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Yang KC, Liu MN, Liou YJ, Hu LY, Yang BH, Chou YH. Interleukin-1 family and serotonin transporter in first-episode, drug-naive major depressive disorder: A pilot study. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 135:174-180. [PMID: 33493946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities of neuroinflammatory process and serotonergic system have been reported in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, most previous studies were performed in recurrent MDD and only a few studies explored the interaction of the two systems. This study examined both systems concurrently and their clinical relevance in first-episode drug-naive MDD. Thirty-four MDD patients and 34 age and gender matched healthy controls (HC) were recruited. Plasma concentrations of the cytokines of interleukin-1 (IL-1) family, including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and IL-1 receptor type 2 (IL-1R2) were measured using enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assays. The serotonin transporter (SERT) availability in midbrain, thalamus, caudate, and putamen was examined by single-photon emission computed tomography with 123I-ADAM. There were significantly lower concentrations of pro-inflammatory IL-1β and its inhibitor, IL-1R2 in MDD than HC. The SERT availability was at the same level between groups. A negative association between IL-1Ra concentration and the SERT availability in midbrain was observed in MDD but not in HC. Both IL-1β concentration and the SERT availability in caudate negatively correlated with depression severity and the effect of IL-1β was not moderated or mediated by the SERT. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the involvement of IL-1 family in the early stage of MDD, especially for IL-1β. SERT was not the main central target of altered IL-1β and these two systems might contribute to MDD by different mechanisms. The pathophysiology might be varied between early and recurrent MDD and tuning treatment strategies at different clinical stages might be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mu-N Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jay Liou
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bang-Hung Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hwa Chou
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Quality Management, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Wu CH, Chang CS, Yang YK, Shen LH, Yao WJ. Comparison of brain serotonin transporter using [I-123]-ADAM between obese and non-obese young adults without an eating disorder. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170886. [PMID: 28182708 PMCID: PMC5300236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral serotonin metabolism has an important but controversial role in obesity. However, it is not given enough attention in morbidly obese young adults. We used single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with [I-123]-labeled 2-((2-((dimethylamino)methyl)phenyl)thio)-5-iodophenylamine (ADAM) to investigate changes in serotonin transporter (SERT) availability in 10 morbidly obese young adults without an eating disorder (M/F = 5/5, body mass index (BMI): 40.3 ± 4.1 kg/m2, percentage of body fat (BF%): 46.0 ± 3.9%) and 10 age- and sex-matched non-obese controls (BMI: 20.3 ± 1.2 kg/m2, BF%: 20.6 ± 8.9%). All participants underwent SPECT at 10 min and 6 h after an injection of 200 MBq of [I-123]-ADAM. The SERT binding site (midbrain) was drawn with cerebellum normalization. The BF% and fat distribution were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The midbrain/cerebellum SERT binding ratios (2.49 ± 0.46 vs. 2.47 ± 0.47; p = 0.912) at 6 h were not significantly different between groups, nor was the distribution of the summed images at 10 min (1.36 ± 0.14 vs. 1.35 ± 0.11; p = 0.853). There were no significant correlations between midbrain/cerebellum SERT binding ratio and age, BMI, BF%, or fat distribution. No significant difference in SERT availability in the midbrain between morbidly obese and non-obese young adults without an eating disorder indicates an unmet need for investigating the role of cerebral serotonin in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsing Wu
- Departments of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institutes of Behavioral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institutes of Gerontology, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Sung Chang
- Departments of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institutes of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen Kuang Yang
- Institutes of Behavioral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
- Departments of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Lie-Hang Shen
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Longtan Township, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jen Yao
- Departments of Nuclear Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
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Chou YH, Lirng JF, Hsieh WC, Chiu YC, Tu YA, Wang SJ. Neither cortisol nor brain-derived neurotrophic factor is associated with serotonin transporter in bipolar disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:280-287. [PMID: 26706694 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence indicates the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and serotonergic neurons exert reciprocal modulatory actions. Likewise, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been implicated as a growth and differentiation factor in the development of serotonergic neurons. The aim of this study was to examine the interaction of cortisol and BDNF on serotonin transporter (SERT) in bipolar disorder (BD). Twenty-eight BD and 28 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. (123)I-ADAM with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was applied for measurement of SERT availability in the brain, which included the midbrain, thalamus, putamen and caudate. Ten milliliters of venous blood was withdrawn, when the subject underwent SPECT, for the measurement of the plasma concentration of cortisol and BDNF. SERT availability was significantly decreased in the midbrain and caudate of BD compared with HCs, whereas plasma concentration of cortisol and BDNF did not show a significant difference. The linear mixed-effect model revealed that there was a significant interaction of group and cortisol on SERT availability of the midbrain, but not BDNF. Linear regression analyses by groups revealed that cortisol was associated with SERT availability in the midbrain in the HCs, but not in BD. Considering previous studies, which showed a significant association of cortisol with SERT availability in the HCs and major depressive disorder (MDD), our result replicated a similar finding in HCs. However, the negative finding of the association of cortisol and SERT availability in BD, which was different from MDD, suggests a different role for cortisol in the pathophysiology of mood disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hwa Chou
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital & National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jiing-Feng Lirng
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital & National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Hsieh
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital & National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chen Chiu
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-An Tu
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital & National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Jen Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital & National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chou YH, Hsieh WC, Chen LC, Lirng JF, Wang SJ. Association between the serotonin transporter and cytokines: Implications for the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2016; 191:29-35. [PMID: 26630394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced brain serotonin transporter (SERT) has been demonstrated in bipolar disorder (BD). The aim of this study was to explore the potential role of cytokines on reduced SERT in BD. METHODS Twenty-eight BD type I patients and 28 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. Single photon emission computed tomography with the radiotracer 123I ADAM was used for SERT imaging. Regions of interest included the midbrain, thalamus, putamen and caudate. Seven cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10, were measured using an enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay. RESULTS SERT availability in the midbrain and caudate was significantly lower in BD compared to HCs. IL-1β was significantly lower, whereas IL-10 was significantly higher in BD compared to HCs. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that there were associations between cytokines, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6 and SERT availability in the midbrain but not in the thalamus, putamen and caudate. Furthermore, linear mixed effect analyses demonstrated that these associations were not different between HCs and BD. CONCLUSION While many cytokines have been proposed to be important in the pathophysiology of BD, our results demonstrated that significant associations between cytokines and SERT availability may explain the role of cytokines in mood regulation. However, these associations were not different between HCs and BD, which imply the role of these cytokines is not specific for BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hwa Chou
- Departments of Psychiatry Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Chi Hsieh
- Departments of Psychiatry Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chi Chen
- Departments of Psychiatry Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiing-Feng Lirng
- Departments of Radiology Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Jen Wang
- Departments of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Hsu JW, Lirng JF, Wang SJ, Lin CL, Yang KC, Liao MH, Chou YH. Association of thalamic serotonin transporter and interleukin-10 in bipolar I disorder: a SPECT study. Bipolar Disord 2014; 16:241-8. [PMID: 24372850 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The serotonin hypothesis plays a critical role in the etiology of bipolar disorder (BD). Although many studies have demonstrated reciprocal relationships between serotonin metabolism and immune-inflammatory pathways that occur in depression, studies linking serotonergic function and cytokines are still limited concerning BD. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of brain serotonin transporter (SERT) and cytokines in BD. METHODS Twenty patients with euthymic BD and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) were recruited. Single photon emission computed tomography with the radiotracer (123) I-ADAM was used for the SERT imaging. The specific uptake ratio, which represents SERT availability, was the primary measured outcome. Cytokines included the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). Cytokine concentration was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS SERT availability was significantly lower in the midbrain and caudate of patients with BD compared with HC, but not in the thalamus and putamen. IL-10 was significantly higher, whereas TNF-α was not different in euthymic patients with BD compared with HC. There was a significant association of SERT availability and IL-10 in the thalamus, but not in the midbrain, caudate, or putamen. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the interaction of SERT availability and IL-10 in euthymic BD. This result may further explain the role of SERT and cytokines in the etiology of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Wei Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Zhu L, Li G, Choi SR, Plössl K, Chan P, Qiao H, Zha Z, Kung HF. An improved preparation of [18F]FPBM: A potential serotonin transporter (SERT) imaging agent. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 40:974-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kang HH, Wang CH, Chen HC, Li IH, Cheng CY, Liu RS, Huang WS, Shiue CY, Ma KH. Investigating the effects of noise-induced hearing loss on serotonin transporters in rat brain using 4-[18F]-ADAM/small animal PET. Neuroimage 2013; 75:262-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Chou YH, Lin CL, Wang SJ, Lirng JF, Yang KC, Chien Chang A, Liao MH. Aggression in bipolar II disorder and its relation to the serotonin transporter. J Affect Disord 2013; 147:59-63. [PMID: 23123132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aggression is frequently observed in patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BD). Previous studies found a negative association between aggression and serotoninergic function in patients with BD, as well as in healthy subjects. The objective of this study was to determine whether there is an association between aggression and the availability of the serotonin transporter (SERT) in euthymic BD II patients. METHODS Thirty-eight age-matched healthy controls (HCs) and 24 BD II patients were recruited. BD II patients were under stable treatment in the euthymic state. The Overt Aggression Scale (OAS) was used for the assessment of aggression. Single photon emission computed tomography with (123)I-ADAM was used for SERT imaging. A specific uptake ratio, which represents availability, was the primary measured outcome. RESULTS The total OAS scores, as well as the scores on all of the sub-items, were significantly higher in BD II patients than in the HCs group. There was no significant difference in SERT availability between BD II and HCs subjects in different brain regions. The Pearson's correlation between the total OAS scores and the sub-item aggression and SERT availability was significant. LIMITATION The OAS was used for the assessment of the past week of the patients' condition and thus did not reflect their trait status. CONCLUSIONS The higher total scores of OAS in euthymic BD II patients than in HCs support the idea that aggression might be a trait marker for BD. Although SERT availability in euthymic BD II patients and in HCs did not differ significantly, the correlation of SERT availability and total OAS provides the possible explanation of aggression in BD II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hwa Chou
- Department of Psychiatry Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Chou YH, Wang SJ, Lirng JF, Lin CL, Yang KC, Chen CK, Yeh CB, Liao MH. Impaired cognition in bipolar I disorder: the roles of the serotonin transporter and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. J Affect Disord 2012; 143:131-7. [PMID: 22889524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have proposed that cognitive deficits are present in a variety of mood states in bipolar disorder (BD). The goal of this study was to find the cognitive deficits in euthymic BD patients and to further explore possible underlying mechanisms of the deficits. METHODS Thirty-three healthy controls (HCs) and twenty-three euthymic BD type I patients were recruited. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with (123)I-ADAM was used to image the serotonin transporter (SERT). Ten milliliters of venous blood was drawn for the measurement of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Cognitive functions were tested included attention, memory, and executive function. RESULTS We found that the SERT availability in both the midbrain and striatal regions was decreased in the BD patients compared with the HCs; however, the BDNF were not different between the two groups. There was no correlation between the SERT availability and the BDNF. Interestingly, there were statistically significant differences in sub-items of the facial memory test and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test between the BD patients and the HCs, which showed that there was a cognitive deficit in the BD patients. However, the overall deficits in cognition were not significantly correlated with the SERT availability or the BDNF. LIMITATION The effect of medications on cognitive function and BDNF should be considered. CONCLUSIONS We replicated previous findings that showed cognitive deficits in euthymic BD patients. However, the underlying mechanism of cognitive deficits in euthymic BD patients cannot be entirely explained by SERT and BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hwa Chou
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital & National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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