1
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Benque B, Orefice L, Forgber T, Habeler M, Schmid B, Remmelgas J, Khinast J. Improvement of a pharmaceutical powder mixing process in a tote blender via DEM simulations. Int J Pharm 2024; 658:124224. [PMID: 38740105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
An industrial-scale pharmaceutical powder blending process was studied via discrete element method (DEM) simulations. A DEM model of two active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) components and a combined excipient component was calibrated by matching the simulated response in a dynamic angle of repose tester to the experimentally observed response. A simulation of the 25-minute bin blending process predicted inhomogeneous API distributions along the rotation axis of the blending container. These concentration differences were confirmed experimentally in a production-scale mixing trial using high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of samples from various locations in the bin. Several strategies to improve the blend homogeneity were then studied using DEM simulations. Reversing the direction of rotation of the blender every minute was found to negligibly improve the blending performance. Introducing a baffle into the lid at a 45° angle to the rotation axis sped up the axial mixing and resulted in a better final blend uniformity. Alternatively, rotating the blending container 90° around the vertical axis five minutes prior to the process end was predicted to reduce axial segregation tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Benque
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Luca Orefice
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Forgber
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Beate Schmid
- Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestrasse 10, 6250 Kundl, Austria
| | - Johan Remmelgas
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Khinast
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, TU Graz, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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2
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Nadeem H, Subramaniam S, Nere NK, Heindel TJ. A particle scale mixing measurement method using a generalized nearest neighbor mixing index. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2022.103933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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3
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Jaspers M, Kulkarni SS, Tegel F, Roelofs TP, de Wit MT, Janssen PH, Meir B, Weinekötter R, Dickhoff BH. Batch versus continuous blending of binary and ternary pharmaceutical powder mixtures. Int J Pharm X 2022; 4:100111. [PMID: 35028558 PMCID: PMC8739470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2021.100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The material properties of excipients and active pharmaceutical ingredients (API's) are important parameters that affect blend uniformity of pharmaceutical powder formulations. With the current shift from batch to continuous manufacturing in the pharmaceutical industry, blending of excipients and API is converted to a continuous process. The relation between material properties and blend homogeneity, however, is generally based on batch-wise blending trials. Limited information is available on how material properties affect blending performance in a continuous process. Here, blending of API and excipients is studied in both a batch and a continuous process. Homogeneity of the resulting mixtures is analyzed, which reveals that the impact of material properties is very different in a continuous process. Where parameters such as particle size, density and flowability have significant impact on blending performance in a traditional batch process, continuous blending is more robust resulting in uniform blends for a large variety of blend compositions. Continuous mixing improves blend uniformity of pharmaceutical powder mixtures. Blend uniformity is highly dependent on excipient properties in a batch process. Continuous mixing is more robust, with little impact of material properties. Powder bulk density strongly affects blend homogeneity in a batch process. Blending of low API dosages is more challenging in a continuous process.
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4
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Effects of operating conditions and particle properties on mixing performance in an industrial-scale U-shape ribbon mixer. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Investigating the effects of material properties on the mixing dynamics of cohesive particles in a twin screw mixer using a discrete element method approach. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Jadidi B, Ebrahimi M, Ein-Mozaffari F, Lohi A. A comprehensive review of the application of DEM in the investigation of batch solid mixers. REV CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2021-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Powder mixing is a vital operation in a wide range of industries, such as food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics. Despite the common use of mixing systems in various industries, often due to the complex nature of mixing systems, the effects of operating and design parameters on the mixers’ performance and final blend are not fully known, and therefore optimal parameters are selected through experience or trial and error. Experimental and numerical techniques have been widely used to analyze mixing systems and to gain a detailed understanding of mixing processes. The limitations associated with experimental techniques, however, have made discrete element method (DEM) a valuable complementary tool to obtain comprehensive particle level information about mixing systems. In the present study, the fundamentals of solid-solid mixing, segregation, and characteristics of different types of batch solid mixers are briefly reviewed. Previously published papers related to the application of DEM in studying mixing quality and assessing the influence of operating and design parameters on the mixing performance of various batch mixing systems are summarized in detail. The challenges with regards to the DEM simulation of mixing systems, the available solutions to address those challenges and our recommendations for future simulations of solid mixing are also presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrooz Jadidi
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Ryerson University , 350 Victoria Street , Toronto M5B 2K3 , Canada
| | - Mohammadreza Ebrahimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Ryerson University , 350 Victoria Street , Toronto M5B 2K3 , Canada
| | - Farhad Ein-Mozaffari
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Ryerson University , 350 Victoria Street , Toronto M5B 2K3 , Canada
| | - Ali Lohi
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Ryerson University , 350 Victoria Street , Toronto M5B 2K3 , Canada
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7
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Zheng K, Kunnath K, Davé RN. DEM
Simulation of Binary Blend Mixing of Cohesive Particles in a High Intensity Vibration System. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark New Jersey USA
| | - Kuriakose Kunnath
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark New Jersey USA
| | - Rajesh N. Davé
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark New Jersey USA
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8
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Experimental and Discrete Element Model Investigation of Limestone Aggregate Blending Process in Vertical Static and/or Conveyor Mixer for Application in the Concrete Mixture. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9111991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The numerical model of the granular flow within an aggregate mixture, conducted in the vertical static and/or the conveyor blender, was explored using the discrete element method (DEM) approach. The blending quality of limestone fine aggregate fractions binary mixture for application in self-compacting concrete was studied. The potential of augmenting the conveyor mixer working efficiency by joining its operation to a Komax-type vertical static mixer, to increase the blending conduct was investigated. In addition the impact of the feed height on the flow field in the cone-shaped conveyor mixer was examined using the DEM simulation. Applying the numerical approach enabled a deeper insight into the quality of blending actions, while the relative standard deviation criteria ranked the uniformity of the mixture. The primary objective of this investigation was to examine the behavior of mixture for two types of blenders and to estimate the combined blending action of these two mixers, to explore the potential to augment the homogeneity of the aggregate fractions binary mixture, i.e., mixing quality, reduce the blending time and to abbreviate the energy-consuming.
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Zhu S, Wu C, Yin H. Virtual Experiments of Particle Mixing Process with the SPH-DEM Model. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14092199. [PMID: 33922949 PMCID: PMC8123292 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Particle mixing process is critical for the design and quality control of concrete and composite production. This paper develops an algorithm to simulate the high-shear mixing process of a granular flow containing a high proportion of solid particles mixed in a liquid. DEM is employed to simulate solid particle interactions; whereas SPH is implemented to simulate the liquid particles. The two-way coupling force between SPH and DEM particles is used to evaluate the solid-liquid interaction of a multi-phase flow. Using Darcy’s Law, this paper evaluates the coupling force as a function of local mixture porosity. After the model is verified by two benchmark case studies, i.e., a solid particle moving in a liquid and fluid flowing through a porous medium, this method is applied to a high shear mixing problem of two types of solid particles mixed in a viscous liquid by a four-bladed mixer. A homogeneity metric is introduced to characterize the mixing quality of the particulate mixture. The virtual experiments with the present algorithm show that adding more liquid or increasing liquid viscosity slows down the mixing process for a high solid load mix. Although the solid particles can be mixed well eventually, the liquid distribution is not homogeneous, especially when the viscosity of liquid is low. The present SPH-DEM model is versatile and suitable for virtual experiments of particle mixing process with different blades, solid particle densities and sizes, and liquid binders, and thus can expedite the design and development of concrete materials and particulate composites.
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10
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Assessment of bi-disperse solid particles mixing in a horizontal paddle mixer through experiments and DEM. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Sen K, Mehta T, W.K.Ma A, Chaudhuri B. DEM based investigation of powder packing in 3D printing of pharmaceutical tablets. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202124914012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
3D printing is emerging as one of the most promising methods to manufacture Pharmaceutical dosage forms as it offers multiple advantages such as personalization of dosage forms, polypill, fabrication of complex dosage forms etc. 3D printing came into existence in 1980s but its use was extended recently to pharmaceutical industry along with the approval of first 3D printed tablet Spritam by FDA in 2015. Spritam was manufactured by Aprecia pharmaceuticals using binder jetting technology. Binder jet 3D printing involves a hopper for powder discharge and printheads for ink jetting. The properties of tablets are highly dependent upon the discharge quality of powder mixture from the hopper and jetting of the ink/binder solution from the printhead nozzle. In this study, numerical models were developed using Discrete element method (DEM) to gain better understanding of the binder jet 3D printing process. The DEM modeling of hopper discharge was performed using in-house DEM code to study the effect of raw material attributes such as powder bed packing density (i.e. particle size, particle density etc) on the printing process, especially during powder bed preparation. This DEM model was further validated experimentally, and the model demonstrated good agreement with experimental results.
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12
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Behjani MA, Motlagh YG, Bayly AE, Hassanpour A. Assessment of blending performance of pharmaceutical powder mixtures in a continuous mixer using Discrete Element Method (DEM). POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.10.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Monitoring lubricant addition in pharmaceutical tablet manufacturing through passive vibration measurements in a V-blender. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Sen K, Velez N, Anderson C, Drennen Iii JK, Zidan AS, Chaudhuri B. Multicomponent granular mixing in a Bohle bin Blender-Experiments and simulation. Int J Pharm 2020; 578:119131. [PMID: 32057888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Study of mixing and segregation of granular materials was performed in a Bohle bin blender using both computational modeling and experiments. A multicomponent mixture of pharmaceutical excipients and coated theophylline granules, an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) was considered as the blend formulation. A DEM (Discrete Element Method) Model was developed to simulate the flow and mixing of the multicomponent blend to compare with the experimental data. DEM is a numerical modeling technique which incorporates all the material properties (such as Particle size, density, elastic modulus, yield strength, Poisson's ratio, work function etc.)to simulate granular flow (such as mixing, conveying) of particles. In simulation, the degree (Relative standard deviation) of mixing in a Bohle bin blender was assessed as a function of critical processing parameters (loading pattern, rotational rate, and fill percentage). Numerical simulation results reveal radial mixing in a Bohle bin blender is faster than axial mixing due to symmetric geometry limitation. This study investigates a numerical model-based approach to study the effect of the critical process parameters on the mixing dynamics in Bohle bin blender for a moderately cohesive pharmaceutical formulation. The DEM model can be used to provide crucial insights to developed optimized mixing protocols to ascertain the best mixing conditions for different formulation. As for example, as we try to develop a mixing protocol for another formulation with different operational parameters such as loading pattern, rotational speed, and fill percentage, one can device an optimized mixing protocol of the formulation with the help of this DEM model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koyel Sen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, USA
| | - Natasha Velez
- Duquesne University, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA
| | - Carl Anderson
- Duquesne University, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA
| | | | - Ahmed S Zidan
- US Food & Drug Administration, Silver Spring MD20993, USA
| | - Bodhisattwa Chaudhuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, USA; Institute of Material Sciences, University of Connecticut, USA
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15
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Tanabe S, Gopireddy SR, Minami H, Ando S, Urbanetz NA, Scherließ R. Influence of particle size and blender size on blending performance of bi-component granular mixing: A DEM and experimental study. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 134:205-218. [PMID: 31034985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of particle size enlargement and blender geometry down-scaling on the blend uniformity (BU) was evaluated by Discrete Element Method (DEM) to predict the blending performance of a binary granular mixture. Three 10 kg blending experiments differentiated by the physical properties specifically particle size were performed as reference for DEM simulations. The segregation behavior observed during the diffusion blending was common for all blends, while the sample BU, i.e., standard deviation of active ingredient content % was different among the three blends reflecting segregation due to the particle size differences between the components. Quantitative prediction of the sample BU probability density distribution in reality based on the DEM simulation results was successfully demonstrated. The average root mean square error normalized by the mean of the mean sample BU in the blends was 0.228. Beside the ratio of blender container to particle size, total number of particles in the blender and the number of particles in a sample were confirmed critical for the blending performance. These in-silico experiments through DEM simulations would help in setting a design space with respect to the particle size and in a broader sense with respect to the physical properties in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Tanabe
- Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH, Pfaffenhofen 85276, Germany; Formulation Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Hiratsuka 2540014, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Kiel University, Grasweg 9a, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Srikanth R Gopireddy
- Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH, Pfaffenhofen 85276, Germany
| | - Hidemi Minami
- Formulation Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Hiratsuka 2540014, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ando
- Formulation Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Hiratsuka 2540014, Japan
| | - Nora A Urbanetz
- Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH, Pfaffenhofen 85276, Germany
| | - Regina Scherließ
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Kiel University, Grasweg 9a, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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16
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Hilden J, Sullivan M, Polizzi M, Wade J, Greer J, Keeney M. Power consumption during oscillatory mixing of pharmaceutical powders. POWDER TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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17
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Forte G, Clark P, Yan Z, Stitt E, Marigo M. Using a Freeman FT4 rheometer and Electrical Capacitance Tomography to assess powder blending. POWDER TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Yu F, Zhang S, Zhou G, Zhang Y, Ge W. Geometrically exact discrete-element-method (DEM) simulation on the flow and mixing of sphero-cylinders in horizontal drums. POWDER TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Wang Y, Liu Z, Muzzio F, Drazer G, Callegari G. A drop penetration method to measure powder blend wettability. Int J Pharm 2018; 538:112-118. [PMID: 29253584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Water wettability of pharmaceutical blends affects important quality attributes of final products. We investigate the wetting properties of a pharmaceutical blend lubricated with Magnesium Stearate (MgSt) as a function of the mechanical shear strain applied to the blend. We measure the penetration dynamics of sessile drops deposited on slightly compressed powder beds. We consider a blend composed of 9% Acetaminophen 90% Lactose and 1% MgSt by weight. Comparing the penetration time of water and a reference liquid Polydimethylsiloxane (silicon oil) we obtain an effective cosine of the contact angle with water, based on a recently developed drop penetration method. We repeat the experiments for blends exposed to increasing levels of shear strain and demonstrate a significant decrease in water wettability (decrease in the cosine of the contact angle). The results are consistent with the development of a hydrophobic film coating the powder particles as a result of the increased shear strain. Finally, we show that, as expected dissolution times increase with the level of shear strain. Therefore, the proposed drop penetration method could be used to directly assess the state of lubrication of a pharmaceutical blend and act as a quality control on powder blend attributes before the blend is tableted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, United States
| | - Zhanjie Liu
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, United States
| | - Fernando Muzzio
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, United States
| | - German Drazer
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, United States
| | - Gerardo Callegari
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, United States.
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20
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Xiao X, Tan Y, Zhang H, Deng R, Jiang S. Experimental and DEM studies on the particle mixing performance in rotating drums: Effect of area ratio. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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22
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Analyzing the Mixing Dynamics of an Industrial Batch Bin Blender via Discrete Element Modeling Method. Processes (Basel) 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/pr5020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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23
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24
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Yan Z, Wilkinson SK, Stitt EH, Marigo M. Investigating mixing and segregation using discrete element modelling (DEM) in the Freeman FT4 rheometer. Int J Pharm 2016; 513:38-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Wangchai S, Hastie DB, Wypych PW. Particle size segregation of bulk material in dustiness testers via DEM simulation. PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2016.1205688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Wangchai
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - D. B. Hastie
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - P. W. Wypych
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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26
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Evaluation of particle density effect for mixing behavior in a rotating drum mixer by DEM simulation. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Khola N, Wassgren C. Correlations for shear-induced percolation segregation in granular shear flows. POWDER TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Yu F, Zhou G, Xu J, Ge W. Enhanced axial mixing of rotating drums with alternately arranged baffles. POWDER TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Havlica J, Jirounkova K, Travnickova T, Kohout M. The effect of rotational speed on granular flow in a vertical bladed mixer. POWDER TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Wangchai S, Hastie DB, Wypych PW. The investigation of particle flow mechanisms of bulk materials in dustiness testers. PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2015.1069430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Effect of material properties and design parameters on the final blend uniformity using experimental and simulation results. POWDER TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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32
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Alchikh-Sulaiman B, Ein-Mozaffari F, Lohi A. Evaluation of poly-disperse solid particles mixing in a slant cone mixer using discrete element method. Chem Eng Res Des 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Alian M, Ein-Mozaffari F, Upreti SR, Wu J. Using discrete element method to analyze the mixing of the solid particles in a slant cone mixer. Chem Eng Res Des 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Florian-Algarin M, Méndez R. Blend uniformity and powder phenomena inside the continuous tumble mixer using DEM simulations. AIChE J 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Méndez
- Chemical Engineering Dept., University of Puerto Rico; Mayagüez PR 00681
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35
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Quiñones L, Velazquez C, Obregon L. A novel multiple linear multivariate NIR calibration model-based strategy for in-line monitoring of continuous mixing. AIChE J 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Quiñones
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez; Mayaguez PR 00681
| | - Carlos Velazquez
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez; Mayaguez PR 00681
| | - Luis Obregon
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Universidad del Atlántico; Barranquilla Colombia
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Alizadeh E, Bertrand F, Chaouki J. Discrete element simulation of particle mixing and segregation in a tetrapodal blender. Comput Chem Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Developments in the tools for the investigation of mixing in particulate systems – A review. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mathematical Development and Comparison of a Hybrid PBM-DEM Description of a Continuous Powder Mixing Process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/843784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of a multidimensional population balance model (PBM) which can account for the dynamics of a continuous powder mixing/blending process. The PBM can incorporate the important design and process conditions and determine their effects on the various critical quality attributes (CQAs) accordingly. The important parameters considered in this study are blender dimensions and presence of noise in the inlet streams. The blender dynamics have been captured in terms of composition of the ingredients, (relative standard deviation) RSD, and (residence time distribution) RTD. PBM interacts with discrete element modeling (DEM) via one-way coupling which forms a basic framework for hybrid modeling. The results thus obtained have been compared against a full DEM simulation which is a more fundamental particle-level model that elucidates the dynamics of the mixing process. Results show good qualitative agreement which lends credence to the use of coupled PBM as an effective tool in control and optimization of mixing process due to its relatively fewer computational requirements compared to DEM.
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Discrete element method simulation of cohesive particles mixing under magnetically assisted impaction. POWDER TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2013.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Alizadeh E, Hajhashemi H, Bertrand F, Chaouki J. Experimental investigation of solid mixing and segregation in a tetrapodal blender. Chem Eng Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2013.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Li J, Wassgren C, Litster JD. Multi-scale modeling of a spray coating process in a paddle mixer/coater: the effect of particle size distribution on particle segregation and coating uniformity. Chem Eng Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gao Y, Boukouvala F, Engisch W, Meng W, Muzzio FJ, Ierapetritou MG. Improving Continuous Powder Blending Performance Using Projection to Latent Structures Regression. J Pharm Innov 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-013-9152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Application of Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT) to validate a Discrete Element Method (DEM) model of granular flow and mixing in the Turbula mixer. Int J Pharm 2013; 446:46-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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46
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Willemsz TA, Nguyen TT, Hooijmaijers R, Frijlink HW, Vromans H, van der Voort Maarschalk K. Quantitative characterization of agglomerate abrasion in a tumbling blender by using the Stokes number approach. AAPS PharmSciTech 2013; 14:183-8. [PMID: 23250711 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9909-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Removal of microcrystalline cellulose agglomerates in a dry-mixing system (lactose, 100 M) predominantly occurs via abrasion. The agglomerate abrasion rate potential is estimated by the Stokes abrasion (StAbr) number of the system. The StAbr number equals the ratio between the kinetic energy density of the moving powder bed and the work of fracture of the agglomerate. Basically, the StAbr number concept describes the blending condition of the dry-mixing system. The concept has been applied to investigate the relevance of process parameters on agglomerate abrasion in tumbling blenders. Here, process parameters such as blender rotational speed and relative fill volumes were investigated. In this study, the StAbr approach revealed a transition point between abrasion rate behaviors. Below this transition point, a blending condition exists where agglomerate abrasion is dominated by the kinetic energy density of the powder blend. Above this transition point, a blending condition exists where agglomerates show (undesirable) slow abrasion rates. In this situation, the blending condition is mainly determined by the high fill volume of the filler.
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Mangwandi C, JiangTao L, Albadarin AB, Allen SJ, Walker GM. The variability in nutrient composition of Anaerobic Digestate granules produced from high shear granulation. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 33:33-42. [PMID: 23083974 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the production of organic fertilizer using Anaerobic Digestate (as a nutrient source) and limestone powder as the raw materials. A two-level factorial experimental design was used to determine the influence of process variables on the nutrient homogeneity within the granules. Increasing the liquid-to-solid ratio during granulation resulted in increased granule nutrient homogeneity. Increasing the processing time and the impeller speed were also found to increase the nutrient homogeneity. In terms of nutrients release into deionized water, the granules effectively released both potassium and phosphate into solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirangano Mangwandi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Multi-dimensional population balance modeling and experimental validation of continuous powder mixing processes. Chem Eng Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2012.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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