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Zhang H, Wei C, Huang Y, Li G, Wu Q, Wang J, Song Y. Preparation of Er(3+):Y3Al5O12/KNbO3 composite and application in innocent treatment of ketamine by using sonocatalytic decomposition method. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 317:667-676. [PMID: 27334305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel sonocatalyst, Er(3+):Y3Al5O12/KNbO3 composite, was synthesized, and then, characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). In order to evaluate the sonocatalytic activity of prepared Er(3+):Y3Al5O12/KNbO3 composite, the sonocatalytic degradation of ketamine, a kind of narcotic drug, was studied. In addition, some influencing factors such as mass ratio, heat-treated temperature and heat-treated time on the sonocatalytic activity of prepared Er(3+):Y3Al5O12/KNbO3 powders and ultrasonic irradiation time on the sonocatalytic degradation of ketamine were examined by using GC-MS machine. The experimental results showed that the Er(3+):Y3Al5O12/KNbO3 composite is a good sonocatalyst in the field of ultrasonic chemistry and the sonocatalytic degradation was an effective method for the innocent treatment of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Chunsheng Wei
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China; National Police University of China, Shenyang 110854, PR China
| | - Yingying Huang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Guanshu Li
- College of Environment, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Qiong Wu
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China.
| | - Youtao Song
- College of Environment, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
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Berterame S, Erthal J, Thomas J, Fellner S, Vosse B, Clare P, Hao W, Johnson DT, Mohar A, Pavadia J, Samak AKE, Sipp W, Sumyai V, Suryawati S, Toufiq J, Yans R, Mattick RP. Use of and barriers to access to opioid analgesics: a worldwide, regional, and national study. Lancet 2016; 387:1644-56. [PMID: 26852264 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00161-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite opioid analgesics being essential for pain relief, use has been inadequate in many countries. We aim to provide up-to-date worldwide, regional, and national data for changes in opioid analgesic use, and to analyse the relation of impediments to use of these medicines. METHODS We calculated defined daily doses for statistical purposes (S-DDD) per million inhabitants per day of opioid analgesics worldwide and for regions and countries from 2001 to 2013, and we used generalised estimating equation analysis to assess longitudinal change in use. We compared use data against the prevalence of some health disorders needing opioid use. We surveyed 214 countries or territories about impediments to availability of these medicines, and used regression analyses to establish the strength of associations between impediments and use. FINDINGS The S-DDD of opioid analgesic use more than doubled worldwide between 2001-03 and 2011-13, from 1417 S-DDD (95% CI -732 to 3565; totalling about 3.01 billion defined daily doses per annum) to 3027 S-DDD (-1162 to 7215; totalling about 7.35 billion defined daily doses per annum). Substantial increases occurred in North America (16,046 S-DDD [95% CI 4032-28,061] to 31,453 S-DDD [8121-54,785]), western and central Europe (3079 S-DDD [1274-4883] to 9320 S-DDD [3969-14,672]), and Oceania (2275 S-DDD [763-3787] to 9136 S-DDD [2508-15,765]). Countries in other regions have shown no substantial increase in use. Impediments to use included an absence of training and awareness in medical professionals, fear of dependence, restricted financial resources, issues in sourcing, cultural attitudes, fear of diversion, international trade controls, and onerous regulation. Higher number of impediments reported was significantly associated with lower use (unadjusted incidence rate ratio 0.39 [95% CI 0.29-0.52]; p<0.0001), but not when adjusted for gross domestic product and human development index (0.91 [0.73-1.14]; p=0.4271). INTERPRETATION Use of opioid analgesics has increased, but remains low in Africa, Asia, Central America, the Caribbean, South America, and eastern and southeastern Europe. Identified impediments to use urgently need to be addressed by governments and international agencies. FUNDING International Narcotics Control Board, UN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Berterame
- Secretariat of the International Narcotics Control Board, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Juliana Erthal
- Secretariat of the International Narcotics Control Board, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johny Thomas
- Secretariat of the International Narcotics Control Board, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Fellner
- Secretariat of the International Narcotics Control Board, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Vosse
- Secretariat of the International Narcotics Control Board, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philip Clare
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wei Hao
- International Narcotics Control Board, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria; Psychiatry, Mental Health Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - David T Johnson
- International Narcotics Control Board, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alejandro Mohar
- International Narcotics Control Board, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria; Unidad de Epidemiología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Instituto de Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Jagjit Pavadia
- International Narcotics Control Board, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Werner Sipp
- International Narcotics Control Board, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Viroj Sumyai
- International Narcotics Control Board, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria; Association of Southeast Asian Nations Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhonphathom, Thailand
| | - Sri Suryawati
- International Narcotics Control Board, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria; Division of Medicine Policy and Management, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, GadjahMada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Jallal Toufiq
- International Narcotics Control Board, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria; Faculty of Medicine, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco; Hôpital Universitaire Psychiatrique Arrazi, Salé, Morocco
| | - Raymond Yans
- International Narcotics Control Board, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard P Mattick
- International Narcotics Control Board, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Mackey TK, Werb D, Beletsky L, Rangel G, Arredondo J, Strathdee SA. Mexico's "ley de narcomenudeo" drug policy reform and the international drug control regime. Harm Reduct J 2014; 11:31. [PMID: 25395346 PMCID: PMC4234880 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7517-11-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been over half a century since the landmark Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs was adopted, for the first time unifying international drug policy under a single treaty aimed at limiting use, manufacture, trade, possession, and trafficking of opiates, cannabis, and other narcotics. Since then, other international drug policy measures have been adopted, largely emphasizing enforcement-based approaches to reducing drug supply and use. Recently, in response to concerns that the historic focus on criminalization and enforcement has had limited effectiveness, international drug policies have begun to undergo a paradigm shift as countries seek to enact their own reforms to partially depenalize or deregulate personal drug use and possession. This includes Mexico, which in 2009 enacted national drug policy reform partially decriminalizing possession of small quantities of narcotics for personal consumption while also requiring drug treatment for repeat offenders. As countries move forward with their own reform models, critical assessment of their legal compatibility and effectiveness is necessary. In this commentary we conduct a critical assessment of the compatibility of Mexico's reform policy to the international drug policy regime and describe its role in the current evolving drug policy environment. We argue that Mexico's reform is consistent with flexibilities allowed under international drug treaty instruments and related commentaries. We also advocate that drug policy reforms and future governance efforts should be based on empirical evidence, emphasize harm reduction practices, and integrate evidence-based evaluation and implementation of drug reform measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim K Mackey
- />Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- />Division of Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- />Global Health Policy Institute, 8950 Villa La Jolla Drive, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Daniel Werb
- />Division of Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Leo Beletsky
- />Division of Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- />School of Law, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
- />Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Gudelia Rangel
- />Department of Population Studies, El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, Tijuana, Mexico
| | - Jaime Arredondo
- />Division of Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Steffanie A Strathdee
- />Division of Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
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Magnusson RS, Patterson D. The role of law and governance reform in the global response to non-communicable diseases. Global Health 2014; 10:44. [PMID: 24903332 PMCID: PMC4077679 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8603-10-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Addressing non-communicable diseases ("NCDs") and their risk-factors is one of the most powerful ways of improving longevity and healthy life expectancy for the foreseeable future - especially in low- and middle-income countries. This paper reviews the role of law and governance reform in that process. We highlight the need for a comprehensive approach that is grounded in the right to health and addresses three aspects: preventing NCDs and their risk factors, improving access to NCD treatments, and addressing the social impacts of illness. We highlight some of the major impediments to the passage and implementation of laws for the prevention and control of NCDs, and identify important practical steps that governments can take as they consider legal and governance reforms at country level.We review the emerging global architecture for NCDs, and emphasise the need for governance structures to harness the energy of civil society organisations and to create a global movement that influences the policy agenda at the country level. We also argue that the global monitoring framework would be more effective if it included key legal and policy indicators. The paper identifies priorities for technical legal assistance in implementing the WHO Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs 2013-2020. These include high-quality legal resources to assist countries to evaluate reform options, investment in legal capacity building, and global leadership to respond to the likely increase in requests by countries for technical legal assistance. We urge development agencies and other funders to recognise the need for development assistance in these areas. Throughout the paper, we point to global experience in dealing with HIV and draw out some relevant lessons for NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S Magnusson
- Sydney Law School, F10, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - David Patterson
- Department of Strategy and Innovation, International Development Law Organization (IDLO), Viale Vaticano, Rome, Italy
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Hogerzeil HV, Liberman J, Wirtz VJ, Kishore SP, Selvaraj S, Kiddell-Monroe R, Mwangi-Powell FN, von Schoen-Angerer T. Promotion of access to essential medicines for non-communicable diseases: practical implications of the UN political declaration. Lancet 2013; 381:680-9. [PMID: 23410612 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)62128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Access to medicines and vaccines to prevent and treat non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is unacceptably low worldwide. In the 2011 UN political declaration on the prevention and control of NCDs, heads of government made several commitments related to access to essential medicines, technologies, and vaccines for such diseases. 30 years of experience with policies for essential medicines and 10 years of scaling up of HIV treatment have provided the knowledge needed to address barriers to long-term effective treatment and prevention of NCDs. More medicines can be acquired within existing budgets with efficient selection, procurement, and use of generic medicines. Furthermore, low-income and middle-income countries need to increase mobilisation of domestic resources to cater for the many patients with NCDs who do not have access to treatment. Existing initiatives for HIV treatment offer useful lessons that can enhance access to pharmaceutical management of NCDs and improve adherence to long-term treatment of chronic illness; policy makers should also address unacceptable inequities in access to controlled opioid analgesics. In addition to off-patent medicines, governments can promote access to new and future on-patent medicinal products through coherent and equitable health and trade policies, particularly those for intellectual property. Frequent conflicts of interest need to be identified and managed, and indicators and targets for access to NCD medicines should be used to monitor progress. Only with these approaches can a difference be made to the lives of hundreds of millions of current and future patients with NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans V Hogerzeil
- Department of Global Health, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre, Groningen, Netherlands.
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