near the nanoparticle (NP) surface and form a dry layer, while more distal chain fragments are in their undeformed Gaussian states and interpenetrate with segments from neighboring NPs. This theoretical basis is derived by considering the behavior of two adjacent NPs; how this behavior is modified by multi-NP effects relevant to gas separation membranes is unexplored. Here, we measure and interpret SAXS data for poly(methyl acrylate)-grafted silica NPs and find that for very low MWgs, contact between GNPs obeys the two-NP theory─namely that the NPs act like hard spheres, with radii that are linear combinations of the NP core sizes and the dry zone dimensions; thus, the interpenetration zones relax into the interstitial spaces. For chains with MWg > 100 kDa, the interpenetration zones are in the contact regions between two NPs. These results suggest that for MWgs below the transition, gas primarily moves through a series of dry zones with favorable transport, with the interpenetration zone with less favorable transport properties in parallel. For higher MWgs, the dry and interpenetration zones are in series, resulting in a decrease in transport enhancement. The MWg at the transport maximum then corresponds to the chain length with the largest, unfavorable stretching free energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Y Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Mayank Jhalaria
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Yucheng Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Brian C Benicewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Christopher J Durning
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Thi Vo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sanat K Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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6
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Han D, Chen Y, Pan Y, Wang C, Zhang D. Research on Friction and Wear Properties of Rubber Composites by Adding Glass Fiber during Mixing. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142849. [PMID: 35890625 PMCID: PMC9323324 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
GF/rubber composites have sound insulation characteristics, heat resistance, good corrosion resistance, and high mechanical strength. The compounding machine’s long working hours will inevitably wear the metal on the end face of the compounding machine. The wear of the end face metal will increase the gap between the chamber and the end face, which will lead to material leakage, reduce the mixing effect, and eventually affect the performance of GF/rubber composites. To ensure the implementation of GF/rubber composites, it is necessary to study the frictional wear behavior of GF/rubber composites on metals. In this paper, the effect of blending rubber with different amounts of GF on the frictional wear of metal on the end face was analyzed from the perspective of the formulation process, and the ratio of corrosion wear and abrasive wear was calculated for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshang Han
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (D.H.); (Y.C.); (Y.P.); (C.W.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Advanced Manufactorings Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Yihui Chen
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (D.H.); (Y.C.); (Y.P.); (C.W.)
| | - Yi Pan
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (D.H.); (Y.C.); (Y.P.); (C.W.)
| | - Chuansheng Wang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (D.H.); (Y.C.); (Y.P.); (C.W.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Advanced Manufactorings Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Dewei Zhang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (D.H.); (Y.C.); (Y.P.); (C.W.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Advanced Manufactorings Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
- Correspondence:
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7
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The Effect of Different Dosages of TESPT on Metal Friction and Metal Wear in the Mixing Process. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122314. [PMID: 35745890 PMCID: PMC9230763 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies show that the dispersion of silica in the mixing process is an important factor affecting the wear of the mixing chamber. As the most important mixing equipment, the long operational life of the internal mixer will cause wear in the rotor and chamber of the internal mixer. This wear increases the gap between the rotor and chamber of the internal mixer, reduces the mixing performance, weakens the dispersion of packing, and adversely affects the quality of the rubber produced. Therefore, it is important to investigate the metal wear in the mixing process. This article examines the effect of the addition of different amounts of silane coupling agents on metal friction and wear during the mixing process. The silane coupling agent has two functions. The first is to make the surface of the silica hydrophobic, enabling it to combine the inorganic matrix of the silica with the organic matrix of the rubber; the second is to inhibit the aggregation of the silica in the rubber. In the present study, we examine (1) the influence of different formulations on the friction and wear of the metal in the mixing chamber from the perspective of formulation technology, and (2) the correlation between corrosion wear and abrasive wear. It is found that a rubber compound with 6 phr of TESPT has the lowest metal wear and that adding more TESPT does not affect the degree of metal wear. As the amount of TESPT increases, the proportion of abrasive wear decreases, while the proportion of corrosive wear increases, reaching a maximum of 20.7%. In our study we found that abrasive wear is the predominant wear mechanism of a rubber compound on metal. In contrast, the corrosive wear caused by high-temperature water vapor still occupies a large proportion of the total wear. Therefore, improving silica dispersion and reducing abrasive wear are extremely important methods to protect the mixing chamber. However, the corrosion of metals by high-temperature water vapor should also be considered when preparing for the mixing process.
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8
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Jhalaria M, Jimenez AM, Mathur R, Tekell MC, Huang Y, Narayanan S, Benicewicz BC, Kumar SK. Long-Term Aging in Miscible Polymer Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Jhalaria
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Andrew M. Jimenez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Reha Mathur
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Marshall C. Tekell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Yucheng Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Suresh Narayanan
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Brian C. Benicewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Sanat K. Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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9
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The Influence of Fly Ash on the Mechanical Properties of Water Immersed All Waste Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14101957. [PMID: 35631842 PMCID: PMC9145682 DOI: 10.3390/polym14101957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper presents new value-added composite materials prepared by recycling tire rubber, polyethene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethene (HDPE), wood sawdust, and fly ash. The composites were manufactured through the compression molding technique for three temperatures (150 °C, 160 °C, and 190 °C) previously optimized. The addition of fly ash as reinforcement in polymer blends is a viable route to improve the composite” properties. The paper aims to assess the effect of fly ash on the mechanical properties and water stability of the new all waste composites considering their applications as outdoor products. The static tensile (stress-strain behavior) and compression properties of the composites were tested. The fly ash composites were characterized in terms of wetting behavior and surface energies (contact angle measurements); chemical structure of the new interface developed between composite” components (FTIR analysis), crystalline structure (XRD analysis), surface morphology and topography (SEM, AFM). The addition of fly ash promoted the development of the hybrid interfaces in the new composites, as FTIR analysis has shown, which, in turn, greatly improved the mechanical and water resistance. The novel all waste composites exhibited lower surface energies, larger contact angles, and smoother morphologies when compared to those with no fly ash. Overall, the study results have revealed that fly ash has improved the mechanical strength and water stability of the composites through the formation of strong hybrid interfaces. The study results show optimal water stability and tensile strength for 0.5% fly ash composites cured at 190 °C and optimal compressive strength with good water stability for 1% fly ash composite cured at 150 °C.
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10
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Solano Canchaya JG, Clavier G, Garruchet S, Latour B, Martzel N, Devémy J, Goujon F, Dequidt A, Blaak R, Munch E, Malfreyt P. Rheological properties of polymer chains at a copper oxide surface: Impact of the chain length, surface coverage, and grafted polymer shape. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:024501. [PMID: 34525648 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.024501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We employ a recently derived semirealistic set of coarse-grained interactions to simulate polymer brushes of cis-1,4-polybutadiene grafted on a cuprous-oxide surface within the framework of dissipative particle dynamics. We consider two types of brushes, I and Y, that differ in the way they are connected to the surface. Our model explores the impact of free polymer chain length, grafting density of the brush, and imposed shear rate on the structural and dynamic properties of complex metal oxide polymer interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Solano Canchaya
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23, Place des Carmes, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Germain Clavier
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23, Place des Carmes, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sébastien Garruchet
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23, Place des Carmes, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Benoit Latour
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23, Place des Carmes, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Martzel
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23, Place des Carmes, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien Devémy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Florent Goujon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alain Dequidt
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ronald Blaak
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Etienne Munch
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23, Place des Carmes, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Patrice Malfreyt
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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11
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Han D, Pan Y, Xue J, Yu B, Yan G, Wang C, Wang K, Pan Y. Effect of adding different silane coupling agents on metal friction and wear in mixing process. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deshang Han
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Yi Pan
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Junxiu Xue
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Benhui Yu
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Gang Yan
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Chuansheng Wang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Advanced Manufactorings Technology Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Academic Division of Engineering Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao China
| | - Kongshuo Wang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Yiren Pan
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
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12
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Lakkas AT, Sgouros AP, Revelas CJ, Theodorou DN. Structure and thermodynamics of grafted silica/polystyrene dilute nanocomposites investigated through self-consistent field theory. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:4077-4097. [PMID: 33729266 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00078k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymer/matrix nanocomposites (PNCs) are materials with exceptional properties. They offer a plethora of promising applications in key industrial sectors. In most cases, it is preferable to disperse the nanoparticles (NPs) homogeneously across the matrix phase. However, under certain conditions NPs might lump together and lead to a composite material with undesirable properties. A common strategy to stabilize the NPs is to graft on their surface polymer chains of the same chemical constitution as the matrix chains. There are several unresolved issues concerning the optimal molar mass and areal density of grafted chains that would ensure best dispersion, given the nanoparticles and the polymer matrix. We propose a model for the prediction of key structural and thermodynamic properties of PNC and apply it to a single spherical silica (SiO2) nanoparticle or planar surface grafted with polystyrene chains embedded at low concentration in a matrix phase of the same chemical constitution. Our model is based on self-consistent field theory, formulated in terms of the Edwards diffusion equation. The properties of the PNC are explored across a broad parameter space, spanning the mushroom regime (low grafting densities, small NPs and chain lengths), the dense brush regime, and the crowding regime (large grafting densities, NP diameters, and chain lengths). We extract several key quantities regarding the distributions and the configurations of the polymer chains, such as the radial density profiles and their decomposition into contributions of adsorbed and free chains, the chains/area profiles, and the tendency of end segments to segregate at the interfaces. Based on our predictions concerning the brush thickness, we revisit the scaling behaviors proposed in the literature and we compare our findings with experiment, relevant simulations, and analytic models, such as Alexander's model for incompressible brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos T Lakkas
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), GR-15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Aristotelis P Sgouros
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), GR-15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Constantinos J Revelas
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), GR-15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Doros N Theodorou
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), GR-15780 Athens, Greece.
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13
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Han D, Zhang S, Wang K, Pan Y, Zhu D, Wang C, Pan Y. A comparison of the effects of traditional and wet mixing processes of rubber on metal friction and wear. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deshang Han
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Shoufeng Zhang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Kongshuo Wang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Yi Pan
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Donglin Zhu
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Chuansheng Wang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Advanced Manufactorings Technology Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Academic Division of Engineering Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao China
| | - Yiren Pan
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
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14
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Sgouros AP, Revelas CJ, Lakkas AT, Theodorou DN. Potential of Mean Force between Bare or Grafted Silica/Polystyrene Surfaces from Self-Consistent Field Theory. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1197. [PMID: 33917245 PMCID: PMC8068000 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate single and opposing silica plates, either bare of grafted, in contact with vacuum or melt phases, using self-consistent field theory. Solid-polymer and solid-solid nonbonded interactions are described by means of a Hamaker potential, in conjunction with a ramp potential. The cohesive nonbonded interactions are described by the Sanchez-Lacombe or the Helfand free energy densities. We first build our thermodynamic reference by examining single surfaces, either bare or grafted, under various wetting conditions in terms of the corresponding contact angles, the macroscopic wetting functions (i.e., the work of cohesion, adhesion, spreading and immersion), the interfacial free energies and brush thickness. Subsequently, we derive the potential of mean force (PMF) of two approaching bare plates with melt between them, each time varying the wetting conditions. We then determine the PMF between two grafted silica plates separated by a molten polystyrene film. Allowing the grafting density and the molecular weight of grafted chains to vary between the two plates, we test how asymmetries existing in a real system could affect steric stabilization induced by the grafted chains. Additionally, we derive the PMF between two grafted surfaces in vacuum and determine how the equilibrium distance between the two grafted plates is influenced by their grafting density and the molecular weight of grafted chains. Finally, we provide design rules for the steric stabilization of opposing grafted surfaces (or fine nanoparticles) by taking account of the grafting density, the chain length of the grafted and matrix chains, and the asymmetry among the opposing surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristotelis P. Sgouros
- Correspondence: (A.P.S.); (D.N.T.); Tel.: +30-210-772-3216 (A.P.S.); +30-210-772-3157 (D.N.T.)
| | | | | | - Doros N. Theodorou
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), GR-15780 Athens, Greece; (C.J.R.); (A.T.L.)
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15
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Bellotti V, Simonutti R. New Light in Polymer Science: Photoinduced Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization (PET-RAFT) as Innovative Strategy for the Synthesis of Advanced Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1119. [PMID: 33915928 PMCID: PMC8036437 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photochemistry has attracted great interest in the last decades in the field of polymer and material science for the synthesis of innovative materials. The merging of photochemistry and reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations (RDRP) provides good reaction control and can simplify elaborate reaction protocols. These advantages open the doors to multidisciplinary fields going from composite materials to bio-applications. Photoinduced Electron/Energy Transfer Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain-Transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization, proposed for the first time in 2014, presents significant advantages compared to other photochemical techniques in terms of applicability, cost, and sustainability. This review has the aim of providing to the readers the basic knowledge of PET-RAFT polymerization and explores the new possibilities that this innovative technique offers in terms of industrial applications, new materials production, and green conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Simonutti
- Department of Materials Science, Università Degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, 20125 Milan, Italy;
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16
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You W, Cui W, Yu W. Decoupling hydrodynamic and entanglement effects on the modulus reinforcement of grafted silica filled nanocomposites through Thermal and rheological features. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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17
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Characteristics and advantages of surface-initiated graft-polymerization as a way of “grafting from” method for graft-polymerization of functional monomers on solid particles. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Cosnita M, Manciulea I, Cazan C. All-Waste Hybrid Composites with Waste Silicon Photovoltaic Module. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 12:E53. [PMID: 31906214 PMCID: PMC7023611 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, global warming, energy issues and environmental concern have forced energy production stakeholders to find new low carbon solutions. Photovoltaic technologies as renewable energy resources represent a competitive way for the transition from conventional fossil fuels towards a renewable energy economy. The highest renewable energy systems (RES) market share is based on silicon photovoltaic (Si-PV). The installed RES have rapidly increased over the last two decades, but, after the end of their service life, they will be disposed of. Therefore, the constant increase of the installed RES has attracted the global concern due to their impact on the environment and, most of all, due to the content of their valuable resources. However, the rational management of RES waste has not been addressed so far. The paper represents an extension of a previous work focused on Si-PV recycling by developing all waste hybrid composites. The extension research conducted in this paper is related to the influence of Si-PV characteristics on the mechanical performances and water stability of the hybrid composites. All waste hybrid composites developed by embedding different Si-PV grain sizes were tested before and after water immersion in terms of mechanical strength, interfacial adhesion, crystallinity and morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. The results revealed the better performance of such Si-PV composites compared to that of sieved composites even after long term water immersion. Therefore, high-content Si-PV hybrid composites could be developed without Si-PV powder sieving. Further on, all waste hybrid composites could be used as paving slabs, protective barriers for outdoor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cristina Cazan
- Centre Product Design for Sustainable Development, Transilvania University of Brasov, Eroilor 29, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (M.C.); (I.M.)
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