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Javelle F, Bloch W, Borges U, Burberg T, Collins B, Gunasekara N, Hosang TJ, Jacobsen T, Laborde S, Löw A, Schenk A, Schlagheck ML, Schoser D, Vogel A, Walzik D, Zimmer P. Eight weeks of high-intensity interval training versus stretching do not change the psychoneuroendocrine response to a social stress test in emotionally impulsive humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05471-w. [PMID: 38710835 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05471-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Research supports physical activity as a method to heighten stress resistance and resilience through positive metabolic alterations mostly affecting the neuroendocrine system. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been proposed as a highly effective time-saving method to induce those changes. However, existing literature relies heavily on cross-sectional analyses, with few randomised controlled trials highlighting the necessity for more exercise interventions. Thus, this study aims to investigate the effects of HIIT versus an active control group on the stress response to an acute psychosocial stressor in emotionally impulsive humans (suggested as being strong stress responders). METHODS The study protocol was registered online (DRKS00016589) before data collection. Sedentary, emotionally impulsive adults (30.69 ± 8.20 y) were recruited for a supervised intervention of 8 weeks and randomly allocated to either a HIIT (n = 25) or a stretching group (n = 19, acting as active controls). Participants were submitted to a test battery, including saliva samples, questionnaires (self-efficacy- and perceived stress-related), visual analogue scales (physical exercise- and stress-related), and resting electroencephalography and electrocardiography assessing their reaction to an acute psychological stressor (Trier Social Stress Test) before and after the exercise intervention. RESULTS HIIT increased aerobic fitness in all participants, whereas stretching did not. Participants from the HIIT group reported perceiving exercising more intensively than those from the active control group (ƞp2 = 0.108, p = 0.038). No further group differences were detected. Both interventions largely increased levels of joy post-TSST (ƞp2 = 0.209, p = 0.003) whilst decreasing tension (ƞp2 = 0.262, p < 0.001) and worries (ƞp2 = 0.113, p = 0.037). Finally, both interventions largely increased perceived levels of general self-efficacy (ƞp2 = 0.120, p = 0.029). CONCLUSION This study suggests that 8 weeks of HIIT does not change the psychoneuroendocrine response to an acute psychological stress test compared to an active control group in emotionally impulsive humans. Further replications of supervised exercise studies highly powered with active and passive controls are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Javelle
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - W Bloch
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - U Borges
- Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Health and Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - T Burberg
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - B Collins
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - N Gunasekara
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - T J Hosang
- Experimental Psychology Unit, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Jacobsen
- Experimental Psychology Unit, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Laborde
- Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A Löw
- Experimental Psychology Unit, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Schenk
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - M L Schlagheck
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Schoser
- Institute of Movement Therapy and Movement-Oriented Prevention and Rehabilitation, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A Vogel
- University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - D Walzik
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - P Zimmer
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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Kozlowska K, Scher S. Recent advances in understanding the neurobiology of pediatric functional neurological disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 2024; 24:497-516. [PMID: 38591353 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2024.2333390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a neuropsychiatric disorder that manifests in a broad array of functional motor, sensory, or cognitive symptoms, which arise from complex interactions between brain, mind, body, and context. Children with FND make up 10%-20% of presentations to neurology services in children's hospitals and up to 20% of adolescents admitted to hospital for the management of intractable seizures. AREAS COVERED The current review focuses on the neurobiology of pediatric FND. The authors present an overview of the small but growing body of research pertaining to the biological, emotion-processing, cognitive, mental health, physical health, and social system levels. EXPERT OPINION Emerging research suggests that pediatric FND is underpinned by aberrant changes within and between neuron-glial (brain) networks, with a variety of factors - on multiple system levels - contributing to brain network changes. In pediatric practice, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are commonly reported, and activation or dysregulation of stress-system components is a frequent finding. Our growing understanding of the neurobiology of pediatric FND has yielded important flow-on effects for assessing and diagnosing FND, for developing targeted treatment interventions, and for improving the treatment outcomes of children and adolescents with FND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasia Kozlowska
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute of Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- University of Sydney Medical School, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen Scher
- University of Sydney Medical School, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
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Gifford RM, Taylor N, Carroll A, Sweeting J, Parsons IT, Stacey MJ, Homer NZM, Tsanas A, Woods DR, Reynolds RM. Assessment of salivary cortisol dynamics in an infantry training exercise: a pilot study. BMJ Mil Health 2024:e002622. [PMID: 38604756 DOI: 10.1136/military-2023-002622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Measuring cortisol during military training offers insights into physiological responses to stress. We attempted precisely timed, cortisol awakening response (CAR) and pre-sleep cortisol (PSC), and diurnal slope (peak morning minus evening cortisol), during a British Army exercise. We aimed to understand cortisol dynamics and evaluate the feasibility of CAR and PSC in this environment. METHOD Setting: high-intensity, 10-day infantry exercise. Participants: regular infantry soldiers exercising (EX, n=25) or headquarters-based (HQ, n=6). Participants undertook PSC and WAKE and WAKE+30 min samples after 1-2 days, 5-6 days and 9-10 days. Wrist-worn GENEActiv accelerometers were used to assess sleep duration in EX only. Samples taken ±15 min from prespecified time points were deemed adherent. Validated questionnaires were used to measure resilience and perceived stress. Cortisol and cortisone were measured simultaneously by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS From adherent participants' samples, CAR was positive and tended to decrease as the exercise progressed. From all available data, HQ demonstrated greater diurnal slope than EX (F=7.68, p=0.02), reflecting higher morning cortisol (F=4.72, p=0.038) and lower PSC (p=0.04). No differences were seen in cortisol:cortisone ratio. 26.1% of CAR samples were adherent, with moderately strong associations between adherence and stress (r=0.41, p=0.009) but no association between adherence and day of exercise (χ2=0.27, p=0.8), sleep duration (r=-0.112, p=0.43) or resilience (r=-0.79, p=0.75). Test-retest reliability ratings for CAR were Cronbach's α of 0.48, -11.7 and 0.34 for the beginning, middle and end of the exercise, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We observed a reduction in morning cortisol and decreased diurnal slope during a high-intensity military exercise, compared with the HQ comparator cohort in whom diurnal slope was preserved. A carefully timed CAR was not feasible in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Gifford
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - N Taylor
- Academic Department of Military General Practice, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - A Carroll
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - J Sweeting
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - I T Parsons
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - M J Stacey
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - N Z M Homer
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A Tsanas
- Usher Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D R Woods
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - R M Reynolds
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Moyers SA, Hagger MS. Physical Activity and Cortisol Regulation: A Meta-Analysis. Biol Psychol 2023; 179:108548. [PMID: 37001634 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity participation is associated with effective stress coping, indicated by decreases in both physiological stress reactivity and perceived stress. Quantifying the effect of physical activity on the diurnal regulation of one key physiological stress indicator, the stress hormone, cortisol, across studies may demonstrate the extent to which physical activity participation is associated with diurnal HPA axis regulation. We meta-analyzed studies examining relations between physical activity participation and indices of HPA axis regulation: the diurnal cortisol slope and the cortisol awakening response. We also examined moderators of the relation. The analysis revealed a small, non-zero negative averaged correlation between physical activity and the diurnal cortisol slope (r = -0.043, 95% CI [-0.080, -0.004]). Examination of sample sociodemographic differences, study design characteristics, cortisol measurement methods, and physical activity variables as moderators revealed few effects on the relation between physical activity and diurnal cortisol slope. We did not observe lower levels of variability in the mean cortisol awakening response at higher levels of physical activity participation, and moderator analyses showed little evidence of reductions in heterogeneity for this effect. We found some evidence of systematic publication bias. Findings suggest higher physical activity is associated with a steeper diurnal cortisol slope. However, the cortisol awakening response did not differ by physical activity level. Future studies testing the physical activity and cortisol regulation association should use standardized physical activity measures, follow guidelines for better quality cortisol sampling collection and analysis, and test relations in large-scale empirical studies to confirm the direction and causality of the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susette A Moyers
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced, USA; Center for Rural Health, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Martin S Hagger
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, USA; Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland; School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Australia
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Chung J, Mukerji S, Kozlowska K. Cortisol and α-amylase awakening response in children and adolescents with functional neurological (conversion) disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2023; 57:115-129. [PMID: 35297291 DOI: 10.1177/00048674221082520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stress system dysregulation is considered to have an important role in the aetiology of paediatric functional neurological (conversion) disorder. This study examined salivary cortisol and α-amylase awakening responses in children with functional neurological disorder to determine activation patterns of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic system. A healthy cortisol awakening response involves a robust increase in cortisol within 30 minutes of awakening. Alpha-amylase awakening response is variable in children. METHODS Cortisol and α-amylase were measured in saliva from 32 patients with functional neurological disorder (26 girls and 6 boys, aged 11.3-16.1 years) and 31 healthy controls (23 girls and 8 boys, aged 8.6-17.7 years). Saliva samples were collected using a Salivette sampling device at two time points - upon awakening and 30 minutes after awakening. RESULTS Patients with functional neurological disorder showed a decrease in cortisol awakening response (-4 nmol.min/L) and controls showed an increase (107 nmol.min/L), t(55) = -.4.6, p < 0.001. Within the functional neurological disorder group, 57% showed an attenuated cortisol awakening response and 43% showed an obliterated/reversed cortisol awakening response: Cortisol awakening response was negatively correlated with adverse childhood experiences, r(58) = -0.6, p = 0.002, and subjective distress (total Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales score), r(58) = -0.4, p = 0.050. In controls, cortisol awakening response showed no correlation with adverse childhood experiences and a positive correlation with subjective distress, r(56) = 0.4, p = 0.023. Total cortisol remained similar between the functional neurological disorder and control group. No significant differences were observed between the functional neurological disorder and control group in any of the α-amylase analyses. DISCUSSION The results suggest dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in children with functional neurological disorder. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysregulation in children with functional neurological disorder may contribute to comorbid symptoms of fatigue, sleep disturbance and subjective loss of well-being because circadian rhythms and energy metabolism are disrupted. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysregulation - and changes in glucocorticoid (cortisol) signalling at the molecular level - may also contribute to increased vulnerability for functional neurological disorder symptoms because of epigenetically mediated changes to neural networks implicated in functional neurological disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Chung
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shohini Mukerji
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Department of Chemical Pathology, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Kasia Kozlowska
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Psychological Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Brain Dynamics Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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Castelli F, Valero-Breton M, Hernandez M, Guarda F, Cornejo J, Cabello-Verrugio C, Cabrera D. Regulatory Mechanisms of Muscle Mass: The Critical Role of Resistance Training in Children and Adolescent. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1410:21-34. [PMID: 36280657 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Muscle mass and strength are subjected to several regulations. We found endocrine signals such as growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1, testosterone, thyroid hormones, and glucocorticoids among them. Neural inputs also influence muscle development, modulating mass and strength. Among the external stimuli that modulate these muscular features is physical training such as resistance and endurance training. Specifically, resistance training can mediate an increase in muscle mass by hypertrophy in adults, but the effects in children and adolescents are full of myths for most of the population. However, the evidence shows that the impact of resistance training on children and adolescents is clear and provides a wide range of benefits. However, qualified professionals must be available since exercise prescription and subsequent supervision must follow this population's abilities, needs, and interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Castelli
- Experimental Hepatology Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Valero-Breton
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Hernandez
- Experimental Hepatology Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - F Guarda
- Departmento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Cornejo
- Experimental Hepatology Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Cabello-Verrugio
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - D Cabrera
- Experimental Hepatology Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad Bernardo O Higgins, Santiago, Chile.
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Heydari M, Zarabadipour M, Mirzadeh M, Asgari Ghonche M. Effect of competition on salivary α-amylase in taekwondo athletes. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Altered resting-state neural networks in children and adolescents with functional neurological disorder. NEUROIMAGE: CLINICAL 2022; 35:103110. [PMID: 36002964 PMCID: PMC9421459 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
FND in children commonly involves presentation with multiple neurological symptoms. Children with FND show wide-ranging connectivity changes in resting-state neural networks. Aberrant neural-networks changes are greater in children whose FND includes functional seizures. Subjective distress, autonomic arousal, and HPA dysregulation contribute to network changes. Children with FND (vs controls) report more subjective distress and more ACEs across the lifespan.
Objectives Previous studies with adults suggest that aberrant communication between neural networks underpins functional neurological disorder (FND). The current study adopts a data-driven approach to investigate the extent that functional resting-state networks are disrupted in a pediatric mixed-FND cohort. Methods 31 children with mixed FND and 33 age- and sex-matched healthy controls completed resting-state fMRI scans. Whole-brain independent component analysis (pFWE < 0.05) was then used to identify group differences in resting-state connectivity. Self-report measures included the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and Early Life Stress Questionnaire (ELSQ). Resting-state heart rate (HR) and cortisol-awakening response (CAR) were available in a subset. Results Children with FND showed wide-ranging connectivity changes in eight independent components corresponding to eight resting-state neural networks: language networks (IC6 and IC1), visual network, frontoparietal network, salience network, dorsal attention network, cerebellar network, and sensorimotor network. Children whose clinical presentation included functional seizures (vs children with other FND symptoms) showed greater connectivity decreases in the frontoparietal and dorsal attentional networks. Subjective distress (total DASS score), autonomic arousal (indexed by HR), and HPA dysregulation (attenuated/reversed CAR) contributed to changes in neural network connectivity. Children with FND (vs controls) reported more subjective distress (total DASS score) and more adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) across their lifespan. Conclusions Children with FND demonstrate changes in resting-state connectivity. Identified network alterations underpin a broad range of functions typically disrupted in children with FND. This study complements the adult literature by suggesting that FND in children and adolescents emerges in the context of their lived experience and that it reflects aberrant communication across neural networks.
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Russell S, Jenkins DG, Halson SL, Kelly VG. Mental fatigue increases across a 16-week pre-season in elite female athletes. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 25:356-361. [PMID: 35027320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine potential changes in mental and physical fatigue across an elite netball pre-season training phase and relationships between mental fatigue, physical fatigue, salivary cortisol (sCort) and alpha-amylase (sAA). DESIGN Observational with repeated measures. METHODS Across a 16-week pre-season, 10 elite female netballers (25.3 ± 3.7y) rated their physical fatigue, mental fatigue and readiness to perform on 100-mm visual analogue scales, and provided salivary samples for sCort and sAA analyses. RESULTS Linear mixed model analyses revealed elevated (p < 0.05) ratings of mental fatigue for weeks 12, 14 and 15 v 1; 12, 14 and 15 v 4 and 14 v 7. Higher (p < 0.05) ratings of physical fatigue were reported on weeks 6, 10, 11 and 12-16 compared to week 4; and 10 and 13 compared to week 7. Moderate and large ES differences were found between multiple weeks. Mental and physical fatigue demonstrated a shared variance of 14.3% (r = 0.38, p < 0.001) and an inverse relationship was observed between mental fatigue and readiness to perform (r = -0.50; p < 0.001). Changes in sCort nor sAA were not related to changes in mental or physical fatigue. CONCLUSIONS Mental fatigue fluctuated across the 16-week pre-season phase with elevated ratings observed in the later weeks. Whilst value remains in identifying subjective tools to assess mental fatigue; salivary biomarkers do not appear to be a suitable objective indicator of mental fatigue in the applied sporting environment. Practitioners should work to identify and manage mental fatigue with the same level of importance given to the periodisation of physical fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna Russell
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, McAuley at Banyo, Australia; Australian Institute of Sport, Australia; Queensland Academy of Sport, Australia; School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia.
| | - David G Jenkins
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of The Sunshine Coast, Australia.
| | - Shona L Halson
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, McAuley at Banyo, Australia.
| | - Vincent G Kelly
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia; School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
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Scarinci F, Patacchioli FR, Costanzo E, Parravano M. Relationship of Choroidal Vasculature and Choriocapillaris Flow With Alterations of Salivary α-Amylase Patterns in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:19. [PMID: 34932061 PMCID: PMC8709932 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.15.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose An abnormality in choroidal vasculature is a known factor in the pathogenesis of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), a chorioretinal disease affecting mostly middle-aged males. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in the pathophysiology of CSC. Methods This was a cross-sectional observational study in which characteristic choroidal vasculature metrics were assessed by measuring the subfoveal choroidal thickness (FCT) and the choroidal vascularity index (CVI) using the imaging technique of enhanced-depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (EDI-SD-OCT). Furthermore, flow signal void area features were also evaluated in the study population using OCT angiography (OCTA). Diurnal patterns of salivary α-amylase (a-AMY) production, proposed as a marker of autonomic activity, were assessed in an adult male study population affected by acute naïve CSC in comparison with matched healthy controls. Results Results include an overall higher diurnal output of salivary a-AMY production, which is in line with the phenomenon of a sympathetic “drive” playing a role in the pathophysiology of CSC, and a flattened diurnal percentage variation in α-AMY in CSC-affected subjects. Furthermore, Pearson's coefficient test revealed statistically significant correlations between salivary α-AMY diurnal percentage variation and selected choroidal imaging biomarkers (FCT, CVI, and flow signal void area). Finally, multiple linear regression analysis identified salivary α-AMY diurnal percentage production as the sole predictor of the CVI and flow signal void area in the study population. Conclusions Autonomic nervous system dysregulation was highlighted in CSC patients.
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Javelle F, Bloch W, Knoop A, Guillemin GJ, Zimmer P. Toward a neuroprotective shift: Eight weeks of high intensity interval training reduces the neurotoxic kynurenine activity concurrently to impulsivity in emotionally impulsive humans - A randomized controlled trial. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 96:7-17. [PMID: 33932526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous findings suggest that impulsivity is related to chronic low-grade inflammation. Inflammation is known to trigger the kynurenine pathway to a pathological level in various impulsivity-related disorders. Nonetheless, murine models and recent human studies have shown that physical exercise, in particular High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), could counterbalance the negative effects of inflammation on the kynurenine pathway. AIM This study evaluates the effects of eight weeks of HIIT versus an active control group on impulsivity levels and accompanying alterations of inflammatory-mediated changes of the kynurenine pathway in a sample of emotionally impulsive humans. METHODS Participants were randomly allocated to either HIIT or stretching conditions (three trainings per week for eight weeks). Fitness level was evaluated via VO2peak values at the beginning at end of the intervention. Kynurenine metabolites, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and impulsivity levels were evaluated at T0, T4, and T8 weeks. Statistical analyses were performed using mixed models. RESULTS Fifty-three participants were included in the modified Intention To Treat analysis (45 finished the intervention). The HIIT group (n = 28) largely increased the aerobic fitness of its participants and produced physiological changes while the stretching group (n = 25) did not. HIIT reduced interleukin 6 levels (small to moderate interaction) and reduced the activity of the neurotoxic branch of the kynurenine pathway (small to moderate interaction for KYNA/QA and KYN/QA) after eight weeks of training while the active control did not change. Both interventions were effective to decrease emotion-related impulsivity, however only the HIIT group decreased participants' emotion-unrelated levels. Changes in emotion-related and -unrelated impulsivity were moderately correlated to changes in KYNA/KYN. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that HIIT was able to switch the kynurenine pathway from its neurotoxic branch to its neuroprotective one. This shift was associated with a decrease in impulsivity. Based on these findings, future work may consider investigating more intensively the effect of HIIT on impulsivity-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Javelle
- Clinical Exercise-Neuroimmunology Group, Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Clinical Exercise-Neuroimmunology Group, Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andre Knoop
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Clinical Exercise-Neuroimmunology Group, Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany; Department for Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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Mehrsafar AH, Moghadam Zadeh A, Jaenes Sánchez JC, Gazerani P. Competitive anxiety or Coronavirus anxiety? The psychophysiological responses of professional football players after returning to competition during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 129:105269. [PMID: 34049198 PMCID: PMC8118697 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the relationship between competitive anxiety, fear/anxiety of COVID-19, and autonomic and endocrine stress responses in professional football players after returning to competition during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Ninety male professional football players (age: 26.33 ± 2.48 yr) volunteered to participate in this study, which included an official competition. Psychophysiological responses, including the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale, and the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Revised, were collected 30 min before the competition. In addition, salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) and salivary cortisol (sCort) were collected at 8 a.m. and 15 min before the competition. RESULTS The main findings, based on the Pearson correlation, showed significant positive correlations between COVID-19 anxiety and somatic competitive anxiety (p = 0.01), cognitive competitive anxiety (p = 0.01), and competition response of sCort and sAA (p = 0.01). Moreover, fear of COVID-19 was positively correlated with COVID-19 anxiety (p = 0.01). On the contrary, the awakening response of sCort and sAA was not found to be correlated with psychological parameters (all p > 0.05). The analysis also indicated that there was no significant correlation between self-confidence with other psychological and physiological variables (all p > 0.05). The regression analysis showed that cognitive anxiety was a relevant predictor for the competition response of sCort and sAA (p < 0.05). Moreover, COVID-19 anxiety was the only predictor of somatic and cognitive anxiety (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The present study provides the first preliminary evidence that COVID-19 anxiety and competitive anxiety might pose a negative impact on the athletic performance of professional football players during COVID-19 pandemic competitions. Thus, research is needed to build a strategy to reduce the psychophysiological stress related to COVID-19 and competition response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossien Mehrsafar
- Department of Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Center for International Scientific Studies and Collaboration (CISSC), Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Moghadam Zadeh
- Center for International Scientific Studies and Collaboration (CISSC), Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, Tehran, Iran; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - José Carlos Jaenes Sánchez
- Department of Social Anthropology, Basic Psychology & Health, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain; Andalusian Center of Sport Medicine, Seville, Spain.
| | - Parisa Gazerani
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.
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Becker L, Semmlinger L, Rohleder N. Resistance training as an acute stressor in healthy young men: associations with heart rate variability, alpha-amylase, and cortisol levels. Stress 2021; 24:318-330. [PMID: 32744460 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2020.1799193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular resistance training has been shown to have many physiological and psychological health benefits. However, the underlying physiological processes are not yet fully understood. One explanation is that resistance training acts like an acute stressor and modulates physiological pathways that are associated with the stress response such as the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This was systematically investigated in our study. Participants were 45 healthy men who had been doing resistance training regularly for at least nine months. Salivary α-amylase and heart rate that were used as markers for SNS activity increased during the training and decreased afterwards. PNS activity that was assessed by means of heart rate variability parameters decreased during the training and increased after it. Salivary cortisol that was used as marker for HPA axis activity decreased throughout the session. Furthermore, an improvement of positive affect was found after the training. However, additional analyses indicated that the physiological response patterns were found for participants who chose upper-body exercises (in contrast to lower-body exercises) only. Therefore, we were able to show that an upper-body resistance training acts partially like an acute stressor which leads to the typical SNS and PNS - but not HPA axis - stress responses. We conclude that resistance trainings might be an alternative to classical relaxation programs which would have the additional advantage that it is a physical training at the same time. However, more research is needed to develop specific trainings which entirely fulfill this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Becker
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lucas Semmlinger
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Rohleder
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Clemente-Suárez VJ, Fuentes-García JP, Fernandes RJ, Vilas-Boas JP. Psychological and Physiological Features Associated with Swimming Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4561. [PMID: 33923113 PMCID: PMC8123453 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present research was to study the psychological and physiological features associated with aerobic and anaerobic performance in trained swimmers. METHODS A correlation and stepwise regression analyses were conducted with the data obtained in a RESTQ-76 sport questionnaire, a heart rate variability test, and an anaerobic and aerobic swimming performance efforts of 20 swimmers. RESULTS Aerobic performance correlated, principally, with parameters related to parasympathetic modulation measured in the frequency and time domains of the heart rate variability (LF/HF r: -0.806, p < 0.001; NN50 r: 0.937, p < 0.001). Swimmers' anaerobic performance correlated to psychological features (low stress r: 0.526, p: 0.025, and high fatigue r: -0.506, p: 0.032). CONCLUSION Swimming performance presented different psychological and physiological features depending on the probe characteristic. Specifically, swimmers' anaerobic performance was associated with psychological features (low stress and high fatigue perception) and aerobic performance with physiological features (high parasympathetic modulation). This information could help coaches to know the variables to control in their swimmers, depending on the probe in which they compete (anaerobic or aerobic).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sport Science, European University of Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 11501-2060, Colombia
| | | | - Ricardo J. Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Plácido Costa, 91 4200 Porto, Portugal;
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Plácido Costa, 91 4200 Porto, Portugal;
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15
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The Stress of Competing: Cortisol and Amylase Response to Training and Competition. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6010005. [PMID: 33462167 PMCID: PMC7838906 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
TeamGym is a popular form of gymnastics, including tumbling (Tu), trampette (Tr) and floor exercises (F) characterized by intensive practice placing high levels of stress on athletes. The aim of the study was to investigate athletes' stress-related changes during TeamGym training and competition, considering hormonal and enzymatic responses (i.e., salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase). Ten (5 males and 5 females) TeamGym athletes (age: 22-28 y) were tested twice at the same time before training and competition; furthermore, for excluding circadian effect on hormonal and enzymatic responses, they were tested at the same time during a rest day. Alpha-amylase and cortisol were measured 15 min before the beginning of exercise, after each gymnastic equipment performance, and after thirty minutes from the end of the performance. Factorial ANOVA with repeated measures was used to verify differences between training and competition (p < 0.05). Competition elicited higher values of alpha-amylase than training (p ranging from 0.001 to 0.019) and rest (p ranging from 0.001 to 0.019). Cortisol showed no exercise induced increase, and its concentrations were higher prior to training compared to competition. TeamGym responses confirm other sports findings in stating that competition elicits higher stress response than training and suggest that salivary alpha-amylase is a more sensitive marker than cortisol to psychophysiological stress also in gymnastics intermittent performance.
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Simim MADM, Souza HDS, Cardoso Filho CA, Gianoni RLDS, Bezerra RR, Affonso HDO, Amadio AC, D’Almeida V, Serrão JC, Claudino JG. Sleep quality monitoring in individual sports athletes: parameters and definitions by systematic review. Sleep Sci 2020; 13:267-285. [PMID: 33564374 PMCID: PMC7856669 DOI: 10.5935/1984-0063.20200032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present review, we identify which instruments and parameters are used for sleep quality monitoring in individual sport athletes and which definitions were used for sleep quality parameters in this literature field. Systematic searches for articles reporting the qualitative markers related to sleep in team sport athletes were conducted in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science online databases. The systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews. The initial search returned 3316 articles. After the removal of duplicate articles, eligibility assessment, 75 studies were included in this systematic review. Our main findings were that the most widely used measurement instruments were Actigraphy (25%), Rating Likert Scales (16%) and Sleep Diary (13%). On sleep quality parameters (Sleep duration = 14%; Wake after sleep onset = 14%; Sleep Quality = 12%; Sleep Effciency = 11% and Sleep Latency = 9%), the main point is that there are different definitions for the same parameters in many cases reported in the literature. We conclude that the most widely used instruments for monitoring sleep quality were Actigraphy, Likert scales and Sleep diary. Moreover, the definitions of sleep parameters are inconsistent in the literature, hindering the understanding of the sleep-sport performance relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Antônio de Moura Simim
- Federal University of Ceará, Institute of Physical Education and Sports - Fortaleza - Ceará - Brazil
- Federal University of Ceará, Master Program in Physioterapy and Functioning - Fortaleza - Ceará - Brazil
| | - Helton de Sá Souza
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Psicobiologia - São Paulo -Brazil
- Centro Universitário de Volta Redonda - UniFOA, Curso de Educação Física - Volta Redonda - Rio de Janeiro - Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Luiz da Silva Gianoni
- Paulista University - UNIP
- LOAD CONTROL, Research and Development Department - Contagem - Minas Gerais - Brazil
- Peruíbe College - FPbe - UNISEPE
| | | | - Helvio de Oliveira Affonso
- Appto Physiology, Laboratory of Exercise, Nutrition and Sports Training, Espirito Santo - Vitoria - Espírito Santo - Brazil
- Vila Velha University, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program - Vila Velha - Espírito Santo - Brazil
| | - Alberto Carlos Amadio
- Universidade de São Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Biomechanics- Brazil
| | - Vânia D’Almeida
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Psicobiologia - São Paulo -Brazil
| | - Júlio Cerca Serrão
- Universidade de São Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Biomechanics- Brazil
| | - João Gustavo Claudino
- Universidade de São Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Biomechanics- Brazil
- LOAD CONTROL, Research and Development Department - Contagem - Minas Gerais - Brazil
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Vacher P, Filaire E, Mourot L, Nicolas M. Stress and recovery in sports: Effects on heart rate variability, cortisol, and subjective experience. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 143:25-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Cabannes M, Risselada C, Chaisemartin L, Pasquet J, Couval E, Berthon JY, Filaire E. Increase in subjective well-being and psychological health after application of C8-silk lipoamino acid functionalized pigments included in a foundation. Int J Cosmet Sci 2019; 41:489-495. [PMID: 31386758 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two foundations before (D0) and after 5 days of application (D6) on psychophysiological parameters in order to compare C8-silk lipoamino acid functionalized pigments (FA) versus pure pigments (FP). METHODS Assessment of self-esteem, stress, mood and emotion using psychological tests and evaluation of salivary cortisol concentrations were realized on 40 healthy females using a crossover study design at D0 and D6. Four saliva samples were taken on the awakening (C1), 30 min after the awakening (during the foundation application (C2)), 1 h after the foundation application (C3) and at 1900 h (C4) at DO and D6. Area under the curve was calculated in order to obtain information about the total amount of a given substance excreted in a specific time period. RESULTS Five days of daily application of the foundation containing the pigments treated with the C8-silk lipoamino acids induced a significant increase (P < 0.001) in self-esteem and pleasant emotion (P < 0.05), and a significant decrease in general stress (P < 0.05). This was not the case after the FP application. Cortisol concentrations presented a pronounced diurnal rhythm whatever the foundation used. At DO, no significant differences were observed between the groups. At D6, cortisol concentrations measured 30 min and 1 h after the FA application were significantly lower (P < 0.05: C6.2, P < 0.05 C6.3, respectively) than those reported after FP application. AUC, a global stress response indicator, was significantly lower in FA group as compared to FP group after 5 days of application. Subjects found a decrease in tiredness signs and thought that FA has a good coverage. CONCLUSION Our results show that incorporation of C8-silk lipoamino acid as agent of pigment functionalization brings new benefits to a foundation. Adopting a psychophysiological approach, which is not invasive to the subjects, we show the measurement of cortisol at the same time that psychological indicators provide a scientific approach to examine the beneficial effects of a cosmetic product.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cabannes
- Greentech, Biopôle Clermont-Limagne, Saint Beauzire, 63360, France
| | - C Risselada
- Strand Cosmectics Europe, 124 route du Charpenay, Lentilly, 69210, France
| | - L Chaisemartin
- Greentech, Biopôle Clermont-Limagne, Saint Beauzire, 63360, France
| | - J Pasquet
- Strand Cosmectics Europe, 124 route du Charpenay, Lentilly, 69210, France
| | - E Couval
- Strand Cosmectics Europe, 124 route du Charpenay, Lentilly, 69210, France
| | - J Y Berthon
- Greentech, Biopôle Clermont-Limagne, Saint Beauzire, 63360, France
| | - E Filaire
- Greentech, Biopôle Clermont-Limagne, Saint Beauzire, 63360, France.,UMR 1019 INRA-UcA, UNH (Human Nutrition Unity), ECREIN Team, University Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
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19
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Kan Y, Duan H, Chen X, Wang X, Xue W, Hu W. Attentional blink affected by acute stress in women: The role of affective stimuli and attentional resources. Conscious Cogn 2019; 75:102796. [PMID: 31374428 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2019.102796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of attentional resources and affective stimuli on temporal selective attention in the rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm under acute stress was explored among women. Seventy-three female undergraduates were randomly assigned to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) group or control group. We found that when the first target was negative, stress increased its accuracy. Stress promoted the recognition of neutral target two (T2) only at lag2, and there was no interaction with theemotionality of target one (T1). In addition, the accumulated effect of stress enhanced temporal selective attention, predominately 20-40 min after the TSST task; cortisol concentration during this time period could significantly predict AB task performance. In summary, when attentional resources were severely insufficient, individuals under stress were more able to focus on the current target; that is, stress facilitated selective attention. A novel result was that participants were exempt from the affective influence of previous targets, which may have been caused by activation of the autonomic nervous system and gender differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuecui Kan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China; School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haijun Duan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Xitong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuewei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenlong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weiping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Towards Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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20
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Vitale JA, Bonato M, La Torre A, Banfi G. Heart Rate Variability in Sport Performance: Do Time of Day and Chronotype Play A Role? J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050723. [PMID: 31117327 PMCID: PMC6571903 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A reliable non-invasive method to assess autonomic nervous system activity involves the evaluation of the time course of heart rate variability (HRV). HRV may vary in accordance with the degree and duration of training, and the circadian fluctuation of this variable is crucial for human health since the heart adapts to the needs of different activity levels during sleep phases or in the daytime. In the present review, time-of-day and chronotype effect on HRV in response to acute sessions of physical activity are discussed. Results are sparse and controversial; however, it seems that evening-type subjects have a higher perturbation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), with slowed vagal reactivation and higher heart rate values in response to morning exercise than morning types. Conversely, both chronotype categories showed similar ANS activity during evening physical tasks, suggesting that this time of day seems to perturb the HRV circadian rhythm to a lesser extent. The control for chronotype and time-of-day effect represents a key strategy for individual training schedules, and, in perspective, for primary injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Bonato
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonio La Torre
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy.
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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Edwards KL, Edes AN, Brown JL. Stress, Well-Being and Reproductive Success. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1200:91-162. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23633-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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22
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Nicolas M, Vacher P, Martinent G, Mourot L. Monitoring stress and recovery states: Structural and external stages of the short version of the RESTQ sport in elite swimmers before championships. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2019; 8:77-88. [PMID: 30719387 PMCID: PMC6349564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological stress and recovery monitoring is a key issue for increasing athletes' health, well-being, and performance. This multi-study report examined changes and the dose-response relationships between recovery-stress psychological states, training load (TL), heart rate (HR), heart rate recovery (HRR), and heart rate variability (HRV) while providing evidence for the factorial validity of a short French version of the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-36-R-Sport). METHODS Four hundred and seventy-three university athletes (Study 1), 72 full expert swimmers (Study 2), and 11 national to international swimmers (Study 3) participated in the study. Data were analyzed through confirmatory factor analyses (Study 1), repeated ANOVAs and correlational analyses (Study 2), t tests and correlational analyses (Study 3). RESULTS Multiple-group confirmatory factor analyses showed that the RESTQ-36-R-Sport scores were partially invariant across gender, type of sport, and practice level (Study 1). A dose-response relationship was performed between TL and RESTQ-36-R-Sport scores during an ecological training program (Study 2). Finally, relationships were found between physiological (HRR) and psychological (RESTQ-36-R-Sport) states during an ecological tapering period leading to a national championship (Study 3). CONCLUSION As a whole, these findings provided evidence for the usefulness of the short version of the RESTQ-36-R-Sport for regular monitoring to prevent potential maladaptation due to intensive competitive sport practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Nicolas
- Laboratory of Socio Psychology and Management of Sport (SPMS, EA 4180), University of Burgundy, Dijon Cedex 21078, France
- Corresponding author.
| | - Philippe Vacher
- Laboratory of Socio Psychology and Management of Sport (SPMS, EA 4180), University of Burgundy, Dijon Cedex 21078, France
| | - Guillaume Martinent
- Laboratory of Vulnerabilities and Innovation in Sport (L-ViS, EA 7428), Univ Lyon, University of Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Laurent Mourot
- University of Franche Comté—Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Heart and Vascular Diseases and Exercise Performance, Health, Innovation Platform, Besançon 25000, France
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23
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Vitale JA, Lombardi G, Weydahl A, Banfi G. Biological rhythms, chronodisruption and chrono-enhancement: The role of physical activity as synchronizer in correcting steroids circadian rhythm in metabolic dysfunctions and cancer. Chronobiol Int 2018; 35:1185-1197. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1475395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Antonino Vitale
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Biomechanics, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italia
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italia
| | - Andi Weydahl
- UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Alta, Norway
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italia
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italia
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Lindsay A, Costello JT. Realising the Potential of Urine and Saliva as Diagnostic Tools in Sport and Exercise Medicine. Sports Med 2018; 47:11-31. [PMID: 27294353 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0558-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accurate monitoring of homeostatic perturbations following various psychophysiological stressors is essential in sports and exercise medicine. Various biomarkers are routinely used as monitoring tools in both clinical and elite sport settings. Blood collection and muscle biopsies, both invasive in nature, are considered the gold standard for the analysis of these biomarkers in exercise science. Exploring non-invasive methods of collecting and analysing biomarkers that are capable of providing accurate information regarding exercise-induced physiological and psychological stress is of obvious practical importance. This review describes the potential benefits, and the limitations, of using saliva and urine to ascertain biomarkers capable of identifying important stressors that are routinely encountered before, during, or after intense or unaccustomed exercise, competition, over-training, and inappropriate recovery. In particular, we focus on urinary and saliva biomarkers that have previously been used to monitor muscle damage, inflammation, cardiovascular stress, oxidative stress, hydration status, and brain distress. Evidence is provided from a range of empirical studies suggesting that urine and saliva are both capable of identifying various stressors. Although additional research regarding the efficacy of using urine and/or saliva to indicate the severity of exercise-induced psychophysiological stress is required, it is likely that these non-invasive biomarkers will represent "the future" in sports and exercise medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Lindsay
- Program in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Joseph T Costello
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Spinnaker Building, Cambridge Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2ER, UK
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Abstract
We assessed the relationship between physiological and psychological measures of workplace stress as measured by the effort-reward imbalance (ERI) model, with a seldom studied sample of owner-operator dairy farmers. Dairy farmers (N = 74) self-reported ERI, over-commitment (OC), dedication, and health then provided awakening saliva samples that were used to calculate the salivary alpha amylase awakening response (sAA-AR), cortisol awakening response (CAR), and salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) level. ERI, OC, and dedication levels were not related with sIgA or the CAR, but more over-committed farmers had a less pronounced sAA-AR. OC was more associated than ERI with the physiological indicators of stress, potentially due to the owner-operator sample used in this investigation. The suitability of sAA as a viable physiological measure of autonomic nervous system activity has been debated, but our findings promote its inclusion in future occupational stress research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pennie Eddy
- a School of Psychology and Public Health , La Trobe University , Bundoora , Australia
| | - Eleanor H Wertheim
- a School of Psychology and Public Health , La Trobe University , Bundoora , Australia
| | - Matthew W Hale
- a School of Psychology and Public Health , La Trobe University , Bundoora , Australia
| | - Bradley J Wright
- a School of Psychology and Public Health , La Trobe University , Bundoora , Australia
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Kallen VL, Stubbe JH, Zwolle HJ, Valk P. Capturing effort and recovery: reactive and recuperative cortisol responses to competition in well-trained rowers. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2017; 3:e000235. [PMID: 29259810 PMCID: PMC5731223 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim It is well known that physical strain is associated with increased cortisol production. And although mental stress elevates cortisol concentrations as well, little is known of the independent and/or combined effects of both on the secretion of cortisol. Aim of the study was to investigate the day-to-day cortisol dynamics associated with training, performance and recuperation and the immediate responses to mental stress and physical endurance under competitive conditions. Methods Sixteen freshmen competitive male rowers were prospectively followed from Thursday to Tuesday with an intermediate competition on Saturday and Sunday. On all days, three saliva samples were collected within 30 min after awakening to assess the cortisol awakening rise (CAR). Additionally, five saliva samples were collected previously to and immediately after all races during the regatta weekend. Results CAR values peaked during competition days and recovered during the 2 days after. Cortisol concentrations significantly increased during and after all races. Furthermore, although response patterns did not differ, the morning races showed significantly higher cortisol levels compared with the levels measured during the afternoon races. This likely reflects the normal diurnal rhythm of corticosteroids. Conclusions These results indicate that cortisol levels of athletes might be sensitive for both immediate responses to competition and, in case of CAR, (midterm) recovery phasing. Consequently, monitoring cortisol responses during training and competition may provide valuable information regarding how athletes cope with competition-induced stress and their recovery status during the days following. This insight might help to plan future training loads and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Kallen
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Janine H Stubbe
- Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, School of Sports & Nutrition, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Codarts University of the Arts, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Jan Zwolle
- HJZ Sport, The Performance Experts, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre Valk
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands
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Durguerian A, Filaire E, Drogou C, Sauvet F, Bougard C, Chennaoui M. Hyperactivity of the Sympatho-Adrenomedullary System Without Any Modification of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis After Food Restriction Among High-Level Weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 32:1643-1655. [PMID: 29194183 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Durguerian, A, Filaire, E, Drogou, C, Sauvet, F, Bougard, C, and Chennaoui, M. Hyperactivity of the sympatho-adrenomedullary system without any modification of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis after food restriction among high-level weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res 32(6): 1643-1655, 2018-We examined the effects of 6 days of food restriction on salivary α-amylase (sAA), cortisol and dehydroepiandrostenedione (DHEA) awakening responses, psychological parameters and performance among 11 international weightlifters. Assessments were made at baseline (T1) and 6 days after a normal period of training while maintaining body weight (T2). Then, participants were assigned to 2 groups depending on whether they lost (Diet group) or maintained (Control group) their body mass. Anthropometric, psychological, physical, and physiological assessments were also realized 6 days (T3) after the restricted dietary period for the Diet group. Food restriction (T3) induced a significant rise of sAA awakening response (364.6%, p ≤ 0.05), whereas no significant variations were observed among the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (cortisol and DHEA). Significant alterations of the general Recovery Score and General stress Score, evaluated through the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for athletes, were noted after food restriction. Weightlifting performance, evaluated during a simulated weightlifting competition, was maintained after the 6-day food restriction; we even noted an increased weightlifting performance related to body mass (Sinclair coefficient). Our findings support the hypothesis that food restriction induces a challenging situation to the organism, resulting in an asymmetry between the 2 stress systems activation. These results reinforce the necessity to cautiously plan and monitor the weight regulation process before competition to avoid potential negative outcomes on psychophysiological parameters. In this regard, the psychobiological approach, especially the awakening responses, seems a useful tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Durguerian
- Research laboratory CIAMS, EA 4532, University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Research laboratory CIAMS, EA 4532, University of Orleans, France
| | - Edith Filaire
- Research laboratory CIAMS, EA 4532, University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Research laboratory CIAMS, EA 4532, University of Orleans, France.,Team Research ECRIN, CLARA, CRNH Auvergne, INRA, UMR, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Catherine Drogou
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Bretigny-sur-Orge, France.,Research laboratory VIFASOM, EA 7330, University of Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Sauvet
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Bretigny-sur-Orge, France.,Research laboratory VIFASOM, EA 7330, University of Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Clément Bougard
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Bretigny-sur-Orge, France.,Research laboratory VIFASOM, EA 7330, University of Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Mounir Chennaoui
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Bretigny-sur-Orge, France.,Research laboratory VIFASOM, EA 7330, University of Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
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Anderson T, Wideman L. Exercise and the Cortisol Awakening Response: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2017; 3:37. [PMID: 29019089 PMCID: PMC5635140 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-017-0102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background The cortisol awakening response (CAR) has been used as a biomarker of stress response in a multitude of psychological investigations. While a myriad of biochemical responses have been proposed to monitor responses to exercise training, the use of CAR within the exercise and sports sciences is currently limited and is a potentially underutilized variable. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to collate studies that incorporate both exercise and CAR, in an effort to better understand (a) whether CAR is a useful marker for monitoring exercise stress and (b) how CAR may be most appropriately used in future research. Methods A systematic review of the literature was conducted, following PRISMA guidelines. Searches were conducted using PubMed, SportDISCUS, Scopus, and PsychInfo databases, using search terms related toCAR and exercise and physical activity. Results 10,292 articles were identified in the initial search, with 32 studies included in the final analysis. No studies investigated the effects of laboratory-controlled exercise on CAR. Variable effects were observed, possibly due to inconsistencies in study design, methodology, population, and CAR analysis. The available literature suggests a threshold of exercise may be required to alter the HPA axis and affect CAR. Moreover, CAR may represent a combination of previous exercise load and upcoming stress, making current interpretation of field-based observational research challenging. Conclusions More research is needed to fully elucidate the influence of exercise on CAR and address a number of gaps in the literature, including controlling exercise load, consistent sample collection, and CAR calculation and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Anderson
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27412, USA.
| | - Laurie Wideman
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27412, USA
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29
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Capranica L, Condello G, Tornello F, Iona T, Chiodo S, Valenzano A, De Rosas M, Messina G, Tessitore A, Cibelli G. Salivary alpha-amylase, salivary cortisol, and anxiety during a youth taekwondo championship: An observational study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7272. [PMID: 28700470 PMCID: PMC5515742 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the stress-related responses and the coach's capability to match perceived efforts of youth athletes during a taekwondo championship.Using a cross-sectional study design, salivary cortisol (sC) and alpha-amylase (sAA) were measured in 6 males and 3 females young (11.0 ± 0.9 years) athletes at awakening, 5 minutes before, and 1 minute and 30 minutes after official combats. State anxiety was recorded 60 minutes before the first competition, whereas coach's and athletes' ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were obtained at the end of the combats. Time-matched (awakening and pre-competition) salivary samples and trait anxiety were collected 7-day postcompetition during a resting day.No effect for match outcome emerged. No difference emerged between athletes and coach RPEs. Higher (P = .03) state anxiety (41.6 ± 10.9 points) was shown than trait anxiety (34.8 ± 7.1 points). Time-matched sAA were similar. Peak sAA observed at the end of the combat (114.2 ± 108.1 U/mL) was higher (P < .01) than the other samples (range: 20.6-48.1 U/mL), whereas sC increased (P < .05) from awakening (8.0 ± 1.5 nmol/L), with peak levels observed at 30 minutes into the recovery phase (19.3 ± 4.3 nmol/L). Furthermore, pre-competition sC (16.5 ± 4.5 nmol/L) values were higher (P < .01) with respect to time-matched samples during the resting day (4.6 ± 1.0 nmol/L). The 3 athletes engaged in consecutive matches showed a tendency toward increasing sAA and sC.Taekwondo combats pose a high stress on young athletes, eliciting a fast reactivity of the sympathetic-adreno-medullary system relative to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system. Understanding the athlete's efforts during combats, coaches are recommended to apply effective recovery strategies between matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Capranica
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome
| | - Giancarlo Condello
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome
| | - Francesco Tornello
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome
| | - Teresa Iona
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Catanzaro
| | - Salvatore Chiodo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Catanzaro
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Mario De Rosas
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Tessitore
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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30
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Vacher P, Nicolas M, Martinent G, Mourot L. Changes of Swimmers' Emotional States during the Preparation of National Championship: Do Recovery-Stress States Matter? Front Psychol 2017; 8:1043. [PMID: 28690573 PMCID: PMC5481396 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the trajectories of emotional states and their within-person synergies with perceived stress and recovery during a 4-month training period preceding the French swimming championships. A Multilevel Growth Curve Analysis approach was used with 16 high level swimmers. Five waves of assessments of emotional states, perceived stress and recovery were completed. Results indicated that emotional states were characterized by distinct trajectories during the training period preceding a major competition. Specifically, significant positive linear effects of time (i.e., linear increase over time) and negative quadratic effects of squared time (i.e., inverted U shape over time) on anxiety, dejection and anger were observed, whereas the opposite pattern of results was found for happiness and excitement. Moreover, level 2 perceived stress and recovery (i.e., inter-individual predictors) were significantly associated with athletes' unpleasant and pleasant emotional states respectively. At level 1, perceived recovery (i.e., intra-individual predictor) was positively associated with happiness and excitement and negatively related to anxiety, dejection and anger. Finally, within-person interactions of general stress and recovery with time and squared time reached significance for excitement, whereas within-person interactions of specific and total stress with time and squared time reached significance for anxiety. Overall, this study provided insights into the central role played by perceived stress and recovery on the emotional states experienced by high level swimmers. Operational strategies were suggested in order to optimize the stress-recovery balance and in turn the athletes' emotional states during a complete training program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Vacher
- Laboratory Psy-DREPI (EA 7458), University of Bourgogne Franche-ComtéDijon, France
| | - Michel Nicolas
- Laboratory Psy-DREPI (EA 7458), University of Bourgogne Franche-ComtéDijon, France
| | - Guillaume Martinent
- Laboratory of Vulnerabilities and Innovation in Sport (EA 7428), University of Claude Bernard Lyon 1 – University of LyonVilleurbanne, France
| | - Laurent Mourot
- Laboratory of Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases and Exercise Performance, Health, Innovation Platform (EA 3920), University of Bourgogne Franche-ComtéBesançon, France
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31
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Durguerian A, Filaire E, Drogou C, Bougard C, Chennaoui M. Food restriction alters salivary cortisol and α-amylase responses to a simulated weightlifting competition without significant performance modification. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:536-544. [PMID: 28475465 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1322708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of a 6-day food restriction period on the physiological responses and performance of 11 high-level weightlifters. After a period of weight maintenance (T2), they were assigned into two groups depending on whether they lost (Diet group, n = 6) or maintained their body weight (Control group, n = 5) during the course of those 6 days. An evaluation of performance and the measurement of salivary cortisol concentrations and salivary α-amylase (sAA) activity were performed during a simulated weightlifting competition which took place at T2, after a 6-day period of food restriction (T3). Dietary data were collected using a 6-day diet record. We noted a 41.8% decrease in mean energy intake during the dietary restriction period, leading to a 4.34% weight loss for the Diet group. Dietary restriction did not modify absolute performance levels, whilst a significant improvement was noted for the Control group. Furthermore, we noted a response of decreased salivary cortisol and increased sAA activity to the simulated competition stress at T3 for the Diet group. These results may indicate that dietary reduction led to a dissociation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympatho-adreno-medullary system, which could impair training adaptations and absolute performance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Durguerian
- a CIAMS , Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Orsay Cedex , France.,b CIAMS , Université d'Orléans , Orléans , France
| | - Edith Filaire
- a CIAMS , Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Orsay Cedex , France.,b CIAMS , Université d'Orléans , Orléans , France.,c Equipe ECRIN, CLARA, CRNH Auvergne , INRA, UMR, UNH, CRNH Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Catherine Drogou
- d Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées , Unité Fatigue et Vigilance , Brétigny-sur-Orge , France.,e Université Paris Descartes, VIFASOM EA 7330, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France
| | - Clément Bougard
- d Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées , Unité Fatigue et Vigilance , Brétigny-sur-Orge , France.,e Université Paris Descartes, VIFASOM EA 7330, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France
| | - Mounir Chennaoui
- d Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées , Unité Fatigue et Vigilance , Brétigny-sur-Orge , France.,e Université Paris Descartes, VIFASOM EA 7330, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France
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32
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Altered diurnal pattern of steroid hormones in relation to various behaviors, external factors and pathologies: A review. Physiol Behav 2016; 164:68-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Strahler J, Doerr JM, Ditzen B, Linnemann A, Skoluda N, Nater UM. Physical activity buffers fatigue only under low chronic stress. Stress 2016; 19:535-41. [PMID: 27320241 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2016.1192121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatigue is one of the most commonly reported complaints in the general population. As physical activity (PA) has been shown to have beneficial effects, we hypothesized that everyday life PA improves fatigue. Thirty-three healthy students (21 women, 22.8 ± 3.3 years, 21.7 ± 2.3 kg/m(2)) completed two ambulatory assessment periods. During five days at the beginning of the semester (control condition) and five days during final examination preparation (examination condition), participants repeatedly reported on general fatigue (awakening, 10 am, 2 pm, 6 pm and 9 pm) by means of an electronic diary, collected saliva samples for the assessment of cortisol and α-amylase immediately after providing information on fatigue and wore a triaxial accelerometer to continuously record PA. Self-perceived chronic stress was assessed as a moderator. Using hierarchical linear modeling, including PA, condition (control vs. examination), sex and chronic stress as predictors, PA level during the 15 min prior to data entry did not predict momentary fatigue level. Furthermore, there was no effect of condition. However, a significant cross-level interaction of perceived chronic stress with PA was observed. In fact, the (negative) relationship between PA and fatigue was stronger in those participants with less chronic stress. Neither cortisol nor α-amylase was significantly related to physical activity or fatigue. Our study showed an immediate short-term buffering effect of everyday life PA on general fatigue, but only when experiencing lower chronic stress. There seems to be no short-term benefit of PA in the face of higher chronic stress. These findings highlight the importance of considering chronic stress when evaluating the effectiveness of PA interventions in different target populations, in particular among chronically stressed and fatigued subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Strahler
- a Clinical Biopsychology Unit, Department of Psychology , University of Marburg , Marburg , Germany
| | - Johanna M Doerr
- a Clinical Biopsychology Unit, Department of Psychology , University of Marburg , Marburg , Germany
| | - Beate Ditzen
- b Department of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine , University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Alexandra Linnemann
- a Clinical Biopsychology Unit, Department of Psychology , University of Marburg , Marburg , Germany
| | - Nadine Skoluda
- a Clinical Biopsychology Unit, Department of Psychology , University of Marburg , Marburg , Germany
| | - Urs M Nater
- a Clinical Biopsychology Unit, Department of Psychology , University of Marburg , Marburg , Germany
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Guilhem G, Hanon C, Gendreau N, Bonneau D, Guével A, Chennaoui M. Salivary Hormones Response to Preparation and Pre-competitive Training of World-class Level Athletes. Front Physiol 2015; 6:333. [PMID: 26635619 PMCID: PMC4644790 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the response of salivary hormones of track and field athletes induced by preparation and pre-competitive training periods in an attempt to comment on the physiological effects consistent with the responses of each of the proteins measured. Salivary testosterone, cortisol, alpha-amylase, immunoglobulin A (IgA), chromogranin A, blood creatine kinase activity, and profile of mood state were assessed at rest in 24 world-class level athletes during preparation (3 times in 3 months) and pre-competitive (5 times in 5 weeks) training periods. Total mood disturbance and fatigue perception were reduced, while IgA (+61%) and creatine kinase activity (+43%) increased, and chromogranin A decreased (-27%) during pre-competitive compared to preparation period. A significant increase in salivary testosterone (+9 to +15%) and a decrease in testosterone/cortisol ratio were associated with a progressive reduction in training load during pre-competitive period (P < 0.05). None of the psycho-physiological parameters were significantly correlated to training load during the pre-competitive period. Results showed a lower adrenocortical response and autonomic activity, and an improvement of immunity status, in response to the reduction in training load and fatigue, without significant correlations of salivary hormones with training load. Our findings suggest that saliva composition is sensitive to training contents (season period) but could not be related to workload resulting from track and field athletics training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Guilhem
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French National Institute of Sport (INSEP)Paris, France
| | - Christine Hanon
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French National Institute of Sport (INSEP)Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Gendreau
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French National Institute of Sport (INSEP)Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bonneau
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French National Institute of Sport (INSEP)Paris, France
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit (EA 7330), Neurosciences and Operational Constraints Department, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Paris Descartes UniversityBrétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Arnaud Guével
- Laboratory “Movement, Interactions, Performance” (EA 4334), University of NantesNantes, France
| | - Mounir Chennaoui
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit (EA 7330), Neurosciences and Operational Constraints Department, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Paris Descartes UniversityBrétigny-sur-Orge, France
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Hitzschke B, Kölling S, Ferrauti A, Meyer T, Pfeiffer M, Kellmann M. Entwicklung der Kurzskala zur Erfassung von Erholung und Beanspruchung im Sport (KEB). ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SPORTPSYCHOLOGIE 2015. [DOI: 10.1026/1612-5010/a000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Mit der Entwicklung einer Kurzform (Kurzskala zur Erfassung von Erholung und Beanspruchung im Sport; KEB) des Akutmaßes zur Erfassung von Erholung und Beanspruchung im Sport (AEB) wird dem Bedarf der Sportpraxis nach einem ökonomischen, validen und veränderungssensitiven Messinstrument zur Erfassung von Erholung und Beanspruchung nachgegangen. Nach einem vierstufigen Entwicklungs- und Validierungsprozess des AEB wurde aus den exploratorisch errechneten und konfirmatorisch geprüften Faktoren des AEB die KEB mit acht Items abgeleitet. Es konnten sehr gute Bereichshomogenitäten, moderate Interkorrelationen und hypothesenkonforme Korrelationen mit dem AEB berechnet werden. Der KEB zeigte ein dem AEB inhaltlich übereinstimmendes Korrelationsmuster mit den konvergenten Verfahren Erholungs-Belastungs-Fragebogen für Sportler (EBF-Sport) und visuelle Analogskala zum Muskelschmerzempfinden (Delayed-onset muscle soreness; DOMS). In einem Trainingsmonitoring mit der deutschen Hockey-Juniorinnen-Nationalmannschaft wurde die Veränderungssensitivität der KEB belegt und ein übereinstimmendes Ergebnismuster mit dem AEB, dem EBF-Sport und der DOMS gefunden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Kölling
- Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Ruhr-Universität Bochum
| | | | - Tim Meyer
- Institut für Sport- und Präventivmedizin, Universität des Saarlandes
| | - Mark Pfeiffer
- Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
| | - Michael Kellmann
- Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane
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Saw AE, Main LC, Gastin PB. Monitoring the athlete training response: subjective self-reported measures trump commonly used objective measures: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2015; 50:281-91. [PMID: 26423706 PMCID: PMC4789708 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-094758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Monitoring athlete well-being is essential to guide training and to detect any progression towards negative health outcomes and associated poor performance. Objective (performance, physiological, biochemical) and subjective measures are all options for athlete monitoring. Objective We systematically reviewed objective and subjective measures of athlete well-being. Objective measures, including those taken at rest (eg, blood markers, heart rate) and during exercise (eg, oxygen consumption, heart rate response), were compared against subjective measures (eg, mood, perceived stress). All measures were also evaluated for their response to acute and chronic training load. Methods The databases Academic search complete, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus and PubMed were searched in May 2014. Fifty-six original studies reported concurrent subjective and objective measures of athlete well-being. The quality and strength of findings of each study were evaluated to determine overall levels of evidence. Results Subjective and objective measures of athlete well-being generally did not correlate. Subjective measures reflected acute and chronic training loads with superior sensitivity and consistency than objective measures. Subjective well-being was typically impaired with an acute increase in training load, and also with chronic training, while an acute decrease in training load improved subjective well-being. Summary This review provides further support for practitioners to use subjective measures to monitor changes in athlete well-being in response to training. Subjective measures may stand alone, or be incorporated into a mixed methods approach to athlete monitoring, as is current practice in many sport settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Saw
- Centre for Exercise and Sport Science, Deakin University, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luana C Main
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul B Gastin
- Centre for Exercise and Sport Science, Deakin University, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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Markers of biological stress and mucosal immunity during a week leading to competition in adolescent swimmers. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:234565. [PMID: 25025080 PMCID: PMC4082920 DOI: 10.1155/2014/234565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we examined changes in the salivary concentrations of immunoglobulin A (sIgA), cortisol (sC), testosterone (sT), and testosterone-to-cortisol ratio (T/C) in 21 competitive swimmers, 11–15 years old, during a week leading to competition as compared to a control (noncompetition) week. No day-to-day changes or significant differences between weeks were observed for sIgA (47.9 ± 4.4 versus 54.9 ± 5.2 μg/mL for control versus competition week, resp.), sC (2.7 ± 0.2 versus 2.5 ± 0.2 ng/mL for control versus competition week, resp.), and T/C ratio (83.4 ± 7.0 versus 77.9 ± 7.7 for control versus competition week, resp.). In contrast, sT was significantly lower during the week of competition (154.5 ± 11.3 pg/mL) as compared to the control week (181.3 ± 11.5 pg/mL) suggesting that the swimmers were in a catabolic state, although this did not have a negative effect on their performance. In conclusion, salivary cortisol did not change between the two weeks, and thus competition stress was relatively low, and mucosal immunity was unaffected in these young athletes prior to competition.
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Di Corrado D, Agostini T, Bonifazi M, Perciavalle V. Changes in mood states and salivary cortisol levels following two months of training in elite female water polo players. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:2441-6. [PMID: 24714848 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological and physiological markers have been used to maximize competitive sport preparation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of two months of training and competitions on mood states and salivary cortisol diurnal variation in 15 female elite water polo players. The results demonstrated that the β coefficient values of the regression slope of cortisol values on sampling time was significantly flatter following the training period. The values of the area under the cortisol curve (AUC) 'with respect to ground' (AUCg) and those of the β coefficients of the slope of the diurnal change in cortisol levels were highly negatively correlated. The slope correlated positively with the dysfunctional Profile of Mood States scale and negatively with the functional scale. AUCg correlated negatively with dysfunctional factors and positively with the vigor index. These findings support the hypothesis that subclinical hypocortisolism and a flattened diurnal rhythm of cortisol may play a role in determining dysfunctional mood states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiziano Agostini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste I-34127, Italy
| | - Marco Bonifazi
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, Siena I-43100, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Perciavalle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania I-95125, Italy
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