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Nordhoff K, Scharlach M, Effelsberg N, Knorr C, Rocker D, Claussen K, Egelkamp R, Mellmann AC, Moss A, Müller I, Roth SA, Werckenthin C, Wöhlke A, Ehlers J, Köck R. Epidemiology and zoonotic transmission of mcr-positive and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales on German turkey farms. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1183984. [PMID: 37346748 PMCID: PMC10280733 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1183984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The emergence of carbapenem-resistant bacteria causing serious infections may lead to more frequent use of previously abandoned antibiotics like colistin. However, mobile colistin resistance genes (mcr) can jeopardise its effectiveness in both human and veterinary medicine. In Germany, turkeys have been identified as the food-producing animal most likely to harbour mcr-positive colistin-resistant Enterobacterales (mcr-Col-E). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of both mcr-Col-E and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) in German turkey herds and humans in contact with these herds. Methods In 2018 and 2019, 175 environmental (boot swabs of turkey faeces) and 46 human stool samples were analysed using a combination of enrichment-based culture, PCR, core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) and plasmid typing. Results mcr-Col-E were detected in 123 of the 175 turkey farms in this study (70.3%). mcr-Col-E isolates were Escherichia coli (98.4%) and Klebsiella spp. (1.6%). Herds that had been treated with colistin were more likely to harbour mcr-Col-E, with 82.2% compared to 66.2% in untreated herds (p = 0.0298). Prevalence also depended on husbandry, with 7.1% mcr-Col-E in organic farms compared to 74.5% in conventional ones (p < 0.001). In addition, four of the 46 (8.7%) human participants were colonised with mcr-Col-E. mcr-Col-E isolates from stables had minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) from 4 to ≥ 32 mg/l, human isolates ranged from 4 to 8 mg/l. cgMLST showed no clonal transmission of isolates. For one farm, plasmid typing revealed great similarities between plasmids from an environmental and a human sample. No CPE were found in turkey herds or humans. Discussion These findings confirm that mcr-Col-E-prevalence is high in turkey farms, but no evidence of direct zoonotic transmission of clonal mcr-Col-E strains was found. However, the results indicate that plasmids may be transmitted between E. coli isolates from animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Nordhoff
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Oldenburg, Germany
- Perioperative Inflammation and Infection, Department of Human Medicine, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Carolin Knorr
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Dagmar Rocker
- Public Health Agency of Lower Saxony (NLGA), Hanover, Germany
| | - Katja Claussen
- Public Health Agency of Lower Saxony (NLGA), Hanover, Germany
| | | | | | - Andreas Moss
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ilona Müller
- Public Health Agency of Lower Saxony (NLGA), Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Christiane Werckenthin
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Anne Wöhlke
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Ehlers
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Robin Köck
- Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany
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Comparison of Antimicrobial Resistances in Escherichia coli from Conventionally and Organic Farmed Poultry from Germany. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11101282. [PMID: 36289940 PMCID: PMC9598375 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, resistance rates in Escherichia coli from organic and conventional poultry in Germany were compared. Isolates were randomly collected from organic and conventional broiler and turkey flocks at the farm and from turkey meat at retail. Resistance testing was performed as prescribed by Commission implementing decision 2013/652/EU. Logistic regression analyses were performed for the resistance to the different antimicrobials. Overall, resistance rates for the antimicrobials tested were lower in E. coli from organic than from conventionally raised animals. In turkeys, the percentage of isolates susceptible to all antimicrobials tested from animals and meat was twice as high from organic than from conventional origin (~50% vs. <25%). In broilers, the percentage of susceptible isolates from organic farms was five times higher than from conventional farms (70.1% vs. 13.3%) and resistance to three or more classes of antimicrobials was 1.7- to 5.0-fold more common in isolates from conventional farms. The differences between organic and conventional farming were more pronounced in broilers than in turkeys. More studies on turkeys are needed to determine whether this difference is confirmed.
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A scoping review of factors potentially linked with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from turkeys (iAM.AMR Project). Epidemiol Infect 2022; 150:e153. [PMID: 35843720 PMCID: PMC9428905 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268822001224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a complex problem that is a threat to global public health. Consumption of turkey meat may be an important source of foodborne exposure to resistant bacteria; recent outbreaks of multi-drug-resistant Salmonella Reading in Canada and the USA have implicated raw turkey products. To better understand the epidemiology of AMR in farmed turkey production, a scoping review was conducted. The objectives were to identify (1) modifiable factors potentially associated with antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter, Enterococcus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica along the farm-to-fork pathway in turkeys, and (2) data gaps with respect to factors potentially associated with AMR and Canadian commercial turkey production. A comprehensive search of the peer-reviewed literature was conducted in 2019 and updated in 2021. Thirteen references were included, reporting 36 factors. Antimicrobial use factors and their potential associations with AMR were most frequently reported (n = 15 factors; 42%), followed by biosecurity (n = 11; 31%) and management practices (n = 10; 28%). This review revealed important data gaps; no factors pertaining to S. enterica or to stages other than the farm (e.g. abattoir, retail) were identified, and only one Canadian reference was identified. These findings will inform priorities for future research and surveillance regarding turkeys and AMR.
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Wang X, Qin T, Xu H, Liu P, Wu Y, Zhang D, Qi Z. Effects of stocking density on growth performance, digestive function and immune performance of Matou goats. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1968772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingyang Qin
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyang Xu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peiyao Liu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dingran Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhili Qi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Costa M, Cardo M, Cara d'Anjo M, Leite A. Assessing antimicrobial resistance occurrence in the Portuguese food system: Poultry, pigs and derived food, 2014-2018. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:312-324. [PMID: 35132763 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) spread in the food system is a major threat to public and animal health. We describe AMR trends in zoonotic bacteria and identify risk factors associated with AMR occurrence in animals and derived food in Portugal. Data from the Portuguese AMR surveillance programme on food-producing animals, 2014-2018, were used. AMR frequencies were calculated for Escherichia coli, Campylobacter and Salmonella in broilers, turkeys, pig populations and their derived food products. AMR-associated factors were studied for Salmonella isolates: population, sampling stage (farm, slaughterhouse and processing plant), sample type (environmental, carcase and food), sampler (HACCP, industry, official and official and industry), sample context (control and eradication programmes and monitoring), year (2014-2018) and season. Logistic regression was applied to estimate crude odds ratio and adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The final models were obtained using a backward stepwise method. This study included 2,157 Escherichia coli, 561 Campylobacter and 1,071 Salmonella isolates. The highest prevalence estimates amongst tested antimicrobials for each bacterial species in 2014-2018 had the following ranges: (i) (fluoro)quinolones: E. coli: 84%-93%, Campylobacter: 94%-98%; (ii) tetracyclines: E. coli: 68%-91%, Campylobacter: 87%-91%, Salmonella: 72%; (iii) penicillins: E. coli: 82%-100%; (iv) sulphonamides: E. coli: 68%-82%. Compared with the reference categories for host (broiler), year (2014), season (winter) and sampler (HACCP own checks), resistance to at least one antimicrobial in Salmonella was significantly less likely in laying hens (aOR 0.28; 95% CI: 0.18-0.42), 2016 (aOR 0.56; 95% CI: 0.33-0.93), 2017 (aOR 0.29; 95% CI: 0.17-0.51) and 2018 (aOR 0.35; 95% CI: 0.20-0.61), autumn (aOR 0.63; 95% CI: 0.40-0.97) and more likely to occur in broiler products (aOR 5.14; 95% CI: 2.61-10.54), pork products (aOR 6.84; 95% CI: 3.74-12.98) and official and industry combined sampling (aOR 2.16; 95% CI: 1.06-4.47). This study reveals a high prevalence of Salmonella resistance, especially during the summer and in post-farm stages of the Portuguese food system to nearly all antimicrobials and in the summer in farms to (fluoro)quinolones. Measures to tackle resistance are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Costa
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Cardo
- Directorate-General of Food and Veterinary, Veterinary Public Health Department, Lisbon, Portugal.,CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Cara d'Anjo
- Directorate-General of Food and Veterinary, Veterinary Public Health Department, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Leite
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Mughini-Gras L, Pasqualin D, Tarakdjian J, Santini A, Cunial G, Tonellato F, Schiavon E, Martino GD. Short-term and long-term effects of antimicrobial use on antimicrobial resistance in broiler and turkey farms. Avian Pathol 2021; 51:120-128. [PMID: 34787031 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.2007850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTAntimicrobials have been widely used in poultry, promoting antimicrobial resistance (AMR) emergence and spread. Resistant bacteria selected by antimicrobial use (AMU) can contaminate the farm environment and transfer resistance genes to other bacteria, providing opportunities for persistence and (re-)colonization of subsequent flocks and potentially jeopardizing antimicrobial treatments. We investigated the effects of AMU on AMR in poultry in the long-term (due to historical AMU in the farm) and in the short-term (due to current AMU in a flock). Litter samples from 35 broiler and 35 turkey farms in North-East Italy were sampled longitudinally for AMR testing of E. coli indicator bacteria in 2019/2020. Differences in AMR as a function of historical AMU (Defined Daily Doses in 2016-2018), current AMU in the sampled flock, farm size and season were tested using Generalized Estimating Equation regression analysis. In both broilers and turkeys, the highest resistance levels were observed for sulfamethoxazole (>70%), followed by ampicillin (54-60%). Only few positive associations between historical levels of penicillin use and the specific resistance levels to penicillin in broiler farms, and the overall historical AMU and resistance to trimethoprim in turkey flocks, were significant. Current AMU showed significant effects on resistance to sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline in turkey flocks. Significant effects of farm size on some AMR levels were also identified. We found a stronger association between current AMU and AMR compared to historical AMU and AMR. AMR persistence in the farm environment in absence of direct AMU pressure needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lapo Mughini-Gras
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dario Pasqualin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Jacopo Tarakdjian
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Andrea Santini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Giovanni Cunial
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Francesca Tonellato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Eliana Schiavon
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Guido Di Martino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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