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Liu P, Ma L, Duan W, Gao W, Fang Y, Guo L, Yuan C, Wu Z, Cui B. Maltogenic amylase: Its structure, molecular modification, and effects on starch and starch-based products. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 319:121183. [PMID: 37567718 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Maltogenic amylase (MAA) (EC3.2.1.133), a member of the glycoside hydrolase family 13 that mainly produces α-maltose, is widely used to extend the shelf life of bread as it softens bread, improves its elasticity, and preserves its flavor without affecting dough processing. Moreover, MAA is used as an improver in flour products. Despite its antiaging properties, the hydrolytic capacity and thermal stability of MAA can't meet the requirements of industrial application. However, genetic engineering techniques used for the molecular modification of MAA can alter its functional properties to meet application-specific requirements. This review briefly introduces the structure and functions of MAA, its application in starch modification, its effects on starch-based products, and its molecular modification to provide better insights for the application of genetically modified MAA in starch modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China.
| | - Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Wenmin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Yishan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Zhengzong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China.
| | - Bo Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China.
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Discovery of a New Microbial Origin Cold-Active Neopullulanase Capable for Effective Conversion of Pullulan to Panose. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136928. [PMID: 35805929 PMCID: PMC9267027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Panose is a type of functional sugar with diverse bioactivities. The enzymatic conversion bioprocess to produce high purity panose with high efficiency has become increasingly important. Here, a new neopullulanase (NPase), Amy117 from B. pseudofirmus 703, was identified and characterized. Amy117 presented the optimal activity at pH 7.0 and 30 °C, its activity is over 40% at 10 °C and over 80% at 20 °C, which is cold-active. The enzyme cleaved α-1, 4-glycosidic linkages of pullulan to generate panose as the only hydrolysis product, and degraded cyclodextrins (CDs) and starch to glucose and maltose, with an apparent preference for CDs. Furthermore, Amy117 can produce 72.7 mg/mL panose with a conversion yield of 91% (w/w) based on 80 mg/mL pullulan. The sequence and structure analysis showed that the low proportion of Arg, high proportion of Asn and Gln, and high α-helix levels in Amy117 may contribute to its cold-active properties. Root mean square deviation (RMSD) analysis also showed that Amy117 is more flexible than two mesophilic homologues. Hence, we discovered a new high-efficiency panose-producing NPase, which so far achieves the highest panose production and would be an ideal candidate in the food industry.
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Investigating the role of carbohydrate-binding module 34 in cyclomaltodextrinase from Geobacillus thermopakistaniensis: structural and functional analyses. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:25. [PMID: 35036273 PMCID: PMC8702598 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) are noncatalytic regions found in several enzymes of glycoside hydrolase family 13 and are proposed to orient substrates to the catalytic site. In this study, a substantial information on the conserved aromatic residues in CBM34 regions of characterized bacterial cyclolmaltodextrinases (CDases) has been presented. Molecular modeling of CDase from Geobacillus thermopakistaniensis (CDase Gt ) revealed a change in the active site geometry due to CBM34 truncation. The binding energies of full-length (CDase Gt ) and CBM34 truncated (CDase Gt -ΔN) models showed opposite trends. The least preferred substrate molecule by the full-length model was the most preferred by the CBM34 truncated one. These exciting in silico findings were experimentally verified by recombinant production and characterization of the full-length and the CBM34 truncated proteins. Both the enzymes showed similar optimum pH and temperature. However, substrate specificity was in the reverse order. These experimental verifications matched the homology modeling and docking predictions. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-03089-9.
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The synthesis of novel piperazine-benzodioxole substituted phthalocyanines and investigation of their α-amylase and tyrosinase inhibition properties. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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5
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Kikani BA, Singh SP. Amylases from thermophilic bacteria: structure and function relationship. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:325-341. [PMID: 34420464 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1940089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Amylases hydrolyze starch to diverse products including dextrins and progressively smaller polymers of glucose units. Thermally stable amylases account for nearly 25% of the enzyme market. This review highlights the structural attributes of the α-amylases from thermophilic bacteria. Heterologous expression of amylases in suitable hosts is discussed in detail. Further, specific value maximization approaches, such as protein engineering and immobilization of the amylases are discussed in order to improve its suitability for varied applications on a commercial scale. The review also takes into account of the immobilization of the amylases on nanomaterials to increase the stability and reusability of the enzymes. The function-based metagenomics would provide opportunities for searching amylases with novel characteristics. The review is expected to explore novel amylases for future potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavtosh A Kikani
- UGC-CAS Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, India.,P.D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, India
| | - Satya P Singh
- UGC-CAS Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, India
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Cakmak U, Oz-Tuncay F, Basoglu-Ozdemir S, Ayazoglu-Demir E, Demir İ, Colak A, Celik-Uzuner S, Erdem SS, Yildirim N. Synthesis of hydrazine containing piperazine or benzimidazole derivatives and their potential as α-amylase inhibitors by molecular docking, inhibition kinetics and in vitro cytotoxicity activity studies. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02785-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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7
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Aroob I, Ahmad N, Aslam M, Shaeer A, Rashid N. A highly active α-cyclodextrin preferring cyclomaltodextrinase from Geobacillus thermopakistaniensis. Carbohydr Res 2019; 481:1-8. [PMID: 31212108 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclomaltodextrinases show diverse hydrolyzing and/or transglycosylation activities against cyclodextrins, starch and pullulan. A gene annotated as cyclomaltodextrinase from Geobacillus thermopakistaniensis was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The gene product, CDaseGt, was purified and biochemically characterized. The recombinant enzyme exhibited highest activity with α-cyclodextrin at 55 °C and pH 6.0. Specific hydrolytic activities towards α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrin were 1200, 735 and 360 μmol min-1 mg-1, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, the activity against α-cyclodextrin is the highest among the reported enzymes. Next to cyclodextrins, pullulan was the most preferred substrate with a specific activity of 105 μmol min-1 mg-1. CDaseGt was capable of hydrolysis of maltotriose and acarbose as well as transglycosylation of their hydrolytic products. At 65 °C, there was no significant loss in enzyme activity even after overnight incubation. Activity of CDaseGt was not metal ions dependent, however, the presence of Mn2+ significantly enhanced the α-CDase activity. EDTA had no significant effect on the CDaseGt activity, however, it enhanced the thermostability of the enzyme. CDaseGt existed in monomeric as well as dimeric form in solution. Dimeric form is more active compared to the monomeric one. Equilibrium between the two forms seems to be concentration dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Aroob
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Ahmad
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Aslam
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Abeera Shaeer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Rashid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
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Adiguzel G, Faiz O, Sisecioglu M, Sari B, Baltaci O, Akbulut S, Genc B, Adiguzel A. A novel endo-β-1,4-xylanase from Pediococcus acidilactici GC25; purification, characterization and application in clarification of fruit juices. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 129:571-578. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a Novel α-Amylase from Antarctic Sea Ice Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. M175 and Its Primary Application in Detergent. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3258383. [PMID: 30050926 PMCID: PMC6040283 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3258383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel cold-adapted and salt-tolerant α-amylase gene (amy175) from Antarctic sea ice bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. M175 was successfully cloned and expressed. The open reading frame (ORF) of amy175 had 1722 bp encoding a protein of 573 amino acids residues. Multiple alignments indicated Amy175 had seven highly conserved sequences and the putative catalytic triad (Asp244, Glu286, and Asp372). It was the first identified member of GH13_36 subfamily which contained QPDLN in the CSR V. The recombinant enzyme (Amy175) was purified to homogeneity with a molecular mass of about 62 kDa on SDS-PAGE. It had a mixed enzyme specificity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Amy175 displayed highest activity at pH 8.0 and 25°C and exhibited extreme salt-resistance with the maximum activity at 1 M NaCl. Amy175 was strongly stimulated by Mg2+, Ni2+, K+, 1 mM Ca2+, 1 mM Ba2+, 1 mM Pb2+, 1 mM sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) but was significantly inhibited by Cu2+, Mn2+, Hg2+, 10 mM β-mercaptoethanol (β-ME), and 10% Tween 80. Amy175 demonstrated excellent resistance towards all the tested commercial detergents, and wash performance analysis displayed that the addition of Amy175 improved the stain removal efficiency. This study demonstrated that Amy175 would be proposed as a novel α-amylase source for industrial application in the future.
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Allosteric properties of Geobacillus maltogenic amylase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 96:36-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Afrisham S, Badoei-Dalfard A, Namaki-Shoushtari A, Karami Z. Characterization of a thermostable, CaCl 2 -activated and raw-starch hydrolyzing alpha-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis AT70: Production under solid state fermentation by utilizing agricultural wastes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mehta D, Satyanarayana T. Bacterial and Archaeal α-Amylases: Diversity and Amelioration of the Desirable Characteristics for Industrial Applications. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1129. [PMID: 27516755 PMCID: PMC4963412 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial enzyme market has been projected to reach US$ 6.2 billion by 2020. Major reasons for continuous rise in the global sales of microbial enzymes are because of increase in the demand for consumer goods and biofuels. Among major industrial enzymes that find applications in baking, alcohol, detergent, and textile industries are α-amylases. These are produced by a variety of microbes, which randomly cleave α-1,4-glycosidic linkages in starch leading to the formation of limit dextrins. α-Amylases from different microbial sources vary in their properties, thus, suit specific applications. This review focuses on the native and recombinant α-amylases from bacteria and archaea, their production and the advancements in the molecular biology, protein engineering and structural studies, which aid in ameliorating their properties to suit the targeted industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Mehta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi New Delhi, India
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Homaei A, Ghanbarzadeh M, Monsef F. Biochemical features and kinetic properties of α-amylases from marine organisms. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 83:306-14. [PMID: 26657843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Marine organisms have the ability of producing enzymes with unique properties compared to those of the same enzymes from terrestrial organisms. α-Amylases are among the most important extracellular enzymes found in various groups of organisms such as plants, animals and microorganisms. They play important roles in their carbohydrates metabolism of each organism. Microbial production of α-amylases is more effective than other sources of the enzyme. Many microorganisms are known to produce α-amylase including bacteria, yeasts, fungi and actinomycetes. However, enzymes from fungal and bacterial sources have dominated applications in industrial sectors. This review deals with what is known about the kinetics, biochemical properties and applications of these enzymes that have only been found in them and not in other α-amylases, and discussing their mechanistic and regulatory implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Hormozgan University, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Mehri Ghanbarzadeh
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Science, Hormozgan University, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ferial Monsef
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Science, Hormozgan University, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Wu G, Qin Y, Cheng Q, Liu Z. Characterization of a novel alkali-stable and salt-tolerant α-amylase from marine bacterium Zunongwangia profunda. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abdul Manas NH, Pachelles S, Mahadi NM, Illias RM. The characterisation of an alkali-stable maltogenic amylase from Bacillus lehensis G1 and improved malto-oligosaccharide production by hydrolysis suppression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106481. [PMID: 25221964 PMCID: PMC4164441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A maltogenic amylase (MAG1) from alkaliphilic Bacillus lehensis G1 was cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and characterised for its hydrolysis and transglycosylation properties. The enzyme exhibited high stability at pH values from 7.0 to 10.0. The hydrolysis of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) produced malto-oligosaccharides of various lengths. In addition to hydrolysis, MAG1 also demonstrated transglycosylation activity for the synthesis of longer malto-oligosaccharides. The thermodynamic equilibrium of the multiple reactions was shifted towards synthesis when the reaction conditions were optimised and the water activity was suppressed, which resulted in a yield of 38% transglycosylation products consisting of malto-oligosaccharides of various lengths. Thin layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography analyses revealed the presence of malto-oligosaccharides with a higher degree of polymerisation than maltoheptaose, which has never been reported for other maltogenic amylases. The addition of organic solvents into the reaction further suppressed the water activity. The increase in the transglycosylation-to-hydrolysis ratio from 1.29 to 2.15 and the increased specificity toward maltopentaose production demonstrated the enhanced synthetic property of the enzyme. The high transglycosylation activity of maltogenic amylase offers a great advantage for synthesising malto-oligosaccharides and rare carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Hasmaliana Abdul Manas
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Samson Pachelles
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Muhammad Mahadi
- Comparative Genomics and Genetics Research Centre, Malaysia Genome Institute, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rosli Md. Illias
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
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Sharma A, Satyanarayana T. Structural and biochemical features of acidic α-amylase of Bacillus acidicola. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 61:416-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Mehta D, Satyanarayana T. Dimerization mediates thermo-adaptation, substrate affinity and transglycosylation in a highly thermostable maltogenic amylase of Geobacillus thermoleovorans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73612. [PMID: 24069213 PMCID: PMC3777949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maltogenic amylases belong to a subclass of cyclodextrin-hydrolyzing enzymes and hydrolyze cyclodextrins more efficiently than starch unlike typical α-amylases. Several bacterial malto-genic amylases with temperature optima of 40-60°C have been previously characterized. The thermo-adaption, substrate preferences and transglycosylation aspects of extremely thermostable bacterial maltogenic amylases have not yet been reported. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The recombinant monomeric and dimeric forms of maltogenic α-amylase (Gt-Mamy) of the extremely thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus thermoleovorans are of 72.5 and 145 kDa, which are active optimally at 80°C. Extreme thermostability of this enzyme has been explained by analyzing far-UV CD spectra. Dimerization increases T1/2 of Gt-Mamy from 8.2 h to 12.63 h at 90°C and mediates its enthalpy-driven conformational thermostabilization. Furthermore, dime-rization regulates preferential substrate binding of the enzyme. The substrate preference switching of Gt-Mamy upon dimerization has been confirmed from the substrate-binding affinities of the enzyme for various high and low molecular weight substrates. There is an alteration in Km and substrate hydrolysis efficiency (Vmax/Km) of the enzyme (for cyclodex-trins/starch) upon dimerization. N-terminal truncation indicated the role of N-terminal 128 amino acids in the thermostabilization and modulation of substrate-binding affinity. This has been confirmed by molecular docking of β-cyclodextrin to Gt-Mamy that indicated the requirement of homodimer formation by the interaction of a few N-terminal residues of chain A with the catalytic residues of (α/β)8 barrel of chain B and vice-versa for stable cyclodextrin binding. Site directed mutagenesis provided evidence for the role of N-terminal D109 at the dimeric interface in substrate affinity modulation and thermostabilization. The dimeric Gt-Mamy transglycosylates hydrolytic products of G4/G5 and acarbose, while the truncated form does not because of the lack of extra sugar-binding space formed due to dimerization. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE N-terminal domain controls enthalpy-driven thermostabilization, substrate-binding affinity and transglycosylation activity of Gt-Mamy by homodimer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Mehta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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Fincan SA, Enez B. Production, purification, and characterization of thermostable α-amylase from thermophilicGeobacillus stearothermophilus. STARCH-STARKE 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201200279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Barış Enez
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Science; Dicle University; Diyarbakir Turkey
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Nasrollahi S, Golalizadeh L, Sajedi RH, Taghdir M, Asghari SM, Rassa M. Substrate preference of a Geobacillus maltogenic amylase: A kinetic and thermodynamic analysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 60:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Ligase-Independent Cloning of Amylase Gene from a Local Bacillus subtilis Isolate and Biochemical Characterization of the Purified Enzyme. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 171:263-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Purification and biochemical characterization of an acidophilic amylase from a newly isolated Bacillus sp. DR90. Extremophiles 2013; 17:339-48. [PMID: 23430382 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-013-0520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An acidophilic and Ca(2+)-independent amylase was purified from a newly isolated Bacillus sp. DR90 by ion-exchange chromatography, and exhibited a molecular weight of 68.9 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The optimum pH and temperature of the enzyme were found to be 4.0 and 45 °C, respectively. The enzyme activity was increased by Ba(2+), Fe(2+) and Mg(2+), and decreased by Hg(2+) and Zn(2+), while it was not affected by Na(+), K(+), phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and β-mercaptoethanol. Ca(2+) and EDTA did not have significant effect on the enzyme activity and thermal stability. The values of K m and V max for starch as substrate were 4.5 ± 0.13 mg/ml and 307 ± 12 μM/min/mg, respectively. N,N-dialkylimidazolium-based ionic liquids such as 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [HMIM][Br] have inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity. Thin layer chromatography analyses displayed that maltose and glucose are the main products of the enzyme reaction on starch. Regarding the features of the enzyme, it may be utilized as a novel candidate for industrial applications.
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Kolcuoğlu Y. Purification and comparative characterization of monophenolase and diphenolase activities from a wild edible mushroom (Macrolepiota gracilenta). Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Studies on the ecology of actinomycetes in an agricultural soil amended with organic residues: II. Assessment of enzymatic activities of Actinomycetales isolates. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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