A review on the role of GAS6 and GAS6-AS1 in the carcinogenesis

Identification and verification of an exosome-related gene risk model to predict prognosis and evaluate immune infiltration for colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignant tumor that severely endangers human health. Exosomes show great potential in tumor immunotherapy. Increasingly studies have shown that exosome-related genes are effective prognostic biomarkers. Clinical information and gene expression data of CRC patients were obtained from gene expression omnibus and the cancer genome atlas. The data were then classified into training and independent validation sets. In the training set, exosome-related genes with a prognostic value were selected by univariate Cox analysis, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox regression model, and stepwise Cox regression analysis. Risk scores were calculated based on the selected genes to stratify patients. The selected exosome-related genes were applied to establish a risk model. Based on 11 exosome-related genes, a prognostic risk model, which could stratify the risk both in the training and validation sets, was established. According to the survival curves, the prognoses of the high- and low-risk groups were significantly different. The AUCs of the risk model for prognostic prediction were 0.735 and 0.784 in the training and validation sets, respectively. A nomogram was constructed to predict the survival of CRC patients. Single-sample gene set enrichment analysis and ESTIMATE algorithms revealed that the risk model was related to immune cell infiltration. The value of the risk model in predicting immunotherapeutic outcomes was also confirmed. An exosome-related gene risk model was constructed to predict prognosis, evaluate microenvironment immune cell infiltration levels and bring a new perspective to CRC patient treatment.

LncRNA GAS6-AS1 facilitates tumorigenesis and metastasis of colorectal cancer by regulating TRIM14 through miR-370-3p/miR-1296-5p and FUS

Background

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are essential regulators of tumorigenesis and the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we aimed to investigate the role of lncRNA GAS6-AS1 in CRC and its potential mechanisms.

Methods

Bioinformatics analyses evaluated the level of GAS6-AS1 in colon cancer, its correlation with clinicopathological factors, survival curve and diagnostic value. qRT-PCR were performed to detect the GAS6-AS1 level in CRC samples and cell lines. The CCK8, EdU, scratch healing, transwell assays and animal experiments were conducted to investigate the function of GAS6-AS1 in CRC. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and dual-luciferase reporter gene analyses were carried out to reveal interaction between GAS6-AS1, TRIM14, FUS, and miR-370-3p/miR-1296-5p.

Results

GAS6-AS1 was greatly elevated in CRC and positively associated with unfavorable prognosis of CRC patients. Functionally, GAS6-AS1 positively regulates CRC proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro and induces CRC growth and metastasis in vivo. Moreover, GAS6-AS1 exerted oncogenic function by competitively binding to miR-370-3p and miR-1296-5p, thereby upregulating TRIM14. Furthermore, we verified that GAS6-AS1 and TRIM14 both interact with FUS and that GAS6-AS1 stabilized TRIM14 mRNA by recruiting FUS. Besides, rescue experiments furtherly demonstrated that GAS6-AS1 facilitate progression of CRC by regulating TRIM14.

Conclusion

Collectively, these findings demonstrate that GAS6-AS1 promotes TRIM14-mediated cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT of CRC via ceRNA network and FUS-dependent manner, suggesting that GAS6-AS1 could be utilized as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for CRC.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-022-03550-0.

A review on the role of MCM3AP-AS1 in the carcinogenesis and tumor progression

Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 3 Associated Protein Antisense 1 (MCM3AP-AS1) is an RNA gene located on 21q22.3. The sense transcript from this locus has dual roles in the pathogenesis of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. MCM3AP-AS1 has been shown to sequester miR-194-5p, miR-876-5p, miR-543-3p, miR-28-5p, miR-93, miR-545, miR-599, miR‐193a‐5p, miR-363-5p, miR-204-5p, miR-211-5p, miR-15a, miR-708-5p, miR-138, miR-138-5p, miR-34a, miR-211, miR‐340‐5p, miR-148a, miR-195-5p and miR-126. Some cancer-related signaling pathway, namely PTEN/AKT, PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 are influenced by this lncRNA. Cell line studies, animal studies and clinical studies have consistently reported oncogenic role of MCM3AP-AS1 in different tissues except for cervical cancer in which this lncRNA has tumor suppressor role. In the current manuscript, we collected evidence from these three sources of evidence to review the impact of MCM3AP-AS1 in the carcinogenesis.

Serum Gas6 contributes to clinical outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Growth-arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6) exerts nervous protective effects on acute brain injury. We endeavored to ascertain whether serum Gas6 concentrations are associated with severity, delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and prognosis following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH).

METHODS

We measured serum Gas6 concentrations of 124 aSAH patients. The Hunt-Hess scale and modified Fisher grading scale were used to evaluate illness severity. Multivariate analysis was utilized to determine relationships between serum Gas6 concentrations and severity, DCI plus 90-day unfavorable outcome (Glasgow outcome scale score of 1-3).

RESULTS

Patients with unfavorable outcome or DCI had significantly higher serum Gas6 concentrations than other remainders (median, 35.0 vs 23.3 ng/ml; 36.1 vs 25.3 ng/ml; both P < 0.001). Serum Gas6 concentrations displayed independent correlations with Hunt-Hess scores (t = 5.518, P < 0.001) and modified Fisher scores (t = 3.531, P = 0.001). Serum Gas6 concentrations were independently associated with unfavorable outcome (OR: 1.125; 95% CI, 1.063-1.190; P = 0.014) and DCI (OR: 1.104; 95% CI, 1.041-1.170; P = 0.010) as well as exhibited AUCs of 0.786 (95% CI, 0.703-0.854) and 0.753 (95% CI, 0.668-0.826) for predicting unfavorable outcome and DCI respectively. Its discriminatory ability for risk of unfavorable outcome or DCI was similar to those of Hunt-Hess scores and modified Fisher scores (all P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Serum Gas6 concentrations are independently associated with stroke severity and worse clinical outcome after aSAH, indicating serum Gas6 may be a potential prognostic biomarker for aSAH.