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Gunawardana T, Ahmed KA, Popowich S, Kurukulasuriya S, Lockerbie B, Karunarathana R, Ayalew LE, Liu M, Tikoo SK, Gomis S. Comparison of Therapeutic Antibiotics, Probiotics, and Synthetic CpG-ODNs for Protective Efficacy Against Escherichia coli Lethal Infection and Impact on the Immune System in Neonatal Broiler Chickens. Avian Dis 2022; 66:165-175. [PMID: 35723931 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The poultry industry needs alternatives to antibiotics, as there are growing public concerns about the emergence of antimicrobial resistance owing to antimicrobial use in animal production. We have reported that the administration of neonatal chicks with synthetic DNA oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated cytosine guanine dinucleotide (CpG) motifs (CpG-ODN) can protect against bacterial pathogens in chickens. The objective of this study was to compare the immunoprotective effects of CpG-ODN and probiotics against Escherichia coli infection vs. commonly used therapeutic antibiotics. Day-old broiler chicks were divided into five groups (n = 35/group; 30 for the challenge experiment and 5 for the flow cytometry analysis). The chicks in Group 1 received a single dose of CpG-ODN by the intramuscular route on day 4 (D4) posthatch (PH), and Group 2 received drinking water (DW) with a probiotic product (D1-D15 PH, DW). The Group 3 chicks received tetracycline antibiotics during D9-D13 in DW; the Group 4 chicks got sodium sulfamethazine on D9, D10, and D15 PH in DW; and the Group 5 chicks were administered intramuscular (IM) saline D4 PH, DW. We challenged all the groups (n = 30/group) with E. coli (1 × 105 or 1 × 106 colony-forming units/bird) on D8 PH through the subcutaneous route. Our data demonstrated that the CpG-ODNs, but not the probiotics, could protect neonatal broiler chickens against lethal E. coli septicemia, as would the tetracycline or sodium sulfamethazine. The flow cytometry analysis (n = 5/group) revealed enrichment of immune cells in the CpG-ODN group and a marked decrease in macrophages and T-cell numbers in antibiotics-treated groups, indicating immunosuppressive effects. Our data showed that, like therapeutic antibiotics, CpG-ODNs reduced clinical signs, decreased bacterial loads, and induced protection in chicks against E. coli septicemia. Unlike therapeutic antibiotics-induced immunosuppressive effects, CpG-ODN caused immune enrichment by increasing chicken immune cells recruitment. Furthermore, this study highlights that, although therapeutic antibiotics can treat bacterial infections, the ensuing immunosuppressive effects may negatively impact the overall chicken health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thushari Gunawardana
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Khawaja Ashfaque Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada,
| | - Shelly Popowich
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Shanika Kurukulasuriya
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Betty Lockerbie
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Ruwani Karunarathana
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Lisanework E Ayalew
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Mengying Liu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Suresh K Tikoo
- Vaccinology and Immunotherapy, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Susantha Gomis
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada,
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Sarfraz M, Nguyen TTT, Wheler C, Köster W, Gerdts V, Dar A. Characterization of Dosage Levels for In Ovo Administration of Innate Immune Stimulants for Prevention of Yolk Sac Infection in Chicks. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9050203. [PMID: 35622731 PMCID: PMC9142911 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9050203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune stimulants, especially toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and agonists, are the main players in the initiation of innate immunity and have been widely studied as alternatives to antibiotics to control infection. In the present study, we characterized the dosage levels of various innate immune stimulants, including unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanosine dinucleotide -containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), cyclic polyphosphazene 75B (CPZ75B), avian beta-defensin 2 (ABD2), and combinations of these reagents given in ovo. Data derived from a series of animal experiments demonstrated that the in ovo administration of 10–50 µg CpG ODN/embryo (on embryonic day 18) is an effective formulation for control of yolk sac infection (YSI) due to avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) in young chicks. Amongst the different combinations of innate immune stimulants, the in ovo administration of CpG ODN 10 µg in combination with 15 µg of poly I:C was the most effective combination, offering 100% protection from YSI. It is expected that the introduction of these reagents to management practices at the hatchery level may serve as a potential replacement for antibiotics for the reduction of early chick mortality (ECM) due to YSI/colibacillosis.
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Li Q, Wang W, Feng H, Cao L, Wang H, Wang D, Chen S. NIR-triggered photocatalytic and photothermal performance for sterilization based on copper sulfide nanoparticles anchored on Ti 3C 2T x MXene. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 604:810-822. [PMID: 34303174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Harmful bacterial flourish with the increase in environmental pollution and pose a great threat to human health. Thus, developing new and efficient antibacterial materials is imperative to reduce the pollution caused by traditional sterilization materials and improve sterilization efficiency. In this study, a new photocatalytic antibacterial material was developed to achieve an efficient antibacterial effect. Ti3C2Tx@CuS composites were synthesized by simple hydrothermal method, by which copper sulfide (CuS) nanoparticles were anchored on the surface of Ti3C2Tx to sharply improve the photocatalytic its antibacterial ability. Ti3C2Tx@CuS exhibits excellent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with bactericidal rates of 99.6% and 99.1%, respectively. Photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), decay time PL, photocurrent test, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and finite element method showed that the formation of Ti3C2Tx@CuS heterojunction promoted the separation of electrons and holes, improved the electron transport efficiency, and elevated the generation of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, Ti3C2Tx@CuS has a stronger photothermal effect and causes more heat release than CuS to improve antibacterial performance. The Ti3C2Tx@CuS heterojunction has a broad application prospect in the disinfection and antibacterial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Huimeng Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Lin Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Hongfen Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Di Wang
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 102200, China.
| | - Shougang Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
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