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Panyako PM, Ommeh SC, Kuria SN, Lichoti JK, Musina J, Nair V, Nene V, Munir M, Oyola SO. Metagenomic Characterization of Poultry Cloacal and Oropharyngeal Swabs in Kenya Reveals Bacterial Pathogens and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Int J Microbiol 2024; 2024:8054338. [PMID: 38374958 PMCID: PMC10876313 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8054338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Poultry enteric bacterial diseases are of significant economic importance because they are responsible for production losses due to weight loss, increased morbidity and mortality, and increased cost of production arising from poor feed conversion and treatment. This cross-sectional purposive study characterized enteric bacterial pathogens in poultry from selected agroclimatic regions in Kenya and investigated their antimicrobial resistance gene profiles. Cloacal (n = 563) and oropharyngeal (n = 394) swabs were collected and pooled into 16 and 14 samples, respectively, to characterize bacterial pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance gene profiles. We report that Proteobacteria, Chlamydiae, and Firmicutes are the most dominant phyla present in both cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs of the six poultry species studied, indicating the colonization of the poultry gut by many pathogenic bacteria. Using KEGG and COG databases, some pathways related to metabolism, genetic information, and cellular processing were detected. We also report the abundance of antimicrobial resistance genes that confer resistance to β-lactamases, aminoglycosides, and tetracycline in most of the poultry analyzed, raising concern about the dangers associated with continuous and inappropriate use of these antibiotics in poultry production. The antimicrobial resistance gene data generated in this study provides a valuable indicator of the use of antimicrobials in poultry in Kenya. The information generated is essential for managing bacterial diseases, especially in backyard poultry raised under scavenging conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Panyako
- Institute for Biotechnology Research, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sheila C. Ommeh
- Institute for Biotechnology Research, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stephen N. Kuria
- Institute for Biotechnology Research, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jacqueline K. Lichoti
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Johns Musina
- Department of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Vish Nene
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Department: Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, UK
| | - Samuel O. Oyola
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
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Shen M, Gao P, Wang C, Li N, Zhang S, Jiang Y, Liu D, Jia B, Xu L, Huang B, Zhu R, Wei K. Pathogenicity of duck circovirus and fowl adenovirus serotype 4 co-infection in Cherry Valley ducks. Vet Microbiol 2023; 279:109662. [PMID: 36736169 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Duck circovirus (DuCV) is one of the most prevalent infectious viruses in the duck industry in China. Although the clinical symptoms vary, it often causes immunosuppression in the host and leads to secondary infection with other pathogens. Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) mainly infects chickens and causes hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome. However, the incidence of infection in ducks has increased in recent years, and the phenomenon of mixed infection with DuCV is very common, resulting in more severe clinical morbidity. However, there is no systematic study evaluating the presence of mixed infection. To explore the synergistic pathogenicity of DuCV and FAdV-4 co-infection in Cherry Valley ducks, a comparative experiment was established between DuCV and FAdV-4 co-infection and single infection animal models. It was found that DuCV and FAdV-4 co-infected ducks showed more pronounced clinical signs of pericardial effusion, hepatitis and immunosuppression; more severe tissue damage in target organs; and more significant levels of viral load, biochemical indicators and immune indicators in various organs compared with Cherry Valley ducks infected with just one virus. The results showed that co-infection with DuCV and FAdV-4 may promote greater viral replication, causing more severe tissue damage and immunosuppression than infection with just one virus. Therefore, the monitoring and prevention of the two viruses should be strengthened clinically, with a particular focus on the potential harm of DuCV as it carries the highest infection rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Shen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Panpan Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Ning Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yunxuan Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Defeng Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Baoyu Jia
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Li Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Bohan Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Ruiliang Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Kai Wei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.
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Mei C, Zhi Y, Xu J, Liang Z, Zhang X, Hu G, Wang H. Characterization of a highly virulent Avibacterium paragallinarum isolate. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad365. [PMID: 37882211 PMCID: PMC10638103 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious coryza (IC) is an important respiratory infectious disease in chickens. In this study, an Avibacterium paragallinarum Page serovar C strain, named ZJ-C, was isolated from a local layer flock that was routinely vaccinated with an inactivated trivalent vaccine, using reference strain Modesto as the serovar C immunogen. The pathogenicity, immunogenicity, and genetic characteristics of ZJ-C were studied. The minimum pathogenic dose of the isolate was 100 CFU, which was 1/1,000 of the dose of the serovar C reference strain Modesto. The vaccination-challenge trial in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens showed that the ZJ-C bacterin could provide 100% protection against challenge from both ZJ-C and Modesto strains, whereas Modesto provided 100% protection against challenge from itself, but only 70% protection against ZJ-C. Sequence analysis of the HMTp210 hypervariable region (region 2) showed that the homology of region 2 between ZJ-C and Modesto was 96.14%, whereas the homology between ZJ-C and the Kume serovar C-4 reference strain HP60 was 99.83%. Phylogenetic analysis of region 2 showed that ZJ-C was most closely related to cluster C-4, represented by HP60. The experimental data obtained in this study will help the selection of optimal vaccine strains and assist serotyping studies of Av. paragallinarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Mei
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixuan Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ge Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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Pathogenicity of Avibacterium paragallinarum Strains from Peru and the Selection of Candidate Strains for an Inactivated Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071043. [PMID: 35891207 PMCID: PMC9318190 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, Avibacterium paragallinarum is the aetiological agent of infectious coryza in poultry. Vaccines are the best means of control, helping reduce clinical signs and colonization of this bacterium. Most vaccines are based on international reference strains, or, lately, regional strains, but, generally, without any information regarding their virulence. The characterization of the pathogenicity of 24 Av. paragallinarum strains of the three Page serogroups, including four variant strains of serogroup B, all isolated from infectious coryza outbreaks in Peru, was performed. After experimental inoculation into the infraorbital sinuses, information regarding their capacity to induce infectious coryza typical clinical signs, spreading, and colonization was recorded. Furthermore, after intraperitoneal inoculation, septicaemia and death were registered. Differences among strains in these parameters were observed, even within strains from the same serogroup. Finally, the four most pathogenic strains, one from each serogroup, were chosen to formulate an experimental vaccine that was tested successfully against homologous challenges in reducing clinical signs and colonization in vaccinated birds compared to unvaccinated ones. This is the first time that Av. paragallinarum strains from Peru were studied thoroughly for their virulence in a search for improving vaccine formulation.
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Pan Q, Zhang Y, Liu A, Cui H, Gao Y, Qi X, Liu C, Zhang Y, Li K, Gao L, Wang X. Development of a Novel Avian Vaccine Vector Derived From the Emerging Fowl Adenovirus 4. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:780978. [PMID: 34925286 PMCID: PMC8671827 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.780978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) associated with a novel viral genotype, fowl adenovirus 4 (FAdV-4), has emerged and widely spread in China since 2015, causing severe economic losses to the poultry industry. We previously reported that the hexon gene is responsible for pathogenicity and obtained a non-pathogenic hexon-replacement rHN20 strain; however, the lack of information about the non-essential regions for virus replication limits the development of a FAdV-4 vector. This study first established an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-indicator virus based on the FAdV-4 reverse genetic technique, effective for batch operations in the virus genome. Based on this, 10 open reading frames (ORFs) at the left end and 13 ORFs at the right end of the novel FAdV-4 genome were deleted separately and identified as non-essential genes for viral replication, providing preliminary insertion sites for foreign genes. To further improve its feasibility as a vaccine vector, seven combinations of ORFs were successfully replaced with EGFP without affecting the immunogenicity of the vector backbone. Finally, a recombinant rHN20-vvIBDV-VP2 strain, expressing the VP2 protein of very virulent infectious bursa disease virus (vvIBDV), was rescued and showed complete protection against FAdV-4 and vvIBDV. Thus, the novel FAdV-4 vector could provide sufficient protection for HHS and efficient exogenous gene delivery. Overall, our findings systemically identified 23 non-essential ORFs for FAdV-4 replication and seven foreign gene insertion regions, providing valuable information for an in-depth understanding of the novel FAdV-4 pathogenesis and development of multivalent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Aijing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yulong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaole Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Changjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Liu J, Shi X, Lv L, Wang K, Yang Z, Li Y, Chen H. Characterization of Co-infection With Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4 and 8a. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:771805. [PMID: 34803992 PMCID: PMC8595916 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.771805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs), which are distributed worldwide, have caused considerable economic losses to poultry farms. Co-infection with FAdVs and other avian pathogens has been reported previously. However, the pathogenicity of different serotypes of FAdVs causing co-infection remains unclear. Herein, strain HN from FAdV species C serotype 4 (FAdV-4) and strain AH720 from species E serotype 8a (FAdV-8a) were used to assess the pathogenicity of their co-infection in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. Compared with chickens infected with FAdV-4 alone, those co-infected with FAdV-4 and FAdV-8a showed similar clinical symptoms, mortality rates and degree of tissue lesions, and notably decreased viral loads of HN. Conversely, the viral loads of AH720 increased markedly in the co-infection group compared with that in chickens infected with AH720 strain alone. Increased viral loads of AH720 in the liver were suspected to contribute to the pathogenicity of chickens co-infected with the HN and AH720 strains. This was further investigated by histopathology and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining analyses. Collectively, these data indicated that co-infection with FAdV-4 and FAdV-8a suppresses the replication and proliferation of FAdV-4 but enhances the replication and proliferation of FAdV-8a in chicken liver. This study will provide valuable information for the further investigation of the interactions between FAdV-4 and FAdV-8a during co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinjin Shi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Lv
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Yang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunzhang Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Niczyporuk JS, Kozdrun W, Czekaj H, Stys-Fijol N. Fowl adenovirus strains 1/A and 11/D isolated from birds with reovirus infection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256137. [PMID: 34411166 PMCID: PMC8376056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) is, in some cases, a fatal disease affecting fowl by adenovirus strains which are subdivided into 5 species (A-E). In the current study, we investigated sequences from the Loop L1 region of the hexon gene of sequences of adenovirus field stains 1/A and 11/D isolated from a poultry flock co-infected with IBH and avian reoviruses ARVs. In early 2021, an epidemiologic survey highlighted the coinfection adenoviruses with other viruses (orthoreovirus infection) as being particularly deleterious within the poultry industry. Here, we investigated the Loop L1 HVR1-4 region of the hexon gene with relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) designation and RSCU inclusive of all the mutations. These are the first results that have been presented on fowl adenovirus species A and D with simultaneous reovirus infection in 38-days old broiler chickens in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wojciech Kozdrun
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Hanna Czekaj
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Natalia Stys-Fijol
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
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Wu Y, Wang Y, Yang H, Li Q, Gong X, Zhang G, Zhu K. Resident bacteria contribute to opportunistic infections of the respiratory tract. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009436. [PMID: 33740012 PMCID: PMC8011790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic pathogens frequently cause volatile infections in hosts with compromised immune systems or a disrupted normal microbiota. The commensalism of diverse microorganisms contributes to colonization resistance, which prevents the expansion of opportunistic pathogens. Following microbiota disruption, pathogens promptly adapt to altered niches and obtain growth advantages. Nevertheless, whether and how resident bacteria modulate the growth dynamics of invasive pathogens and the eventual outcome of such infections are still unclear. Here, we utilized birds as a model animal and observed a resident bacterium exacerbating the invasion of Avibacterium paragallinarum (previously Haemophilus paragallinarum) in the respiratory tract. We first found that negligibly abundant Staphylococcus chromogenes, rather than Staphylococcus aureus, played a dominant role in Av. paragallinarum-associated infectious coryza in poultry based on epidemic investigations and in vitro analyses. Furthermore, we determined that S. chromogenes not only directly provides the necessary nutrition factor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) but also accelerates its biosynthesis and release from host cells to promote the survival and growth of Av. paragallinarum. Last, we successfully intervened in Av. paragallinarum-associated infections in animal models using antibiotics that specifically target S. chromogenes. Our findings show that opportunistic pathogens can hijack commensal bacteria to initiate infection and expansion and suggest a new paradigm to ameliorate opportunistic infections by modulating the dynamics of resident bacteria. There is an urgent need for novel intervention strategies and techniques to address the increasing dissemination of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. More importantly, secondary bacterial infections are common in clinical practice, whereas the growth dynamics of each individual in such coinfections are still complicated and elusive. In the current study, we first identified Staphylococcus spp., especially negligibly abundant S. chromogenes, facilitating the pathogenesis of Av. paragallinarum, a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for severe and acute avian respiratory disease worldwide. Furthermore, we developed therapeutic strategies using specific antibiotics against Staphylococcus spp. to relieve clinical symptoms and reduce Av. paragallinarum-associated infections in chickens. These results show that implementation of a proper intervention strategy can prevent opportunistic infections by regulating the microbiota and elucidate the development of alternative approaches for treating Gram-negative pathogenic bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wu
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Gong
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (GZ); (KZ)
| | - Kui Zhu
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (GZ); (KZ)
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