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Revilla-León M, Zeitler JM, Kois JC. An overview of the different digital facebow methods for transferring the maxillary cast into the virtual articulator. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2024. [PMID: 38778662 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purposes of this study were to classify the described digital facebow techniques for transferring the maxillary cast into the semi-adjustable virtual articulator based on the digital data acquisition technology used and to review the reported accuracy values of the different digital facebow methods described. OVERVIEW Digital data acquisition technologies, including digital photographs, facial scanners, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging, and jaw tracking systems, can be used to transfer the maxillary cast into the virtual articulator. The reported techniques are reviewed, as well as the reported accuracy values of the different digital facebow methods. CONCLUSIONS Digital photographs can be used to transfer the maxillary cast into the virtual articulator using the true horizontal reference plane, but limited studies have assessed the accuracy of this method. Facial scanning and CBCT techniques can be used to transfer the maxillary cast into the virtual articulator, in which the most frequently selected references planes are the Frankfort horizontal, axis orbital, and true horizontal planes. Studies analyzing the accuracy of the maxillary cast transfer by using facial scanning and CBCT techniques are restricted. Lastly, optical jaw trackers can be selected for transferring the maxillary cast into the virtual articulator by using the axis orbital or true horizontal planes, yet the accuracy of these systems is unknown. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Digital data acquisition technologies, including digital photographs, facial scanning methods, CBCTs, and optical jaw tracking systems, can be used to transfer the maxillary cast into the virtual articulator. Studies are needed to assess the accuracy of these digital data acquisition technologies for transferring the maxillary cast into the virtual articulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Revilla-León
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Kois Center, Seattle, USA
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, USA
| | | | - John C Kois
- Kois Center, Seattle, USA
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Seattle, Washington, USA
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Revilla-León M, Gómez-Polo M, Sailer I, Kois JC, Rokhshad R. An overview of artificial intelligence based applications for assisting digital data acquisition and implant planning procedures. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2024. [PMID: 38757761 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide an overview of the current artificial intelligence (AI) based applications for assisting digital data acquisition and implant planning procedures. OVERVIEW A review of the main AI-based applications integrated into digital data acquisitions technologies (facial scanners (FS), intraoral scanners (IOSs), cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) devices, and jaw trackers) and computer-aided static implant planning programs are provided. CONCLUSIONS The main AI-based application integrated in some FS's programs involves the automatic alignment of facial and intraoral scans for virtual patient integration. The AI-based applications integrated into IOSs programs include scan cleaning, assist scanning, and automatic alignment between the implant scan body with its corresponding CAD object while scanning. The more frequently AI-based applications integrated into the programs of CBCT units involve positioning assistant, noise and artifacts reduction, structures identification and segmentation, airway analysis, and alignment of facial, intraoral, and CBCT scans. Some computer-aided static implant planning programs include patient's digital files, identification, labeling, and segmentation of anatomical structures, mandibular nerve tracing, automatic implant placement, and surgical implant guide design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Revilla-León
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Research and Digital Dentistry, Kois Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Miguel Gómez-Polo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Advanced in Implant-Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irena Sailer
- Fixed Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, University Clinic of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - John C Kois
- Kois Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Private Practice, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rata Rokhshad
- Topic Group Dental Diagnostics and Digital Dentistry, ITU/WHO Focus Group AI on Health, Berlin, Germany
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Revilla-León M, Kois JC. True horizontal or gravity plane for transferring the maxillary cast into the virtual articulator by using an optical jaw tracking system. J Prosthet Dent 2024:S0022-3913(24)00275-0. [PMID: 38714458 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2024.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Different techniques of transferring the maxillary cast into the analog semi-adjustable articulator by using the true horizontal or gravity reference plane have been reported. However, procedures are required for recording this reference plane and transferring the maxillary cast into the virtual semi-adjustable articulator. In the present manuscript, a technique is described for registering the true horizontal or gravity plane in relationship to the natural head position of the patient by using an optical jaw tracking system. Additionally, the recorded true horizontal plane is used to transfer the maxillary cast into the virtual semi-adjustable articulator by using a dental computer-aided design program. This technique facilitates the maxillary cast transfer into the virtual articulator by using the true horizontal plane recorded with an optical jaw tracking system, maximizing the functionality of the optical jaw tracking device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Revilla-León
- Affiliate Assistant Professor, Graduate Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.; Director, Research and Digital Dentistry, Kois Center, Seattle, Wash.; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Tufts University, Boston, Mass.
| | - John C Kois
- Founder and Director, Kois Center, Seattle, Wash.; Affiliate Professor, Graduate Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.; and Private practice, Seattle, Wash
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Revilla-León M, Zeitler JM, Barmak AB, Kois JC. Accuracy of the maxillary cast transfer into the virtual semi-adjustable articulator by using analog and digital facebow record methods. J Prosthet Dent 2024:S0022-3913(24)00204-X. [PMID: 38641478 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2024.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Different digital methods have been described for transferring the maxillary cast into a virtual articulator; however, its accuracy remains uncertain. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the accuracy of the maxillary cast transfer into the virtual semi-adjustable articulator by using analog and digital methods. MATERIAL AND METHODS A maxillary typodont with 5 markers was positioned into a mannequin, which was digitized by using an industrial scanner (ATOS Q) and an extraoral scan of the typodont obtained (T710). Three groups were created based on the technique used to transfer the maxillary cast into the virtual articulator (Panadent PCH Articulator): conventional facebow record (CNV group), digital photograph (P group), and facial scanning (FS group) (n=10). In the CNV group, conventional facebow records (Kois Dentofacial analyzer system) were digitized (T710) and used to mount the maxillary scan into the articulator by aligning it with the reference platform (Kois adjustable platform) (DentalCAD). In the P group, photographs with the reference glasses (Kois Reference Glasses 3.0) were positioned in the mannequin. Each photograph was superimposed with the maxillary scan. Then, the maxillary scan was transferred into the virtual articulator by using the true horizontal plane information of the photograph. In the FS group, facial scans with an extraoral scan body (Kois Scan Body) were positioned in the mannequin by using a facial scanner (Instarisa). The extraoral scan body was digitized by using the same extraoral scanner. The digitized extraoral scan body provided the true horizontal plane information that was used to mount the maxillary scan into the articulator, along with the Kois disposable tray of the scan body. On the reference scan and each specimen, 15 linear measurements between the markers of the maxillary scans and the horizontal plane of the virtual articulator and 3 linear measurements between the maxillary dental midline and articulator midline were calculated. The measurements of the reference scan were used as a control to assess trueness and precision. Trueness was analyzed by using 1-way ANOVA followed by the pairwise comparison Tukey tests (α=.05). Precision was evaluated by using the Levene and pairwise comparisons Wilcoxon Rank sum tests. RESULTS No significant trueness (P=.996) or precision (P=.430) midline discrepancies were found. Significant posterior right (P<.001), anterior (P=.005), posterior left (P<.001), and overall (P<.001) trueness discrepancies were revealed among the groups. The P group obtained the best posterior right, posterior left, and overall trueness and precision. The P and FS groups demonstrated the best anterior trueness, but no anterior precision discrepancies were found. CONCLUSIONS The techniques tested affected the accuracy of the maxillary cast transfer into the virtual semi-adjustable articulator. In the majority of the parameters assessed, the photography method tested showed the best trueness and precision values. However, the maxillary cast transfer accuracy ranged from 137 ±44 µm to 453 ±176 µm among the techniques tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Revilla-León
- Affiliate Assistant Professor, Graduate Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; Faculty and Director, Research and Digital Dentistry, Kois Center, Seattle, Wash; and Adjunct Professor, Graduate Prosthodontics, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Mass.
| | | | - Abdul B Barmak
- Associate Professor, Clinical Research and Biostatistics, Eastman Institute of Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - John C Kois
- Founder and Director, Kois Center, Seattle, Wash.; Affiliate Professor, Graduate Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.; and Private practice, Seattle, Wash
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Revilla-León M, Zeitler JM, Strommer S, Barmak AB, Kois JC. Accuracy comparison of the maxillary cast transfer into the virtual semi-adjustable articulator between an analog facebow record and a digital photography technique. J Prosthet Dent 2024:S0022-3913(24)00188-4. [PMID: 38609764 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Digital photographs can be used for transferring the maxillary cast into the virtual semi-adjustable articulator; however, its accuracy remains unknown. PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to compare the accuracy of the maxillary cast transfer into the virtual semi-adjustable articulator by using an analog and a digital standardized photography technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS A maxillary cast was digitized (T710) and positioned into a dental mannequin. The dental midline was not coincident with the facial midline and the maxillary occlusal plane was tilted. A reference scan of the assembled mannequin was obtained by using a facial scanner (Instarisa). Two groups were created based on the technique used to transfer the maxillary cast into the articulator (Panadent PCH): conventional facebow record (CNV group) or digital photograph (Photo group) (n=10). In the CNV group, facebow records (Kois Dentofacial analyzer system) were digitized (T710) and used to transfer the maxillary scan into the articulator by aligning it with the reference platform (Kois adjustable platform). In the Photo group, photographs with a reference glasses (Kois Reference Glasses) positioned into the mannequin were acquired. Each photograph was aligned with the maxillary scan. Then, the maxillary scan was transferred into the articulator by using the true horizontal axis information contained in the photograph. On the reference scan and each specimen, 10 linear measurements between the buccal cusps of the maxillary scan and the horizontal plane of the virtual articulator and a linear measurement between the maxillary dental midline and articulator midline were calculated. The measurements of the reference scan were used as a control to compute trueness and precision. Trueness was analyzed by using 1-way ANOVA followed by the pairwise comparison Tukey test (α=.05). Precision was evaluated by using the Levene and Wilcoxon Rank sum tests (α=.05). RESULTS The overall discrepancy measured in the CNV group was 0.620 ±0.396 mm, while in the Photo group it was 1.282 ±0.118 mm. Significant trueness differences were found in the midline (P=.037), anterior (P=.050), posterior right (P<.001), posterior left (P=.012), and overall discrepancy (P<.001) between the CNV and Photo groups. Significant precision discrepancies were found in the midline (P=.012), posterior right (P<.001), anterior (P<.001), posterior left (P=.002), and overall discrepancy (P<.001) between the CNV and Photo groups. CONCLUSIONS The facebow record method impacted the accuracy of the maxillary cast transfer. The Photo group obtained better trueness in the midline transfer than the CNV group; however, the CNV group demonstrated better trueness in the anterior, posterior right, posterior left, and overall discrepancy of the maxillary cast transfer compared with the Photo group. Overall, the Photo group obtained better precision than the CNV group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Revilla-León
- Affiliate Assistant Professor, Graduate Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; Faculty and Director, Research and Digital Dentistry, Kois Center, Seattle, Wash; and Adjunct Professor, Graduate Prosthodontics, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Mass.
| | | | | | - Abdul B Barmak
- Associate Professor, Clinical Research and Biostatistics, Eastman Institute of Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - John C Kois
- Founder and Director, Kois Center, Seattle, Wash.; Affiliate Professor, Graduate Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.; and Private practice, Seattle, Wash
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Al Hamad KQ, Al Rashdan BA, Al-Kaff FT. Virtual patient representation with silicone guide and a 3D scanner accessory for a user-friendly facial scanning workflow: A clinical report of smile design and ceramic veneers. J Prosthet Dent 2023:S0022-3913(23)00286-X. [PMID: 37270303 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Digital smile design and ceramic veneers are described with virtual patient representation. The procedure included facial scanning with a 3D scanner accessory (Structure sensor pro; Occipital Inc) mounted on a tablet computer (iPad; Apple Inc) and an innovative chairside silicone guide to replace the intraoral scan body for a straightforward and user-friendly workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Q Al Hamad
- Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
| | | | - Fatma T Al-Kaff
- Graduate student, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Revilla‐León M, Zeitler J, Blanco‐Fernández D, Kois JC, Att W. Tracking and recording the lip dynamics for the integration of a dynamic virtual patient: A novel dental technique. J Prosthodont 2022; 31:728-733. [DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Revilla‐León
- Affiliate Assistant Professor, Graduate Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry University of Washington Seattle WA
- Director of Research and Digital Dentistry Kois Center Seattle WA
- Adjunct Professor, Department of Prosthodontics Tufts University Boston MA
| | | | | | - John C. Kois
- Founder and Director Kois Center Seattle WA
- Affiliate Professor, Graduate Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry University of Washington Seattle WA
- Private Practice Seattle WA
| | - Wael Att
- Professor and Chair Department of Prosthodontics Tuff University School of Dental Medicine Boston MA
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Pérez-Giugovaz MG, Meykadeh Z, Revilla-León M. Additively Manufactured Scan Bodies for Virtual Patient Integration: Different Designs, Manufacturing Procedures, and Clinical Protocols. J Prosthodont 2022; 31:23-29. [PMID: 35313028 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Additively manufactured intraoral scan bodies can be used to guide the alignment of a patient's digital file information, including facial and intraoral digital scans both with and without a cone beam computed tomography scan, and to obtain a 3D virtual patient's representation. The present manuscript reviews the different intraoral scan body designs, procedures involved in additive manufacturing, clinical protocols for fabricating an additively manufactured scan body, performing a patient's digital data collection, and completing the alignment techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Gabriel Pérez-Giugovaz
- Catholic University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Director Centro de Capacitación CAD3D, City Bell-La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Private Practice, City Bell-La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Marta Revilla-León
- Affiliate Assistant Professor, Graduate in Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Director of Research and Digital Dentistry, Kois Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Revilla Research Center, Madrid, Spain
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