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Yahaya RSR, Normi YM, Phang LY, Ahmad SA, Abdullah JO, Sabri S. Molecular strategies to increase keratinase production in heterologous expression systems for industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3955-3969. [PMID: 33937928 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Keratinase is an important enzyme that can degrade recalcitrant keratinous wastes to form beneficial recyclable keratin hydrolysates. Keratinase is not only important as an alternative to reduce environmental pollution caused by chemical treatments of keratinous wastes, but it also has industrial significance. Currently, the bioproduction of keratinase from native keratinolytic host is considered low, and this hampers large-scale usage of the enzyme. Straightforward approaches of cloning and expression of recombinant keratinases from native keratinolytic host are employed to elevate the amount of keratinase produced. However, this is still insufficient to compensate for the lack of its large-scale production to meet the industrial demands. Hence, this review aimed to highlight the various sources of keratinase and the strategies to increase its production in native keratinolytic hosts. Molecular strategies to increase the production of recombinant keratinase such as plasmid selection, promoter engineering, chromosomal integration, signal peptide and propeptide engineering, codon optimization, and glycoengineering were also described. These mentioned strategies have been utilized in heterologous expression hosts, namely, Escherichia coli, Bacillus sp., and Pichia pastoris, as they are most widely used for the heterologous propagations of keratinases to further intensify the production of recombinant keratinases adapted to better suit the large-scale demand for them. KEY POINTS: • Molecular strategies to enhance keratinase production in heterologous hosts. • Construction of a prominent keratinolytic host from a native strain. • Patent analysis of keratinase production shows rapid high interest in molecular field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radin Shafierul Radin Yahaya
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yahaya M Normi
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lai Yee Phang
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aqlima Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Janna Ong Abdullah
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suriana Sabri
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Gene cloning, expression and homology modeling of first fibrinolytic enzyme from mushroom (Cordyceps militaris). Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 146:897-906. [PMID: 31726136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fibrinolytic enzymes are important thrombolytic agents for blood-clotting disorders like cardiovascular diseases. Availability of novel recombinant fibrinolytic enzymes can overcome the shortcomings of current thrombolytic drugs. With the objective of facilitating their cost-effective production for therapeutic applications and for gaining deeper insight into their structure-function, we have cloned and expressed the first fibrinolytic protease gene from Cordyceps militaris. Cordyceps militaris fibrinolytic enzyme (CmFE) has one open reading frame of 759 bp encoding "pre-pro-protein" of 252 amino acids. Recombinant CmFE was expressed as 28 kDa extracellular enzyme in Pichia pastoris which was capable of degrading fibrin clot. A structure homology model of CmFE was developed using urokinase-type plasminogen activator. The active site contains catalytic triad His41, Asp83, Ser177 and consensus sequence of GDSGG. The substrate binding residues are Asp (171), Gly (194) and Ser (192). Its trypsin-like specificity is determined by the critical Asp171 in S1 subsite. The "oxyanion hole" is formed by backbone amide hydrogen atoms of Gly-175 and Ser-177. CmFE contains six conserved cysteines forming three disulfide linkages. This is the first study describing cloning, expression and prediction of structure-function relationship of a mushroom fibrinolytic protease. Hence it has great relevance in application of fibrinolytic enzymes as thrombolytic agents.
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Guo R, Duan D, Hong S, Zhou Y, Wang F, Wang S, Wu W, Bao B. A marine fibrinolytic compound FGFC1 stimulating enzymatic kinetic parameters of a reciprocal activation system based on a single chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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