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Alfimova MV, Kondratiev NV, Golimbet VE. [Results and promises of genetics of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: molecular-genetic approaches]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2018. [PMID: 28635752 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2016116111137-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the basic paradigms and directions of molecular genetic studies of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Along with the traditional approach based on functional candidate genes, it covers genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for cognition in general population and schizophrenic patients, attempts to integrate GWAS results in polygenic profiles that can be used in personalized care of schizophrenic patients, and a search for biological pathways implicated in the development of cognitive impairments with bioinformatics methods. However, despite significant advances in understanding the genetic basis of the disease and a rapidly growing amount of data on genes associated with cognitive functions, most of the variability of cognitive impairments in patients remains unexplained. The data on the functional complexity of the genome accumulated in the fields of molecular biology and genetics underscore the importance of studying epigenetic mechanisms of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
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Abstract
Imaging genetics is a research methodology studying the effect of genetic variation on brain structure, function, behavior, and risk for psychopathology. Since the early 2000s, imaging genetics has been increasingly used in the research of schizophrenia (SZ). SZ is a severe mental disorder with no precise knowledge of its underlying neurobiology, however, new genetic and neurobiological data generate a climate for new avenues. The accumulating data of genome wide association studies (GWAS) continuously decode SZ risk genes. Global neuroimaging consortia produce collections of brain phenotypes from tens of thousands of people. In this context, imaging genetics will be strategically important both for the validation and discovery of SZ related findings. Thus, the study of GWAS supported risk variants as candidate genes to validate by neuroimaging is one trend. The study of epigenetic differences in relation to variations of brain phenotypes and the study of large scale multivariate analysis of genome wide and brain wide associations are other trends. While these studies hold a big potential for understanding the neurobiology of SZ, the problem of reproducibility appears as a major challenge, which requires standardizations in study designs and compensations of methodological limitations such as sensitivity and specificity. On the other hand, advancements of neuroimaging, optical and electron microscopy along with the use of genetically encoded fluorescent probes and robust statistical approaches will not only catalyze integrative methodologies but also will help better design the imaging genetics studies. In this invited paper, I will discuss the current perspective of imaging genetics and emerging opportunities of SZ research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Arslan
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Mallas EJ, Carletti F, Chaddock CA, Woolley J, Picchioni MM, Shergill SS, Kane F, Allin MP, Barker GJ, Prata DP. Genome-wide discovered psychosis-risk gene ZNF804A impacts on white matter microstructure in health, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1570. [PMID: 26966642 PMCID: PMC4782689 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) have both been associated with reduced microstructural white matter integrity using, as a proxy, fractional anisotropy (FA) detected using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Genetic susceptibility for both illnesses has also been positively correlated in recent genome-wide association studies with allele A (adenine) of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1344706 of the ZNF804A gene. However, little is known about how the genomic linkage disequilibrium region tagged by this SNP impacts on the brain to increase risk for psychosis. This study aimed to assess the impact of this risk variant on FA in patients with SZ, in those with BD and in healthy controls. Methods. 230 individuals were genotyped for the rs1344706 SNP and underwent DTI. We used tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) followed by an analysis of variance, with threshold-free cluster enhancement (TFCE), to assess underlying effects of genotype, diagnosis and their interaction, on FA. Results. As predicted, statistically significant reductions in FA across a widely distributed brain network (p < 0.05, TFCE-corrected) were positively associated both with a diagnosis of SZ or BD and with the double (homozygous) presence of the ZNF804A rs1344706 risk variant (A). The main effect of genotype was medium (d = 0.48 in a 44,054-voxel cluster) and the effect in the SZ group alone was large (d = 1.01 in a 51,260-voxel cluster), with no significant effects in BD or controls, in isolation. No areas under a significant diagnosis by genotype interaction were found. Discussion. We provide the first evidence in a predominantly Caucasian clinical sample, of an association between ZNF804A rs1344706 A-homozygosity and reduced FA, both irrespective of diagnosis and particularly in SZ (in overlapping brain areas). This suggests that the previously observed involvement of this genomic region in psychosis susceptibility, and in impaired functional connectivity, may be conferred through it inducing abnormalities in white matter microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma-Jane Mallas
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Carletti
- Department of Neuroradiology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A. Chaddock
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Woolley
- Psychological Medicine, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco M. Picchioni
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- St Andrew’s Academic Department, St Andrew’s Healthcare, Northampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sukhwinder S. Shergill
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fergus Kane
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew P.G. Allin
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth J. Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana P. Prata
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Giddaluru S, Espeseth T, Salami A, Westlye LT, Lundquist A, Christoforou A, Cichon S, Adolfsson R, Steen VM, Reinvang I, Nilsson LG, Le Hellard S, Nyberg L. Genetics of structural connectivity and information processing in the brain. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 221:4643-4661. [PMID: 26852023 PMCID: PMC5102980 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the genetic factors underlying brain structural connectivity is a major challenge in imaging genetics. Here, we present results from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of whole-brain white matter (WM) fractional anisotropy (FA), an index of microstructural coherence measured using diffusion tensor imaging. Data from independent GWASs of 355 Swedish and 250 Norwegian healthy adults were integrated by meta-analysis to enhance power. Complementary GWASs on behavioral data reflecting processing speed, which is related to microstructural properties of WM pathways, were performed and integrated with WM FA results via multimodal analysis to identify shared genetic associations. One locus on chromosome 17 (rs145994492) showed genome-wide significant association with WM FA (meta P value = 1.87 × 10-08). Suggestive associations (Meta P value <1 × 10-06) were observed for 12 loci, including one containing ZFPM2 (lowest meta P value = 7.44 × 10-08). This locus was also implicated in multimodal analysis of WM FA and processing speed (lowest Fisher P value = 8.56 × 10-07). ZFPM2 is relevant in specification of corticothalamic neurons during brain development. Analysis of SNPs associated with processing speed revealed association with a locus that included SSPO (lowest meta P value = 4.37 × 10-08), which has been linked to commissural axon growth. An intergenic SNP (rs183854424) 14 kb downstream of CSMD1, which is implicated in schizophrenia, showed suggestive evidence of association in the WM FA meta-analysis (meta P value = 1.43 × 10-07) and the multimodal analysis (Fisher P value = 1 × 10-07). These findings provide novel data on the genetics of WM pathways and processing speed, and highlight a role of ZFPM2 and CSMD1 in information processing in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudheer Giddaluru
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway.,K.G.Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research and the Norwegian Center for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Norwegian Center for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alireza Salami
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden.,Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, 11330, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars T Westlye
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Norwegian Center for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Lundquist
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Statistics, USBF, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andrea Christoforou
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway.,K.G.Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research and the Norwegian Center for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sven Cichon
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Juelich, 52425, Juelich, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rolf Adolfsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Vidar M Steen
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway.,K.G.Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research and the Norwegian Center for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ivar Reinvang
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Göran Nilsson
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden.,ARC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stéphanie Le Hellard
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway.,K.G.Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research and the Norwegian Center for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden. .,Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden. .,Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden.
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